Synthesis or synthesize may refer to:

Science

Chemistry and biochemistry

Chemical synthesis As a topic of chemistry, chemical synthesis (or combination) is the artificial execution of chemical reactions to obtain one or several products. This occurs by physical and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions. In moder ...

, the execution of chemical reactions to form a more complex molecule from chemical precursors **

Organic synthesis Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis and is concerned with the intentional construction of organic compounds. Organic molecules are often more complex than inorganic compounds, and their synthesis has developed into one o ...

, the chemical synthesis of organic compounds ***

Total synthesis Total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of a complex molecule, often a natural product, from simple, commercially-available precursors. It usually refers to a process not involving the aid of biological processes, which distinguishes ...

, the complete organic synthesis of complex organic compounds, usually without the aid of biological processes ***

Convergent synthesis In chemistry a convergent synthesis is a strategy that aims to improve the efficiency of multistep synthesis, most often in organic synthesis. In this type of synthesis several individual pieces of a complex molecule are synthesized in stage one, ...

or linear synthesis, a strategy to improve the efficiency of multi-step chemical syntheses **

Dehydration synthesis In chemistry, a dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule or ion. Dehydration reactions are common processes, the reverse of a hydration reaction. Dehydration reactions in organic che ...

, a chemical synthesis resulting in the loss of a water molecule *

Biosynthesis Biosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined to form macromolecules. ...

, the creation of an organic compound in a living organism, usually aided by enzymes **

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activities. Some of this chemical energy is stored i ...

, a biochemical reaction using a carbon molecule to produce an organic molecule, using sunlight as a catalyst **

Chemosynthesis In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydro ...

, the synthesis of biological compounds into organic waste, using methane or an oxidized molecule as a catalyst **

Amino acid synthesis Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the amino acids are produced. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to sy ...

, the synthesis of an amino acid from its constituents ***

Peptide synthesis In organic chemistry, peptide synthesis is the production of peptides, compounds where multiple amino acids are linked via amide bonds, also known as peptide bonds. Peptides are chemically synthesized by the condensation reaction of the carboxyl ...

, the biochemical synthesis of peptides using amino acids ****

Protein biosynthesis Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via degradation or export) through the production of new proteins. Proteins perform a number of critical ...

, the multi-step biochemical synthesis of proteins (long peptides) **

DNA synthesis DNA synthesis is the natural or artificial creation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. DNA is a macromolecule made up of nucleotide units, which are linked by covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds, in a repeating structure. DNA synthesis occur ...

, several biochemical processes for making DNA ***

DNA replication In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all living organisms acting as the most essential part for biological inheritanc ...

, DNA biosynthesis ''in vivo'' ***

Synthesis (cell cycle) S phase (Synthesis Phase) is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is DNA replication, replicated, occurring between G1 phase, G1 phase and G2 phase, G2 phase. Since accurate duplication of the genome is critical to successful cell division, ...

RNA synthesis Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. The segments of DNA transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode proteins are said to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). Other segments of DNA are copied into RNA molecules called ...

, the synthesis of RNA from nucleic acids, using another nucleic acid chain as a template **

ATP synthesis ATP synthase is a protein that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). It is classified under ligases as it changes ADP by the formation o ...

, the biochemical synthesis of ATP

Physics

Nucleosynthesis Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons (protons and neutrons) and nuclei. According to current theories, the first nuclei were formed a few minutes after the Big Bang, through nuclear reactions in ...

, the process of creating new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons *

Kinematic synthesis In mechanical engineering, kinematic synthesis (also known as mechanism synthesis) determines the size and configuration of mechanisms that shape the flow of power through a mechanical system, or machine, to achieve a desired performance. The wo ...

, part of the process of designing a machine to achieve its objective

Electronics

Logic synthesis In computer engineering, logic synthesis is a process by which an abstract specification of desired circuit behavior, typically at register transfer level (RTL), is turned into a design implementation in terms of logic gates, typically by a compu ...

