Supersaurus Lourinhanensis

''Dinheirosaurus'' is a genus of diplodocid sauropod dinosaur that is known from fossils uncovered in modern-day Portugal. It may represent a species of ''Supersaurus''. The only species is ''Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis'', first described by José Bonaparte and Octávio Mateus in 1999 for vertebrae and some other material from the Lourinhã Formation. Although the precise age of the formation is not known, it can be dated around the early Tithonian of the Late Jurassic.

The known material includes two cervical vertebrae, nine dorsal vertebrae, a few ribs, a fragment of a pubis, and many gastroliths. Of the material, only the vertebrae are diagnostic, with the ribs and pubis being too fragmentary or general to distinguish ''Dinheirosaurus''. This material was first described as in the genus ''Lourinhasaurus'', but differences were noticed and in 1999 Bonaparte and Mateus redescribed the material under the new binomial ''Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis''. Another specimen, ML 418, thought to be ''Dinheirosaurus'', is now known to be from another Portuguese diplodocid. This means that ''Dinheirosaurus'' lived alongside many theropods, sauropods, thyreophorans and ornithopods, as well as at least one other diplodocid.

''Dinheirosaurus'' is a diplodocid, a relative of '' Apatosaurus'', '' Diplodocus'', ''Barosaurus'', ''Supersaurus'', and '' Tornieria''. Among those, the closest relative to ''Dinheirosaurus'' is ''Supersaurus''.

Discovery and naming

ML 414 was first uncovered in 1987 by Mr. Carlos Anunciação. He was associated with the Museu da Lourinhã, and after the excavations which lasted from the time of discovery until 1992, the specimen was then moved into the museum, and catalogued under the number 414. Dantas ''et al.'' preliminarily announced ML 414 as soon as the excavations were complete. To remove the fossils from the surrounding rock, a bulldozer and tilt hammer were needed. The fossils were situated at the top of a coastal cliff, and once removed, were shipped to Lourinhã in two blocks with the help of a crane. A year before being described as a new taxon, Dantas ''et al.'' assigned ML 414 to ''Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis'', previously grouped under '' Apatosaurus''. José Bonaparte and Octávio Mateus studied the material of ''Lourinhasaurus'', concluding one specimen, under the name ML 414, to be more closely related to diplodocids of the Morrison Formation, and thus warranting a new binomial name. This new species was described as ''Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis'', with a full meaning of "Porto Dinheiro lizard from Lourinhã".

''Dinheirosaurus'' material included vertebrae, ribs, partial pelvis, and gastroliths. The vertebrae were certainly from the cervical and dorsal regions, and are articulated. The two cervicals are not greatly preserved, although the twelve dorsals are articulated and in good condition. Other vertebral material includes seven centra that are fragmentary and a few neural arches, which are unattached. 12 dorsal ribs are preserved, as well as some appendicular elements. David Weishampel ''et al.'' did not recognize all the material as belonging to ''Dinheirosaurus'', and only found 9 dorsals in the holotype, while also misinterpreting the pubis as a limb fragment. They also incorrectly stated that it was found in the Camadas de Alcobaça Formation. Another pair of vertebrae, under collection number ML 418, was originally assigned to ''Dinheirosaurus'' by Bonaparte and Mateus, but is now considered to be a distinct new unnamed genus of diplodocid.

Description

''Dinheirosaurus'' was an average sized diplodocid, and had an elongated neck and tail. The main features of the genus are based on its vertebral anatomy, and multiple vertebrae from across the spine have been found. In total, ''Dinheirosaurus'' would have had an approximate length of . In 2020, Molina-Perez and Larramendi gave a lower estimate of and .

The animal is not known well from non-vertebral material, currently only consisting of partial ribs and a fragment of a pelvis. One of the ribs attached to the cervicals, and is quite fragmentary. It is elongated, although that might be a feature of distortion. Also undescribed by Bonaparte & Mateus are a set of thoracic ribs. Two ribs are from the left side of the animal. They are T-shaped in cross section, and display plesiomorphic features, although their incomplete state makes their identification uncertain. Multiple right ribs are preserved, including both the shafts and heads. They are similar to the left ribs, which also show that they lack pneumtization. Other appendicular (non-vertebral) material includes a very incomplete and fragmentary shaft of the pubis, and over one hundred gastroliths. The pubis displays practically no anatomical features, and the gastroliths were not described in detail by Mannion ''et al.'' in 2012.

Vertebrae

The most distinguishing material of ''Dinheirosaurus'' comes from the vertebrae, which are well represented and described. Of the cervicals, only two of the assumed fifteen are preserved. According to Bonaparte & Mateus (1999), the cervicals would number 13 and 14. Apparently cervical 15 was lost during the excavation and removal of the holotype and only specimen of ''Dinheirosaurus''. As of the original description, the thirteenth cervical was only prepared on the lateroventral portion. The length of the centrum is , and the fourteenth cervical is quite similar overall. is the total measurement of the 14th cervical's centrum, which is well-preserved, complete, and concave along the bottom edge. The neural spine, while compressed from above compared to the cervicals of ''Diplodocus'', is massive, and projects upwards towards its posterior end.

A relatively complete series of dorsal vertebrae are known, which number one to seven. All of the dorsals, however, are distorted upwards due to their state of preservation. Bonaparte & Mateus (1999) noted that the position of the dorsals was not certain, and that in fact the first dorsal could have been the last cervical or even the second dorsal. A similar numbering was found in ''Diplodocus'', with the first and second dorsals similar in anatomy to the last and second-last cervical. The dorsal vary in length from the of the first dorsal to the of the seventh, eight and ninth dorsals. Height in the vertebrae is also quite variable, with the shortest height being tall to tall, increasing from the first dorsal.

