The Peshitta ( syc, ܦܫܺܝܛܬܳܐ ''or'' ') is the standard version of the
Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts of a ...
for churches in the
Syriac tradition, including the
Maronite Church
The Maronite Church is an Eastern Catholic ''sui iuris'' particular church in full communion with the pope and the worldwide Catholic Church, with self-governance under the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. The current head of the Maro ...
, the
Chaldean Catholic Church
, native_name_lang = syc
, image = Assyrian Church.png
, imagewidth = 200px
, alt =
, caption = Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows Baghdad, Iraq
, abbreviation =
, type ...
, the
Syriac Catholic Church
The Syriac Catholic Church ( syc, ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ, ʿĪṯo Suryayṯo Qaṯolīqayṯo, ar, الكنيسة السريانية الكاثوليكية) is an Eastern Catholic Churches, Eastern Catholic Christianity ...
, the
Syriac Orthodox Church
, native_name_lang = syc
, image = St_George_Syriac_orthodox_church_in_Damascus.jpg
, imagewidth = 250
, alt = Cathedral of Saint George
, caption = Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus ...
, the
Malabar Independent Syrian Church
The Malabar Independent Syrian Church (MISC) also known as the Thozhiyur Church, is a Christian church centred in Kerala, India. It is one of the churches of the Saint Thomas Christian community, which traces its origins to the evangelical acti ...
(Thozhiyoor Church), the
Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
The Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, also known as the Malankara Syrian Catholic Church, is an Eastern Catholic '' sui iuris'' particular church in full communion with the worldwide Catholic Church possessing self-governance under the Code of Ca ...
, the
Mar Thoma Syrian Church
The Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, often shortened to Mar Thoma Church, and known also as the Reformed Syrian ChurchS. N. Sadasivan. A Social History of India'. APH Publishing; 2000. . p. 442. and the Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar ...
, the
Assyrian Church of the East
The Assyrian Church of the East,, ar, كنيسة المشرق الآشورية sometimes called Church of the East, officially the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East,; ar, كنيسة المشرق الآشورية الرسول ...
and the
Syro-Malabar Church
lat, Ecclesia Syrorum-Malabarensium mal, മലബാറിലെ സുറിയാനി സഭ
, native_name_lang=, image = St. Thomas' Cross (Chennai, St. Thomas Mount).jpg
, caption = The Mar Thoma Nasrani Sl ...
.
The consensus within biblical scholarship, although not universal, is that the
Old Testament
The Old Testament (often abbreviated OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew writings by the Israelites. The ...
of the Peshitta was translated into
Syriac Syriac may refer to:
*Syriac language, an ancient dialect of Middle Aramaic
*Sureth, one of the modern dialects of Syriac spoken in the Nineveh Plains region
* Syriac alphabet
** Syriac (Unicode block)
** Syriac Supplement
* Neo-Aramaic languages a ...
from
Biblical Hebrew
Biblical Hebrew (, or , ), also called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of the Hebrew language, a language in the Canaanite branch of Semitic languages spoken by the Israelites in the area known as the Land of Israel, roughly west of ...
, probably in the 2nd century AD, and that the
New Testament
The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christ ...
of the Peshitta was translated from the Greek, probably in the early 5th century. This New Testament, originally excluding certain
disputed books (
2 Peter
The Second Epistle of Peter is a book of the New Testament of the Bible.
The text identifies the author as "Simon Peter, a bondservant and apostle of Jesus Christ" and the epistle is traditionally attributed to Peter the Apostle, but most criti ...
,
2 John
The Second Epistle of John is a book of the New Testament attributed to John the Evangelist, traditionally thought to be the author of the other two epistles of John, and the Gospel of John (though this is disputed). Most modern scholars believ ...
,
3 John
The Third Epistle of John is the third-to-last book of the New Testament and the Christian Bible as a whole, and attributed to John the Evangelist, traditionally thought to be the author of the Gospel of John and the other two epistles of John. ...
,
Jude,
Revelation
In religion and theology, revelation is the revealing or disclosing of some form of truth or knowledge through communication with a deity or other supernatural entity or entities.
Background
Inspiration – such as that bestowed by God on the ...
), had become a standard by the early 5th century. The five excluded books were added in the
Harklean Version (AD 616) of
Thomas of Harqel Thomas of Harqel was a miaphysite bishop from the early 7th century. Educated in Greek at the monastery of Qenneshre, he became bishop of Mabbug in Syria. He was deposed as bishop by the anti-miaphysite metropolitan Domitian of Melitene before 602. ...
.
