The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the

common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...

roundheads) is a group of medium to large

agarics An agaric () is a type of fungus fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus (cap) that is clearly differentiated from the stipe (stalk), with lamellae (gills) on the underside of the pileus. In the UK, agarics are called "mushrooms ...

with a distinct membranous

ring Ring may refer to: * Ring (jewellery), a round band, usually made of metal, worn as ornamental jewelry * To make a sound with a bell, and the sound made by a bell :(hence) to initiate a telephone connection Arts, entertainment and media Film and ...

on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''

Stropharia rugosoannulata ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'', commonly known as the wine cap stropharia, "garden giant", burgundy mushroom or king stropharia (Japanese: ''saketsubatake''), is an agaric of the family Strophariaceae found in Europe and North America, and introd ...

'' and the blue-green

verdigris Verdigris is the common name for blue-green, copper-based pigments that form a patina on copper, bronze, and brass. The technical literature is ambiguous as to its chemical composition. Some sources refer to "neutral verdigris" as copper(II) ac ...

agarics (''

Stropharia aeruginosa ''Stropharia aeruginosa'', commonly known as the verdigris agaric, is a medium-sized green, slimy woodland mushroom, found on lawns, mulch and woodland from spring to autumn. The edibility of this mushroom is controversial - some sources claim t ...

'' and allies). ''Stropharia'' are not generally regarded as good to eat and there are doubts over the edibility of several species. However the species ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' is regarded as prized and delicious when young, and is now the premier mushroom for outdoor bed culture by mycophiles in temperate climates.

Taxonomy

The scientific name is derived from the Greek 'στροφος/strophos' meaning "belt", in reference to the annulus present on the stipe. Spore print color is generally medium to dark purple-brown with white edge at maturity, except for a few species that have rusty-brown spores. There is a great deal of variation, however, since this group as presently delimited is polyphyletic. Members of the core clade of ''Stropharia'' are characterized by crystalline

acanthocytes Acanthocyte (from the Greek word ἄκανθα ''acantha'', meaning 'thorn'), in biology and medicine, refers to an abnormal form of red blood cell that has a spiked cell membrane, due to thorny projections. A similar term is spur cells. Often ...

among the

hyphae A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or ...

of the mycelium and that make up the rhizoids at the base of the mushroom, and in one species, ''

Stropharia acanthocystis The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and th ...

'', also occur in the

hymenium The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some ...

Description

Recent

molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioche ...

work shows the core group of the genus most closely related to ''

Hypholoma ''Hypholoma'' is a genus of fungi which are quite well known due to the commonness of sulphur tuft (''Hypholoma fasciculare'') on stumps in temperate woodlands. Species in this genus are easily recognizable because the dark spores create a dis ...

'' and '' Pholiota''. Other such as '' S. semiglobata'' are more distantly related. ''Stropharia'' had been divided into 'sections' by

Rolf Singer Rolf Singer (June 23, 1906 – January 18, 1994) was a Germany, German-born mycologist and one of the most important Taxonomy (biology), taxonomists of gilled mushrooms (agarics) in the 20th century. After receiving his Ph.D. at the University ...

among others, although some 'sections' were only informally named.

Phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

ally, some 'sections' have now been classified as separate genera by some authors for species lacking acanthocytes. Two examples of the reclassification of sections into genera are: ''

Leratiomyces ''Leratiomyces'' is a genus of mushroom-forming basidiomycetes first proposed three times under invalid names, and finally validated in 2008. It includes several formerly described, variously, from the genera '' Stropharia'', '' Hypholoma'', an ...

'' in 2008 in part replacing Section ''Stropholoma'' and '' Protostropharia'' in 2013 in part replacing section ''Stercophila''. The psychedelic mushroom formerly known as ''Stropharia cubensis'' was reclassified into the genus ''Psilocybe'' by mycologist

and subsequently this classification was supported by modern phylogenetic analyses based upon DNA sequence comparison. It bears a superficial resemblance to ''Stropharia'' with its relatively large size, well-developed annulus, and dark spores, hence in some references it is referred to as ''

Psilocybe cubensis ''Psilocybe cubensis ''is a species of psychedelic mushroom whose principal active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. Commonly called shrooms, magic mushrooms, golden halos, cubes, or gold caps, it belongs to the fungus family Hymenogastrace ...