Classification

''Dinheirosaurus'' is not extremely well known, and as a consequence, its phylogenetic position is not certain. In 2012 during a redescription of the taxon by Philip Mannion ''et al.'', it was recovered, in both cladograms, to be sister species to '' Supersaurus vivianae'' and together forming the most basal diplodocines. A 2012 cladogram, published by Mannion ''et al.'' and using a modified matrix of Whitlock (2011) found that ''Dinheirosaurus'' was more primitive than ''Torneria'' and more derived than ''Apatosaurus''. However, a cladogram from 2014 found that their group was supported, but in fact more primitive than ''Apatosaurus'', and therefore outside Diplodocinae.
In 2015, ''Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis'' was considered a species of ''Supersaurus'' in a new combination ''S. lourinhanensis''; their results are shown below. Molina-Perez and Larramendi also supports this decision.

Previously, ''Dinheirosaurus'' was classified within a Diplodocidae excluding ''Apatosaurus'', for the differences anatomically are quite great. Bonaparte & Mateus found that a few features present suggested that ''Dinheirosaurus'' was more derived than ''Diplodocus'', but plesiomorphic features also present conclude that they branched separately and ''Dinheirosaurus'' is not the descendant of ''Diplodocus''. A 2004 study by Upchurch ''et al.'' found that ''Dinheirosaurus'' was an intermediate diplodocoid, along with ''Cetiosauriscus'', ''Amphicoelias'', and '' Losillasaurus''.

Paleobiology

As a diplodocid, it is probable that ''Dinheirosaurus'' possessed a whip-tail. If it did, it has been speculated that its tail could have been used like a bullwhip, with supersonic speed or, more recently, as a tactile organ to keep in touch with other members of a group. Being related to both ''Apatosaurus'' and ''Diplodocus'', ''Dinheirosaurus'' probably possessed a squared snout. This means that it was probably a non-selective ground-feeding sauropod.

Digestion

''Dinheirosaurus'' is one of relatively few sauropods for which gastroliths were found obviously alongside the type specimen. In 2007, an experiment using ''Dinheirosaurus'', ''Diplodocus'' (=''Seismosaurus''), and ''Cedarosaurus'' tested if sauropods used their gastroliths in an avian-style gastric mill. The analysis took into account that among the hundreds of sauropods found, gastroliths are only known from a few associated specimens. Authors chose to use the three sauropods with the most associated gastroliths, ''Dinheirosaurus'', ''Diplodocus'', and ''Cedarosaurus'', because of the large amount of gastroliths found in birds. When birds were typically found to have 1.05% of their body weight gastroliths, the sauropod ''Diplodocus'', which had the highest amount of gastroliths, only amassed to 0.03% body weight. This means that since the other sauropods ''Dinheirosaurus'' and ''Cedarosaurus'' had less gastroliths to body mass, an avian-style gastric mill is unlikely to have evolved in sauropods, and they instead might have used gastroliths to absorb minerals.

Paleoecology

''Dinheirosaurus'' was one of many dinosaurs to have lived in the Lourinhã Formation during the Late Jurassic. Many theropods, sauropods, and especially ornithischians are also from the Lourinhã Formation, which contains a similar fauna to the North American Morrison Formation. Many theropods are known including an unnamed genus of abelisaurid; the allosaurid '' Allosaurus europaeus''; the ceratosaurid '' Ceratosaurus dentisculatus''; the coelurosaurians ''Aviatyrannis jurassica'', and cf. '' Richardoestesia''; an intermediate theropod; and the megalosaurid ''Torvosaurus gurneyi''. Sauropods are less common, with only an intermediate diplodocid as well as ''Dinheirosaurus''; the camarasaurid '' Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis''; the turiasaur ''Zby atlanticus''; and the brachiosaurid '' Lusotitan'' known. Ornithischians are well represented, with identified remains persisting to '' Trimucrodon cuneatus''; ''Alocodon kuehnei''; the stegosaurians '' Dacentrurus armatus'', '' Miragaia longicollum'', and ''Stegosaurus ungulatus''; the ankylosaurid '' Dracopelta zbyszewskii''; the ornithopods '' Draconyx loureiroi'', '' Camptosaurus'' sp., '' Phyllodon henkelli'', and cf. '' Dryosaurus'' sp.

Biogeography

Many eusauropods, including ''Dinheirosaurus'' have been found in the Late Jurassic of Europe. The sauropods are from around the base of the Tithonian as based on the presence of '' Anchispirocyclina lusitanica''. One sauropod, a diplodocid currently based on an unnamed specimen including vertebrae and some bones, is clearly different from ''Dinheirosaurus'' and ''Losillasaurus'', confirming the presence of a least two and possibly more diplodocids in the Late Jurassic of Spain and Portugal. This is unique in the variety of diplodocoids in all Europe, with the only other genera possibly non-diplodocoid (''Cetiosauriscus''), or classified in Rebbachisauridae. This suggests that the biogeography of primitive sauropods is incomplete, with possible primitive eusauropods and diplodocids surviving in the Late Jurassic, potentially until the Berriasian.

References

External links

''Dinheirosaurus''

{{Taxonbar, from=Q888114

Diplodocids
Tithonian life
Late Jurassic dinosaurs of Europe
Jurassic Portugal
Fossils of Portugal
Lourinhã Formation
Fossil taxa described in 1999
Taxa named by José Bonaparte
Taxa named by Octávio Mateus