Sugondo Djojopuspito

Ki Soegondo Djojopoespito (22 February 190523 April 1978) was an Indonesian politician who became the Minister of Societal Development in the Halim Cabinet.

Early life

Soegondo Djojopoespito was born as Soegondo on 22 February 1905 in the village of Tuban, East Java. His father, Kromosardjono, was an employee for forestry affairs and a headman in Tuban, while his mother was the daughter of a ''khotib'' (preacher) named Djojoatmodjo. He would later adopt the name Djojopoespito from his great-grandfather's brother.

Djojopoespito began his education in 1911 at the ''Hollandsch-Inlandsche School'' (Dutch school for indigenous people) in Tuban. He graduated from the school, then continued to study at the ''Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs'' (junior high school) in Surabaya from 1918 to 1922. He then moved to Jogjakarta and continued his studies at the '' Algemene Middelbare School afdeeling b'' (high school for mathematics and science) from 1922 until 1925.

During his time in Yogyakarta, Djojopoespito and his sister lived at Ki Hajar Dewantara's house. Influenced by Dewantara, Djojopoespito became active in the Jong Java organization during this period. According to his friends, Djojopoespito was considered an intelligent student who loved reading. Another friend of Djojopoespito, Professor Notosusanto, remarked that Djojopoespito was a smart but naughty and lazy student.

In the Union of Indonesian Students

Establishment

During his time in Yogyakarta, Djojopoespito was influenced by Ki Hajar Dewantara about Indonesian nationalism. The influence became stronger after he entered the ''Rechts Hoge School'' (RHS, High School for Law) in 1925. He regularly received the ''Indonesia Merdeka'' (Free Indonesia) magazine which was sent by the ''Perhimpunan Indonesia'' (Indonesian Union) in the Netherlands. The magazine was considered contraband in the Dutch East Indies at that time.

The magazine influenced Djojopoespito, as he began to come to the house of Agus Salim, an activist from the '' Sarekat Islam'' (Islamic Union) movement. He also forwarded the magazine to some of his high school friends, such as to Suwiryo and Usman Sastroamidjojo. Sastroamidjojo then forwarded the magazine to his friend Muksinun.

After that, Djojopoespito, Suwiryo, Sastroamidjojo, and Muksinun became close friends and began discussing political issues in Indonesia. In 1926, Sastroamidjojo graduated from the RHS, while Muksinun became more occupied. Although Djojopoespito was alone with Suwiryo, they managed to connect with three other college students, namely Sigit from RHS, and Goelarso and Darwis from STOVIA (medical school).

Not long after their meeting, they decided to establish the Union of Indonesian Students. Sigit became the chairman of the union, Djojopoespito the secretary; Gularso, Darwis, Suwiryo, Djojopoespito, and Sigit were the core members of the union. Their main goal was to contact new students and leaders of student associations and convince them to join the union. The Union of Indonesian Students also printed secret pamphlets to overthrow the Dutch East Indies government. The pamphlets were distributed to political parties, mass organizations, and student associations.

In 1927, after being appointed chairman of the ''Indonesian Clubgebouw'' (Indonesian Clubhouse), Sigit resigned from his position. He was succeeded as chairman of the union by Djojopoespito.

Second Youth Congress

As the chairman of the Union of Indonesian Students, Djojopoespito began attempts at integrating all the student associations in Dutch East Indies into the Union. He was inspired by the Association of Political Organisations of the Indonesian People, which at that time managed to unite all of the pro-Indonesian political parties in the Dutch East Indies, such as the Indonesian National Party, Islamic Union Party, and BU. Finally, in June 1928, Soegondo managed to form a committee which was consisted of representatives from student associations. Soegondo became the chairman of the committee.

The committee decided to hold a youth congress to finalize the debate about the form of the new student union. Nationalist politicians, such as Sartono, Arnold Mononutu, Muhammad Nazif, and Sunario, assisted the committee to find the location for the congress, fund the congress, contact speakers for the congress, and set the time. Aside from the technical tasks, the committee also prepared the draft for the Youth Pledge that was planned to be read in the congress.