Etymology
''Peshitta'' is derived from the
Syriac Syriac may refer to:
*Syriac language, an ancient dialect of Middle Aramaic
*Sureth, one of the modern dialects of Syriac spoken in the Nineveh Plains region
* Syriac alphabet
** Syriac (Unicode block)
** Syriac Supplement
* Neo-Aramaic languages a ...
''mappaqtâ pšîṭtâ'' (ܡܦܩܬܐ ܦܫܝܛܬܐ), literally meaning "simple version". However, it is also possible to translate ''pšîṭtâ'' as "common" (that is, for all people), or "straight", as well as the usual translation as "simple". Syriac is a dialect, or group of dialects, of Eastern
Aramaic
The Aramaic languages, short Aramaic ( syc, ܐܪܡܝܐ, Arāmāyā; oar, 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀; arc, 𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀; tmr, אֲרָמִית), are a language family containing many varieties (languages and dialects) that originated in ...
, originating around
Edessa
Edessa (; grc, Ἔδεσσα, Édessa) was an ancient city (''polis'') in Upper Mesopotamia, founded during the Hellenistic period by King Seleucus I Nicator (), founder of the Seleucid Empire. It later became capital of the Kingdom of Osroene ...
. It is written in the
Syriac alphabet
The Syriac alphabet ( ) is a writing system primarily used to write the Syriac language since the 1st century AD. It is one of the Semitic abjads descending from the Aramaic alphabet through the Palmyrene alphabet, and shares similarities with ...
and is transliterated into the
Latin script
The Latin script, also known as Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae, in southern Italy ...
in a number of ways, generating different spellings of the name: ''Peshitta'', ''Peshittâ'', ''Pshitta'', ''Pšittâ'', ''Pshitto'', ''Fshitto''. All of these are acceptable, but ''Peshitta'' is the most conventional spelling in English.
Brief history
The Peshitta had from the 5th century onward a wide circulation in the East, and was accepted and honored by the whole diversity of sects of Syriac Christianity. It had a great missionary influence: the Armenian and Georgian versions, as well as the Arabic and the Persian, owe not a little to the Syriac. The famous
Nestorian tablet of
Chang'an
Chang'an (; ) is the traditional name of Xi'an. The site had been settled since Neolithic times, during which the Yangshao culture was established in Banpo, in the city's suburbs. Furthermore, in the northern vicinity of modern Xi'an, Qin Shi ...
witnesses to the presence of the Syriac scriptures in the heart of China in the 8th century. The Peshitta was first brought to the West by
Moses of Mindin, a noted Syrian ecclesiastic who unsuccessfully sought a patron for the work of printing it in Rome and Venice. However, he was successful in finding such a patron in the
Imperial Chancellor of the
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a Polity, political entity in Western Europe, Western, Central Europe, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution i ...
at Vienna in 1555—Albert Widmanstadt. He undertook the printing of the New Testament, and the
emperor
An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereignty, sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), ...
bore the cost of the special types which had to be cast for its issue in Syriac.
Immanuel Tremellius
Immanuel Tremellius ( it, Giovanni Emmanuele Tremellio; 1510 – 9 October 1580) was an Italian Jewish convert to Christianity. He was known as a leading Hebraist and Bible translator.
Life
He was born at Ferrara and educated at the University o ...
, the converted Jew whose scholarship was so valuable to the English reformers and divines, made use of it, and in 1569 issued a Syriac New Testament in Hebrew letters. In 1645, the ''editio princeps'' of the Old Testament was prepared by
Gabriel Sionita
Gabriel Sionita (Syriac: Jibrā'īl aṣ-Ṣahyūnī; 1577 at Ehden in Lebanon – 1648 in Paris) was a learned Maronite priest, famous for his role in the publication of the 1645 Paris Polyglot of the Bible.
Life
Gabriel Sionita was born Jibra ...
for the
Paris Polyglot, and in 1657 the whole Peshitta found a place in Walton's ''
London Polyglot
A polyglot is a book that contains side-by-side versions of the same text in several different languages. Some editions of the Bible or its parts are polyglots, in which the Hebrew and Greek originals are exhibited along with historical translat ...
''. For long the best edition of the Peshitta was that of John Leusden and Karl Schaaf, and it is still quoted under the symbol "Syrschaaf", or "SyrSch".
New Testament
In a detailed examination of Matthew 1–14, Gwilliam found that the Peshitta agrees with the ''
Textus Receptus
''Textus Receptus'' (Latin: "received text") refers to all printed editions of the Greek New Testament from Erasmus's ''Novum Instrumentum omne'' (1516) to the 1633 Elzevir edition. It was the most commonly used text type for Protestant denomi ...