'',O. T. Oss, O. N. Oeric
''Psilocybin: magic mushroom grower's guide: a handbook for psilocybin Enthusiasts''
Quick American Archives, 2nd ed. (1993), however, it is simply a large-size example of the bluing ''Psilocybe'' and hence is not a close relative of ''Stropharia''.

Species

*''

'' *''

Stropharia agaricoides The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and th ...

'' *''

Stropharia agrocyboides The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and th ...

'' *''

Stropharia albivelata The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and th ...

'' *''

Stropharia albonitens ''Stropharia albonitens'' is an inedible mushroom found in grassy fields, lawns, and frequently along roadsides in North America and Europe. The spore print is purplish to black. It is white to cream or yellow in colour. It is typically 5 to 15&n ...

'' *''

Stropharia albosulphurea The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous annulus (mycology), ring on the stipe (mycology), stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ...

'' *''

Stropharia ambigua ''Stropharia ambigua'', sometimes known as the questionable Stropharia, is a saprotrophic agaric mushroom, commonly fruiting in leaf litter and wood chips in the Pacific Northwest. Description The cap is broad, obtuse to convex, becoming flat ...

'' *''

Stropharia araucariae The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous annulus (mycology), ring on the stipe (mycology), stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ...

'' *''

Stropharia aurantiaca ''Leratiomyces ceres'', commonly known as the Redlead Roundhead, is mushroom which has a bright red to orange cap and dark purple-brown spore deposit. It is usually found growing gregariously on wood chips and is one of the most common and mos ...

'' *

Stropharia caerulea ''Stropharia caerulea'', commonly known as the blue roundhead, is an inedible species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It is a common species found in Europe and North America, where it grows as a saprophyte in meadows, roadsides ...

'' *'' Stropharia chrysocystidia'' – China *'' Stropharia cifuentesii'' – Mexico *'' Stropharia coronilla'' *''

Stropharia farlowiana The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and the ...

'' *'' Stropharia formosa'' *'' Stropharia halophila'' * Mycomorphbox Inedible

'' Stropharia hornemannii'' *'' Stropharia inuncta'' *''

Stropharia kauffmanii The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous annulus (mycology), ring on the stipe (mycology), stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ...

'' *''

Stropharia lepiotiformis The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and the ...

'' *''

Stropharia luteonitens The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous annulus (mycology), ring on the stipe (mycology), stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ...

'' *'' Stropharia mammillata'' *'' Stropharia melanosperma'' *''

Stropharia pseudocyanea ''Stropharia pseudocyanea'' is a mushroom in the family Strophariaceae The Strophariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Under an older classification, the family covered 18 genera and 1316 species. The species of Strophariacea ...

'' *'' Stropharia rubrobrunnea'' – Western Ghats, India * Mycomorphbox Choice

'' *''

Stropharia squamulosa The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and the ...

'' *''

Stropharia variicolor The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and the ...

'' *'' Stropharia venusta''

Gallery

Image:Docs019.jpg, ''

'' Image:Stropharia ambigua 4.JPG , ''

'' File:Stropharia inuncta 77505.jpg , '' Stropharia inuncta'' File:2011-05-19 Stropharia rugosoannulata Farl. ex Murrill 183478.jpg , ''

Legal status

United States

Louisiana

Except for

ornamental Ornamental may refer to: *Ornamental grass, a type of grass grown as a decoration *Ornamental iron, mild steel that has been formed into decorative shapes, similar to wrought iron work *Ornamental plant, a plant that is grown for its ornamental qua ...

purposes, growing, selling or possessing ''Stropharia'' spp. is prohibited by

Louisiana State Act 159 Signed into law June 28, 2005, and effective August 8, 2005, Louisiana State Act No 159 found in, Louisiana RS 40:989.1, outlawed the cultivation, possession or sale of 40 named plants defined as hallucinogenic in the state of Louisiana, US. House ...

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1634915 Strophariaceae