The congress began at 7:30 PM on 27 October 1928 inside the ''Katholieke Jongelengen'' (Catholic Youth) building. Representatives of youth groups and political parties attended the congress, and members of the Volksraad such as Tjokorda Gde Raka Soekawati and Suryono also attended. Several Dutch also attended the congress as observers. The media and press reported on the event, and sent Wage Rudolf Supratman and Saerun as its representative.

During the congress, there were two main incidents. The first occurred after a delegate used the word "independence". The word "independence" was banned in the congress, as that word was considered "political" and the congress was considered to be a non-political youth meeting. The second incident occurred after a delegate demanded that the "people of Indonesia should work hard so that the people could form a state equal to those of England, Japan, and other states". The second incident caused the delegate to be warned by the Dutch police, and Djojopoespito was asked to dismiss the congress. Djojopoespito refused the police's demands and asked for the help of Sartono to solve the problem. Sartono managed to solve the problem.

The third and last session in the congress was held on the evening of 28 October 1928 in the ''Indonesische Clubgebouw'' building. The planned scout procession at the beginning of the session was cancelled after being banned by the Dutch police, causing dissatisfaction within the delegates. Thus, the session was opened with a speech about scouting from Ramelan and from Soenario. In the middle of the congress, Muhammad Yamin, who at that time was seated beside Djojopoespito, handed over a proposal for a resolution that was planned to be read at the end of the congress. Djojopoespito approved the resolution, and he passed the proposal to other delegates. The proposal was approved by all delegates.

During the recess in the session, Wage Rudolf Supratman came to Djojopoespito and asked for his permission to play the Indonesia Raya song. After reading the lyrics, Djojopoespito was worried that the performance could cause some commotion. He then asked the advice of a Dutch in congress, Charles van der Plas. Van der Plas redirected him to the Police Commissary. Thus, Djojopoespito allowed Supratman to play the song, but without the lyrics.

After the recess, the song was played and received ovation from the audience. The resolution, which was later dubbed as the Youth Pledge, was read at the end of the session.

Career

After chairing the Second Indonesian Youth Congress, Djojopoespito joined the Indonesian National Party in 1928. During this time in the party, he met again with his friend Suwiryo, who at that time dropped out of his university and became the secretary of the Indonesian National Party branch of Jakarta.

In 1929, Djojopoespito's studies at the RHS, which were funded by a scholarship from the Dutch government, were halted. As a result, Djojopoespito dropped out of RHS. He found a job at the Gang Kenari People's School in Jakarta, and became the director of the school in 1930. In 1932, he moved to Bandung, and became the director of the Taman Siswa school in Bandung. As a teacher in the Taman Siswa school, he assumed the title of ''Ki''.

After the Indonesian National Party was dissolved in 1931, Soegondo joined the Indonesian Nationalist Education in 1933, then led by Sutan Sjahrir. He was tasked to recruit new members of the organization. For this purpose, he created a recruitment system called the ''beranting'' (branched) method, in which he reached out to three people and tasked those three to each reach out to three more people, and so on. As a result, the organization recruited hundreds of members in a relatively short time.

In February 1934, the Dutch East Indies police organized a crackdown on the organization. The leaders of the organization, Mohammad Hatta, Sjahrir, Maskun, and Murwoto, were arrested and exiled to Boven Digoel. Djojopoespito, after being interrogated for five hours, was freed from any charges, but was banned from teaching.

In 1934, Djojopoespito began publishing a weekly magazine named ''Penghidupan Rakjat'' (People's Living), but the magazine was closed in 1935 due to low circulation. From January to June 1935, he temporarily worked at the Central Statistic Office in Jakarta. His ban on teaching was revoked by the late 1935, and along with his wife, he established a school in Bogor

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