'' only 108 times and with the ''
Codex Vaticanus
The Codex Vaticanus ( The Vatican, Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209), designated by siglum B or 03 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 1 ( von Soden), is a fourth-century Christian manuscript of a Greek Bible, containing the majority of the Greek Old ...
'' 65 times. Meanwhile, in 137 instances it differs from both, usually with the support of the Old Syriac and the Old Latin, and in 31 instances it stands alone.
Bruce M. Metzger
Bruce Manning Metzger (February 9, 1914 – February 13, 2007) was an American biblical scholar, Bible translator and textual critic who was a longtime professor at Princeton Theological Seminary and Bible editor who served on the board of the A ...
, ''The Early Versions of the New Testament: Their Origin, Transmission and Limitations'' (Oxford University Press 1977), p. 50.
A statement by
Eusebius
Eusebius of Caesarea (; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος ; 260/265 – 30 May 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilus (from the grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος τοῦ Παμφίλου), was a Greek historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian ...
that
Hegesippus "made some quotations from the Gospel according to the Hebrews and from the Syriac Gospel," means we should have a reference to a Syriac New Testament as early as 160–180 AD, the time of that Hebrew Christian writer. The translation of the New Testament has been admired by Syriac scholars, who have deemed it "careful, faithful, and literal" with it sometimes being referred to as the "Queen of the versions."
Critical edition of the New Testament
The standard
United Bible Societies
The United Bible Societies (UBS) is a global fellowship of around 150 Bible Societies operating in more than 240 countries and territories. It has working hubs in England, Singapore, Nairobi and Miami. The headquarters are located in Swindon, Eng ...
1905 edition of the New Testament of the Peshitta was based on editions prepared by Syriacists
Philip E. Pusey
Philip Edward Pusey (1830-1880), son of the Hebrew scholar and leader of the Anglo-Catholic Oxford Movement, Edward Bouverie Pusey, was an English Aramaicist. He started the work continued by George Gwilliam on making an edition of the Aramaic New ...
(d. 1880),
George Gwilliam
George Henry Gwilliam (28 July 1846 – 17 November 1913) was an English Aramaicist and Hebraist.
Gwilliam was born in Bristol, the second son of Samuel Gwilliam. He was educated at King's College London and Jesus College, Oxford (BA 1871, MA 187 ...
(d. 1914) and
John Gwyn. These editions comprised Gwilliam & Pusey's 1901 critical edition of the gospels, Gwilliam's critical edition of
Acts
The Acts of the Apostles ( grc-koi, Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, ''Práxeis Apostólōn''; la, Actūs Apostolōrum) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of its message ...
, Gwilliam & Pinkerton's critical edition of
Paul's Epistles
The Pauline epistles, also known as Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute. Among these epistles are some of the earliest ext ...
and John Gwynn's critical edition of the General Epistles and later Revelation. This critical Peshitta text is based on a collation of more than seventy Peshitta and a few other Aramaic manuscripts. All 27 books of the common Western
Canon of the New Testament
A biblical canon is a set of texts (also called "books") which a particular Jewish or Christian religious community regards as part of the Bible.
The English word ''canon'' comes from the Greek , meaning " rule" or " measuring stick". The ...
are included in this British & Foreign Bible Society's 1905 Peshitta edition, as is the
adultery pericope
Jesus and the woman taken in adultery (or the ) is a passage (pericope) found in John 7:53– 8:11 of the New Testament. It has been the subject of much scholarly discussion.
In the passage, Jesus was teaching in the Second Temple after co ...
(John 7:53–8:11). The 1979 Syriac Bible, United Bible Society, uses the same text for its New Testament. The
Online Bible The Online Bible (OLB) is a Bible Reference software package created in 1987 by Larry Pierce, who believed the Bible should be freely shared. Online Bible also provides a Mac version (for OS X 10.1 above) of its software. As of 2015, Online Bible i ...
reproduces the 1905 Syriac Peshitta NT in Hebrew characters.
Translations
* James Murdock - ''The New Testament, Or, The Book of the Holy Gospel of Our Lord and God, Jesus the Messiah'' (1851).
*
John Wesley Etheridge
John Wesley Etheridge (24 February 1804 – 24 May 1866) was an English nonconformist minister and scholar. He was the first person to translate the four gospels from the Syriac Peshitta into English (1846), shortly before the full New Testament w ...
- ''A Literal Translation of the Four Gospels From the Peschito, or Ancient Syriac and The Apostolical Acts and Epistles From the Peschito, or Ancient Syriac: To Which Are Added, the Remaining Epistles and The Book of Revelation, After a Later Syriac Text'' (1849).
