''Syrnola'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
sea snail
Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...
s,
marine
Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean.
Marine or marines may refer to:
Ocean
* Maritime (disambiguation)
* Marine art
* Marine biology
* Marine debris
* Marine habitats
* Marine life
* Marine pollution
Military
* ...
gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...
mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...
s in the subfamily
Turbonillinae
Turbonillinae is a subfamily of mostly minute parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.MolluscaBase (2018). Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spe ...
of the
family
Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
Pyramidellidae
Pyramidellidae, common name the pyram family, or pyramid shells, is a voluminous taxonomic family of mostly small and minute ectoparasitic sea snails, marine heterobranch gastropod molluscs. The great majority of species of pyrams are micromol ...
, the pyrams and their allies.
[Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2011). ''Syrnola'' A. Adams, 1860. Accessed through: ]World Register of Marine Species
The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms.
Content
The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scientific specialist ...
at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138419 on 5 February 2012
General description
The species in ''Syrnola'' are medium-sized and slender. Their shell is subulate and polished, marked by fine lines of growth and microscopic spiral striations. It doesn't contain an
umbilicus. The
whorl
A whorl ( or ) is an individual circle, oval, volution or equivalent in a whorled pattern, which consists of a spiral or multiple concentric objects (including circles, ovals and arcs).
Whorls in nature
File:Photograph and axial plane floral ...
s of the
teleoconch
The gastropod shell is part of the body of a gastropod or snail, a kind of mollusc. The shell is an exoskeleton, which protects from predators, mechanical damage, and dehydration, but also serves for muscle attachment and calcium storage. Some ...
are flattened and increasing regularly in size. The
suture is well marked. The
aperture
In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane.
An opt ...
is suboval. The
outer lip is simple. They possess only one
columellar fold.
Species
Species within the genus ''Syrnola'' include:
* ''
Syrnola acerrima
''Syrnola'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Turbonillinae of the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2011). ''Syrnola'' A. Adams, 1860. Accessed through: World Register ...
''
Watson, 1886
* † ''
Syrnola aclyformis''
Marwick, 1929
* ''
Syrnola acusbifasciata''
Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* ''
Syrnola acusgradata''
Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* ''
Syrnola acutissima''
Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* ''
Syrnola adamsi''
(Tryon, 1886) Fishbase: Syrnola adamsi
/ref>
* '' Syrnola adventicia'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola aganea'' (Bartsch, 1915)
* '' Syrnola altapex'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola ambagiosa'' Melvill, 1904
* ''Syrnola angasi
''Syrnola angasi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.Rosenberg, G. (2011). ''Syrnola angasi'' (Tryon, 1886). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species
The ...
'' (Tryon, 1886)
* † '' Syrnola angulifera'' (Laws, 1937)
* '' Syrnola angusta'' Laseron, 1951 (accepted > unreplaced junior homonym, secondary homonym of Syrnola angusta (Deshayes, 1861))
* '' Syrnola aperanta'' Melvill, 1906
* ''Syrnola apollinis
''Syrnola'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Turbonillinae of the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2011). ''Syrnola'' A. Adams, 1860. Accessed through: World Register ...