, the process of converting a higher-level form of a design into a lower-level implementation *

High-level synthesis High-level synthesis (HLS), sometimes referred to as C synthesis, electronic system-level (ESL) synthesis, algorithmic synthesis, or behavioral synthesis, is an automated design process that takes an abstract behavioral specification of a digital ...

, an automated design process that interprets an algorithmic description of a desired behavior and creates hardware that implements that behavior *

Frequency synthesizer A frequency synthesizer is an electronic circuit that generates a range of frequencies from a single reference frequency. Frequency synthesizers are used in many modern devices such as radio receivers, televisions, mobile telephones, radioteleph ...

, an electronic system for generating any of a range of frequencies

Speech and sound creation

Sound synthesis A synthesizer (also spelled synthesiser) is an electronic musical instrument that generates audio signals. Synthesizers typically create sounds by generating waveforms through methods including subtractive synthesis, additive synthesis and f ...

, various methods of sound generation in audio electronics **

Wave field synthesis Wave field synthesis (WFS) is a spatial audio rendering technique, characterized by creation of virtual acoustic space, acoustic environments. It produces ''artificial'' wavefronts synthesized by a large number of individually driven loudspeake ...

, a spatial audio rendering technique, characterized by creation of virtual acoustic environments **

Subtractive synthesis Subtractive synthesis is a method of sound synthesis in which partials of an audio signal (often one rich in harmonics) are attenuated by a filter to alter the timbre of the sound. While subtractive synthesis can be applied to any source audio si ...

, a method of creating a sound by removing harmonics, characterised by the application of an audio filter to an audio signal **

Frequency modulation synthesis Frequency modulation synthesis (or FM synthesis) is a form of sound synthesis whereby the frequency of a waveform is changed by modulating its frequency with a modulator. The frequency of an oscillator is altered "in accordance with the amplitude ...

, a form of audio synthesis where the timbre of a simple waveform is changed by frequency modulating it with a modulating frequency that is also in the audio range *

Speech synthesis Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech synthesizer, and can be implemented in software or hardware products. A text-to-speech (TTS) system converts normal languag ...

, the artificial production of human speech

Humanities

*In philosophy, the end result of a dialectic, as in

thesis, antithesis, synthesis Dialectic ( grc-gre, διαλεκτική, ''dialektikḗ''; related to dialogue; german: Dialektik), also known as the dialectical method, is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to ...

*A cognitive skill, in Benjamin Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives *In philosophy and science, a higher

a priori ("from the earlier") and ("from the later") are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on empirical evidence or experience. knowledge is independent from current ex ...

process than analysis *in linguistics, a scale denoting the average ratio of morphemes to words; see

synthetic language A synthetic language uses inflection or agglutination to express Syntax, syntactic relationships within a sentence. Inflection is the addition of morphemes to a root word that assigns grammatical property to that word, while agglutination is the ...

Other uses

Synthesis anarchism Synthesis anarchism, also known as united anarchism, is an organisational principle that seeks unity in diversity, aiming to bring together anarchists of different tendencies into a single federation. Developed mainly by the Russian anarchist Vol ...

, a form of anarchist organization which tries to join anarchists of different tendencies *

Synthesis (clothing) The ''synthesis'' (Greek for something "put together"), probably synonymous with ''cenatoria'', "dinner clothes" (from Latin ''cena'', "dinner"), was a garment or outfit worn in ancient Rome for dining or special occasions such as the Saturnalia. I ...

, a garment or outfit worn in ancient Rome for dining or special occasions * ''Synthesis'' (Evanescence album), 2017 * ''Synthesis'' (The Cryan' Shames album), 1968 * ''Synthesis'' (journal), a journal of chemical synthesis *

Program synthesis In computer science, program synthesis is the task to construct a program that provably satisfies a given high-level formal specification. In contrast to program verification, the program is to be constructed rather than given; however, both fields ...

, a task in computer science to automatically generate programs from a formal specification