*
George M. Lamsa
George M. Lamsa ( syr, ܓܝܘܪܓܝܣ ܠܡܣܐ) (August 5, 1892 – September 22, 1975) was an Assyrian author. He was born in Mar Bishu in what is now the extreme east of Turkey. A native Aramaic speaker, he translated the Aramaic Peshitta Old ...
- ''The Holy Bible From the Ancient Eastern Text'' (1933)- Contains both the Old and New Testaments according to the Peshitta text. This translation is better known as the
Lamsa Bible
''The Holy Bible from Ancient Eastern Manuscripts'' (commonly called the ''Lamsa Bible'') was published by George M. Lamsa in 1933. It was derived, both Old and New Testaments, from the Syriac Peshitta, the Bible used by the Assyrian Church of ...
. He also wrote several other books on the Peshitta and Aramaic primacy such as ''Gospel Light'', ''New Testament Origin'', and ''Idioms of the Bible'', along with a New Testament commentary. To this end, several well-known Evangelical Protestant preachers have used or endorsed the Lamsa Bible, such as
Oral Roberts
Granville Oral Roberts (January 24, 1918 – December 15, 2009) was an American Charismatic Christianity, Charismatic Christianity, Christian televangelist, ordained in both the International Pentecostal Holiness Church, Pentecostal Holin ...
,
Billy Graham
William Franklin Graham Jr. (November 7, 1918 – February 21, 2018) was an American evangelist and an ordained Southern Baptist minister who became well known internationally in the late 1940s. He was a prominent evangelical Christi ...
, and
William M. Branham
William Marrion Branham (April 6, 1909 – December 24, 1965) was an American Christian minister and faith healer who initiated the post-World War II healing revival, and claimed to be a prophet with the anointing of Elijah, who had come ...
.
* Andumalil Mani Kathanar - ''Vishudha Grantham''. New Testament translation in Malayalam.
* Mathew Uppani C. M. I - ''Peshitta Bible''. Translation (including Old and New Testaments) in Malayalam (1997).
*
Arch-corepiscopos Curien Kaniamparambil - ''Vishudhagrandham''. Translation (including Old and New Testaments) in Malayalam.
* Janet Magiera- ''Aramaic Peshitta New Testament Translation'', ''Aramaic Peshitta New Testament Translation- Messianic Version'', and ''Aramaic Peshitta New Testament Vertical Interlinear'' (in three volumes)(2006). Magiera is connected to George Lamsa.
*
The Way International
The Way International is a global, non-denominational Christian ministry based in New Knoxville, Ohio. The followers congregate primarily in home fellowships located throughout the United States, two US territories and in over 30 countries. It wa ...
- ''Aramaic-English Interlinear New Testament''
* William Norton- ''A Translation, in English Daily Used, of the Peshito-Syriac Text, and of the Received Greek Text, of Hebrews, James, 1 Peter, and 1 John: With An Introduction On the Peshito-Syriac Text, and the Received Greek Text of 1881'' and ''A Translation in English Daily Used: of the Seventeen Letters Forming Part of the Peshito-Syriac Books''. William Norton was a Peshitta primacist, as shown in the introduction to his translation of Hebrews, James, I Peter, and I John.
*
Gorgias Press
Gorgias Press is an independent academic publisher specializing in the history and religion of the Middle East and the larger pre-modern world.
History
Founded in 2001 by Christine and George Kiraz, the press is based in Piscataway, New Jers ...
- ''Antioch Bible,'' a Peshitta text and translation of the Old Testament, New Testament, and Apocrypha.
Manuscripts
Although physical evidence has yet to be found,
J.S. Assemane in his Bibliotheca stated that a Syriac Gospel dated 78 A.D. was found in Mesopotamia.
The following manuscripts are in the British Archives:
*
British Library, Add. 14470 British Library, Add MS 14470, Syriac manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 5th or 6th century. It is one of the oldest manuscript of Peshitta with complete text of the New Testament.
Content ...
– complete text of 22 books, from the 5th/6th century
*
Rabbula Gospels
The Rabbula Gospels, or Rabula Gospels, (Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, cod. Plut. I, 56) is a 6th-century illuminated Syriac Gospel Book. One of the finest Byzantine works produced in Asia, and one of the earliest Christian manuscript ...
– a 6th-century illuminated Syriac Gospel Book
[Peers, Glenn]
Review of Bernabò
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* Khaboris Codex
Khaburis Codex (alternate spelling Khaboris, Khabouris) is a 10th-century Classical Syriac manuscript which contain the complete Peshitta New Testament.
Colophon
There have been claims that the earlier document's colophon identifies it as bein ...