'' Thiele, 1925
* '' Syrnola arae'' Peñas & Rolán, 2002
* '' Syrnola arcta'' (Deshayes, 1861) †
* '' Syrnola arundo'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola attenuata'' (Dall, 1892)
* '' Syrnola aurantiaca'' Angas, 1867
* '' Syrnola azona'' Nomura, 1937
* '' Syrnola baygiongina'' Saurin, 1959
* '' Syrnola bifasciata'' Tenison-Woods, 1875
* '' Syrnola bizonalis'' A. Adams, 1860
* '' Syrnola cani'' Saurin, 1959
* '' Syrnola capensis'' (G.B. Sowerby III, 1892)
* † '' Syrnola carinulata'' Cossmann, 1888
* '' Syrnola celestae'' Saurin, 1959
* '' Syrnola cinctella'' (Adams A., 1860)
* '' Syrnola clavellosa'' Melvill, 1906
* '' Syrnola clearete'' Melvill, 1910
* † '' Syrnola climacina'' Cossmann, 1888
* † '' Syrnola cloczi'' Cossmann, 1896
* '' Syrnola collea'' (Bartsch, 1926)
* '' Syrnola columnella'' A. Adams, 1863
* † '' Syrnola concinna'' (Sorgenfrei, 1958)
* † '' Syrnola conulus'' Cossmann, 1888
* '' Syrnola convexa'' Laseron, 1951
* '' Syrnola convoluta'' (Watson, 1886)
* '' Syrnola crawfordi'' Powell, 1927
* '' Syrnola crocata'' (A. Adams, 1865)
* '' Syrnola cuspidata'' (Garrett, 1873)
* '' Syrnola cylindrella'' A. Adams, 1863
* '' Syrnola daedala'' A. Adams, 1863
* '' Syrnola densestriata'' (Garrett, 1873)
* '' Syrnola dianae'' Thiele, 1925
* '' Syrnola dissociata'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola elegans'' (A. Adams, 1854)
* '' Syrnola endolamellata'' (Schander, 1994)
* '' Syrnola erecta'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola eruca'' Laseron, 1959
* '' Syrnola etiennei'' (Dautzenberg, 1912)
* '' Syrnola exploratorum'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola exserta'' Laseron, 1959
* '' Syrnola exsulcata'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola fasciata'' Jickeli, 1882
* '' Syrnola fernandina'' (Bartsch, 1927)
* '' Syrnola filiformis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola finitima'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola floridana'' (Bartsch, 1927)
* '' Syrnola georgiana'' (Bartsch, 1927)
* '' Syrnola gigantea'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* † '' Syrnola goniophora'' Cossmann, 1888
* '' Syrnola gracillima'' A. Adams, 1860
* '' Syrnola hanzawai'' Nomura, 1939
* '' Syrnola hasimotoi'' Nomura, 1937
* '' Syrnola hera'' (Bartsch, 1915)
* † '' Syrnola houdasi'' Cossmann, 1907
* '' Syrnola interpressa'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola intraliciata'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola irregularis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* † '' Syrnola irrevocata'' Laws, 1937
* '' Syrnola jacksonensis'' Laseron, 1951
* '' Syrnola jovis'' Thiele, 1925
* '' Syrnola junonis'' Thiele, 1925
* '' Syrnola karachiensis'' Melvill, 1897
* '' Syrnola kesenensis'' Nomura, 1938
* '' Syrnola lactea'' A. Adams, 1863
* '' Syrnola lamothei'' (Dautzenberg, 1912)
* '' Syrnola lanassae'' Hornung & Mermod, 1924
* '' Syrnola lanceata'' Peñas, Rolán & Swinnen, 2014
* '' Syrnola lata'' Laseron, 1951
* '' Syrnola lendix'' (Adams, 1863)
* '' Syrnla lepidula'' A. Adams, 1860
* '' Syrnola longiaperturata'' Nomura, 1938
* '' Syrnola longiuscula'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* † '' Syrnola lutosa'' Marwick, 1931
* '' Syrnola macella'' Saurin, 1962
* '' Syrnola macrocephala'' Hedley, 1903
* '' Syrnola magnusdens'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola manifesta'' Hedley, 1912
* '' Syrnola manilensis'' Boettger, 1896
* '' Syrnola marquesensis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola massauensis'' Hornung & Mermod, 1924
* '' Syrnola mekranica'' Melvill & Standen, 1901
* '' Syrnola menda'' Finlay, 1926
* '' Syrnola mera'' A. Adams, 1860
* '' Syrnola mercurii'' Thiele, 1925
* '' Syrnola metria'' Melvill, 1896
* '' Syrnola michaeli'' Tenison-Woods, 1877
* † '' Syrnola microstoma'' (Deshayes, 1862)
* '' Syrnola minervae'' Thiele, 1925
* '' Syrnola minusgradata'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola minuta'' Adams H., 1869
* '' Syrnola modica'' (G.B. Sowerby II, 1865)
* '' Syrnola monteiroi'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola mussandamica'' Melvill & Standen, 1903
* '' Syrnola mutabilis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola neglecta'' Saurin, 1959
* '' Syrnola neptuni'' Thiele, 1925
* † '' Syrnola neumayri'' (Koenen, 1882)
* † '' Syrnola nitida'' (Melleville, 1843)
* '' Syrnola obeliscus'' (Garrett, 1873)
* † '' Syrnola obesula'' (Deshayes, 1862)
* '' Syrnola parda'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola pergradata'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola pervulgata'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* †'' Syrnola pissarroi'' Cossmann, 1902
* '' Syrnola pistillum'' A. Adams, 1863
* †'' Syrnola polygyrata'' (Deshayes, 1861)
* '' Syrnola praecostulata'' Saurin, 1959
* †'' Syrnola praelonga'' (Deshayes, 1861)
* '' Syrnola producta'' (C. B. Adams, 1840)
* '' Syrnola proserpinae'' Thiele, 1925
* '' Syrnola proxima'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola pulchra'' Brazier, 1877
* '' Syrnola pumilio'' (E. A. Smith, 1890)
* '' Syrnola pupina'' A. Adams, 1860
* '' Syrnola pyramidalis'' A. Adams, 1860
* '' Syrnola pyrrha'' (Bartsch, 1915)
* '' Syrnola quaelibet'' Saurin, 1959
* † '' Syrnola riddollsi'' Maxwell, 1992
* † '' Syrnola rodata'' (Laws, 1940)
* '' Syrnola rubrofasciata'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola sansibarica'' Thiele, 1925
* † '' Syrnola sculptilis'' Laws, 1937
* '' Syrnola simulans'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola siogamensis'' Nomura, 1936
* '' Syrnola solanderiana'' Laseron, 1959
* '' Syrnola solomonensis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* † '' Syrnola spiculum'' (Deshayes, 1861)
* † '' Syrnola spina'' (Deshayes, 1824)
* '' Syrnola spiniformis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola striatula'' (A. Adams, 1854)
* '' Syrnola strigulata'' (A. Adams, 1863)
* '' Syrnola subcinctella'' Nomura, 1936
* '' Syrnola subula'' Gould, 1861
* '' Syrnola subuliformis'' (A. Adams, 1863)
* '' Syrnola subulina'' A. Adams, 1863
* † '' Syrnola sulcifera'' Laws, 1937
* '' Syrnola susakiensis'' Nomura, 1939
* '' Syrnola sutuproelon'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* '' Syrnola taeniata'' (A. Adams, 1863)
* '' Syrnola take'' Nomura, 1938
* '' Syrnola teretiuscula'' A. Adams, 1860
* † ''Syrnola thelma
''Syrnola thelma'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.W.H. Dall (1913), ''On a Brackish Water Pliocene Fauna of the Southern Coastal Plain''; Proceedings U. S. ...
'' Dall 1913
* '' Syrnola thielei'' (Dautzenberg, 1912)
* '' Syrnola thomensis'' Tomlin & Shackleford, 1915
* '' Syrnola tincta'' Angas, 1871
* '' Syrnola torresiana'' Laseron, 1959
* '' Syrnola trivittata'' Sturany, 1903
* '' Syrnola tubiformis'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016
* † '' Syrnola turoniensis'' (Glibert, 1949)
* '' Syrnola unilineata'' (Garrett, 1873)
* '' Syrnola vanhareni'' (van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 1998)
* '' Syrnola vanhyningi'' (Bartsch, 1944)
* '' Syrnola veneris'' Thiele, 1925
* '' Syrnola violacea'' Melvill & Standen, 1896
* '' Syrnola vitrea'' A. Adams, 1860
* '' Syrnola vulcani'' Thiele, 1925
* † '' Syrnola waiauica'' (Laws, 1937)
* † '' Syrnola wallacei'' Marwick, 1929
* '' Syrnola zona'' Nomura, 1937
Synonyms
* ''Syrnola aurantia'' (Petterd, 1884): synonym of '' Syrnola aurantiaca'' (Angas, 1867) (junior synonym)
* ''Syrnola bacillum'' Pilsbry, 1901: synonym of '' Tibersyrnola bacillum'' (Pilsbry, 1901)
* ''Syrnola bedoti'' Hornung & Mermod, 1924: synonym of '' Megastomia bedoti'' (Hornung & Mermod, 1924)
* † ''Syrnola bernayi'' Cossmann, 1888: synonym of † '' Cossmannica bernayi'' (Cossmann, 1888) (superseded combination)
* † ''Syrnola briarti'' Cossmann, 1888: synonym of † '' Odostomia briarti'' (Cossmann, 1888) (superseded combinati
* ''Syrnola broti'' Hornung & Mermod, 1924: synonym of '' Megastomia broti'' (Hornung & Mermod, 1924)
* ''Syrnola brunnea'' (A. Adams, 1854): synonym of ''Colsyrnola brunnea
''Colsyrnola brunnea'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.Rosenberg, G. (2015). Colsyrnola brunnea (A. Adams, 1854). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species ...