– a 10th century complete Peshitta New Testament
* Codex Phillipps 1388 Codex Phillipps 1388, Syriac manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It contains the text of the four Gospels. Palaeographically it had been assigned to the 5th/6th centuries. It is one of the oldest manuscripts of Peshitta with some Old Sy ...
– a Syriac manuscript on parchment containing text of the four Gospels dated Palaeographically to the 5th/6th centuries
* British Library, Add. 12140 – a 6th century manuscript on parchment containing text from the four Gospels
* British Library, Add. 14479 – a 534 CE manuscript containing the 14 Pauline Epistles with some lacunae, dated by a colophon
* British Library, Add. 14455 British Library, Add MS 14455 is a Syriac manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 6th century. It is a manuscript of the Peshitta. The manuscript is very lacunose.
Description
It contains the ...
– a 6th century heavily damaged manuscript containing parts of the four Gospels
* British Library, Add. 14466 British Library, Add MS 14466 is a Syriac manuscript of the New Testament, according to Peshitta version, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10 or 11th century.William Wright, ''Catalogue of the Syriac manuscripts in the Br ...
– a 10th/11th century manuscript containing fragments of the gospels of Mark
Mark may refer to:
Currency
* Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark, the currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
* East German mark, the currency of the German Democratic Republic
* Estonian mark, the currency of Estonia between 1918 and 1927
* Fi ...
and Luke
People
*Luke (given name), a masculine given name (including a list of people and characters with the name)
*Luke (surname) (including a list of people and characters with the name)
*Luke the Evangelist, author of the Gospel of Luke. Also known as ...
* British Library, Add. 14467
British Library, Add MS 14467, is a Syriac manuscript of the New Testament, according to the Peshitta version, on parchment. Palaeographic analysis has dated the manuscript to the 10th century.William Wright, ''Catalogue of the Syriac manuscripts i ...
– a 10th century manuscript containing fragments of Matthew
Matthew may refer to:
* Matthew (given name)
* Matthew (surname)
* ''Matthew'' (ship), the replica of the ship sailed by John Cabot in 1497
* ''Matthew'' (album), a 2000 album by rapper Kool Keith
* Matthew (elm cultivar), a cultivar of the Ch ...
and John
John is a common English name and surname:
* John (given name)
* John (surname)
John may also refer to:
New Testament
Works
* Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John
* First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John
* Second ...
in Syriac and Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic languages, Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C ...
* British Library, Add. 14669 British Library, Add MS 14669, Syriac manuscript of the New Testament, according to the Peshitta version, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 6th century. It contains fragments of the Gospels.
Description
It contains the ...
– a 6th century manuscript containing fragments of Luke and Mark.
See also
* Bible translations into Aramaic
Bible translations into Aramaic covers both Jewish translations into Aramaic (Targum) and Christian translations into Aramaic, also called Syriac (Peshitta).
Jewish translations
Aramaic translations of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) played an importan ...
* Targum
A targum ( arc, תרגום 'interpretation, translation, version') was an originally spoken translation of the Hebrew Bible (also called the ''Tanakh'') that a professional translator ( ''mǝturgǝmān'') would give in the common language of the ...
References
Citations
Sources
* Brock, Sebastian P. (2006) ''The Bible in the Syriac Tradition: English Version'' Gorgias Press LLC,
* Dirksen, P. B. (1993). ''La Peshitta dell'Antico Testamento'', Brescia,
* Flesher, P. V. M. (ed.) (1998). ''Targum Studies Volume Two: Targum and Peshitta''. Atlanta.
* Lamsa, George M. (1933). ''The Holy Bible from Ancient Eastern Manuscripts''. .
* Pinkerton, J. and R. Kilgour (1920). ''The New Testament in Syriac''. London: British and Foreign Bible Society, Oxford University Press.
* Pusey, Philip E. and G. H. Gwilliam (1901). ''Tetraevangelium Sanctum iuxta simplicem Syrorum versionem''. Oxford University Press.
* Weitzman, M. P. (1999). ''The Syriac Version of the Old Testament: An Introduction''. .
; Attribution
*
External links
Digital text of the Peshitta, Old and New Testament with full eastern vocalization
The Peshitta divided in chapters, the New Testament with full western vocalization
at syriacbible.nl
Dukhrana Biblical Research
Syriac Peshitta
New Testament at archive.org
*
Interlinear Aramaic/English New Testament
also trilinear Old Testament (Hebrew/Aramaic/English)
*
*
;Downloadable cleartext of English translations (Scripture.sf.net):
Murdock_NT_Peshitta
Norton_NT_Peshitta
Etheridge_NT_Peshitta
{{Authority control
Syriac Christianity
2nd-century Christian texts
Catholic bibles