'' (A. Adams, 1854)
* ''Syrnola callembryon'' Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1907: synonym of ''Puposyrnola callembryon
''Puposyrnola'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Turbonillinae of the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.Gofas, S. (2010). ''Puposyrnola''. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World ...
'' (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1907)
* ''Syrnola canaria'' (Hedley, 1907): synonym of '' Megastomia canaria'' (Hedley, 1907)
* ''Syrnola candida'' (de Folin, 1870): synonym of '' Syrnola etiennei'' (Dautzenberg, 1912)
* ''Syrnola cerullii'' Cossmann, 1916: synonym of '' Eulimella cerullii'' (Cossmann, 1916)
* ''Syrnola charpenteri'' Hornung & Mermod, 1924: synonym of '' Marginodostomia charpenteri'' (Hornung & Mermod, 1924)
* ''Syrnola cincta'' Fenaux, 1942: synonym of '' Tibersyrnola unifasciata'' (Forbes, 1844)
* ''Syrnola cinnamomea'' (A. Adams, 1863): synonym of '' Tibersyrnola cinnamomea'' (A. Adams, 1863)
* † ''Syrnola emarginata'' Cossmann, 1888: synonym of † '' Cossmannica emarginata'' (Cossmann, 1888) (superseded combination)
* † ''Syrnola finlayi'' (Laws, 1937): synonym of † '' Finlayola finlayi'' Laws, 1937
* ''Syrnola gestroi'' Hornung & Mermod, 1924: synonym of '' Megastomia gestroi'' (Hornung & Mermod, 1924)
* ''Syrnola hanagaiensis'' Nomura, 1938: synonym of '' Derjuginella rufofasciata'' (E.A. Smith, 1875)
* ''Syrnola harrissoni'' Tate & May, 1900: synonym of '' Koloonella harrissoni'' (Tate & May, 1900) (original combination)
* ''Syrnola inturbida'' Yokoyama, 1927: synonym of ''Puposyrnola inturbida
''Puposyrnola'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Turbonillinae of the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.Gofas, S. (2010). ''Puposyrnola''. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World ...
'' (Yokoyama, 1927) (original combination)
* ''Syrnola jaculum'' Melvill & Standen, 1896: synonym of '' Styloptygma jaculum'' (Melvill & Standen, 1896)
* ''Syrnola lacteola'' (Preston, 1904): synonym of '' Styloptygma lacteola'' Preston, 1903
* ''Syrnola lata'' Laseron, 1951: synonym of '' Syrnola aurantiaca'' (Angas, 1867) (junior synonym)
* † ''Syrnola lawsi'' Powell, 1934: synonym of † '' Tibersyrnola lawsi'' (Powell, 1934)
* ''Syrnola lorioli'' Hornung & Mermod, 1924: synonym of '' Odostomia lorioli'' (Hornung & Mermod, 1924)
* ''Syrnola lurida'' (Suter, 1908): synonym of '' Finlayola lurida'' (Suter, 1908)
* † ''Syrnola mestayerae'' Marwick, 1931: synonym of † '' Eulimella mestayerae'' (Marwick, 1931) (original combination)
* ''Syrnola metcalfei'' (Pritchard & Gatliff, 1900): synonym of '' Odostomia metcalfei'' Pritchard & Gatliff, 1900
* ''Syrnola minor'' E. A. Smith, 1904: synonym of '' Pyramidella minor'' (E. A. Smith, 1904)
* ''Syrnola mossiana'' Melvill & Standen, 1895: synonym of '' Odostomia lutea'' Garrett, 1873
* ''Syrnola nitidula'' A. Adams, 1860: synonym of ''Tiberia nitidula
''Tiberia nitidula'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.Rosenberg, G. (2015). Tiberia nitidula (A. Adams, 1860). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ht ...
'' (A. Adams, 1860)
* † ''Syrnola otaioensis'' (Laws, 1937): synonym of † '' Finlayola otaioensis'' Laws, 1937
* ''Syrnola petterdi'' Tate & May, 1900: synonym of '' Agatha petterdi'' (Gatliff, 1900) (secondary junior homonym of ''Syrnola tasmanica'' (Tenison-Woods, 1877), ''Odostomia petterdi'' is a replacement name)
* † ''Syrnola plicifera'' Cossmann, 1902: synonym of † '' Tropaeas plicifera'' (Cossmann, 1902) (superseded combination)
* † ''Syrnola pupoides'' Cossmann, 1888: synonym of † '' Tropaeas pupoides'' (Cossmann, 1888) ( superseded combination)
* † ''Syrnola semiconcava'' P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1923 synonym of † '' Tibersyrnola semiconcava'' (P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1923)
* ''Syrnola serotina'' A. Adams, 1863: synonym of '' Tibersyrnola serotina'' (A. Adams, 1863)
* ''Syrnola simplex'' (Angas, 1871): synonym of '' Megastomia simplex'' (Angas, 1871)
* ''Syrnola solidula'' (Dunker, 1860): synonym of '' Pyramidella solidula'' (Dunker, 1860)
* † ''Syrnola spargana'' Cossmann, 1896: synonym of † '' Cossmannica spargana'' (Cossmann, 1896) (uperseded combination)
* ''Syrnola striatula'' (Jeffreys, 1856): synonym of '' Ebala striatula'' (Jeffreys, 1856)
* ''Syrnola tarpeia'' Bartsch, 1915: synonym of '' Pyramidella tarpeia'' Bartsch, 1915 (taxon inquirendum)
* ''Syrnola tenuisculpta'' (Lischke, 1872): synonym of ''Iphiana tenuisculpta
''Iphiana tenuisculpta'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.Rosenberg, G. (2015). Iphiana tenuisculpta (Lischke, 1872). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Specie ...
'' (Lischke, 1872)
* † ''Syrnola tepikiensis'' Powell, 1934: synonym of † '' Tibersyrnola tepikiensis'' (Powell, 1934)
* ''Syrnola unifasciata'' (Forbes, 1844): synonym of '' Eulimella unifasciata'' (Forbes, 1844)
* ''Syrnola vietnamica'' Saurin, 1959: synonym of '' Syrnola elegans'' (A. Adams, 1854)
* † ''Syrnola vixornata'' Marwick, 1931: synonym of † '' Odostomia vixornata'' (Marwick, 1931) (original combination)
* † ''Syrnola waihoraensis'' Marwick, 1931: synonym of † '' Eulimella waihoraensis'' (Marwick, 1931) (original combination)
* † ''Syrnola waipaoa'' Marwick, 1931: synonym of † '' Odostomia waipaoa'' (Marwick, 1931)
* ''Syrnola wenzi'' Nordsieck, 1972: synonym of '' Tibersyrnola unifasciata'' (Forbes, 1844)
References
* Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. pp 196–219. in: Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
* Robba, E. (2013). Tertiary and Quaternary fossil pyramidelloidean gastropods of Indonesia. Scripta Geologica. 144: 1–191.
External links
Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642
Dall, W. H. (1890-1903). Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida with especial reference to the Miocene silex-beds of Tampa and the Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchie River. Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science. 3(1)
{{Commons category
Pyramidellidae