This is a list of
string theory topics.
String theory
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Strings
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Nambu–Goto action
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Polyakov action
In physics, the Polyakov action is an action of the two-dimensional conformal field theory describing the worldsheet of a string in string theory. It was introduced by Stanley Deser and Bruno Zumino and independently by L. Brink, P. Di Vecc ...
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Bosonic string theory
Bosonic string theory is the original version of string theory, developed in the late 1960s and named after Satyendra Nath Bose. It is so called because it contains only bosons in the spectrum.
In the 1980s, supersymmetry was discovered in the c ...
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Superstring theory
Superstring theory is an attempt to explain all of the particles and fundamental forces of nature in one theory by modeling them as vibrations of tiny supersymmetric strings.
'Superstring theory' is a shorthand for supersymmetric string th ...
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Type I string
In theoretical physics, type I string theory is one of five consistent supersymmetric string theories in ten dimensions. It is the only one whose strings are unoriented (both orientations of a string are equivalent) and the only one which contains ...
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Type II string
In theoretical physics, type II string theory is a unified term that includes both type IIA strings and type IIB strings theories. Type II string theory accounts for two of the five consistent superstring theories in ten dimensions. Both theories ...
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Type IIA string theory
In theoretical physics, type II string theory is a unified term that includes both type IIA strings and type IIB strings theories. Type II string theory accounts for two of the five consistent superstring theories in ten dimensions. Both theories ...
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Type IIB string theory
In theoretical physics, type II string theory is a unified term that includes both type IIA strings and type IIB strings theories. Type II string theory accounts for two of the five consistent superstring theories in ten dimensions. Both theories ...
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Heterotic string
In string theory, a heterotic string is a closed string (or loop) which is a hybrid ('heterotic') of a superstring and a bosonic string. There are two kinds of heterotic string, the heterotic SO(32) and the heterotic E8 × E8, abbreviat ...
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N=2 superstring
In string theory, N = 2 superstring is a theory in which the worldsheet admits N = 2 supersymmetry rather than N = 1 supersymmetry as in the usual superstring. The target space (a term used for a generalization of space-time) is four-dimensi ...
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M-theory
M-theory is a theory in physics that unifies all consistent versions of superstring theory. Edward Witten first conjectured the existence of such a theory at a string theory conference at the University of Southern California in 1995. Witte ...
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Matrix theory
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Introduction to M-theory
In non-technical terms, M-theory presents an idea about the basic substance of the universe. As of 2022, science has produced no experimental evidence to support the conclusion that M-theory is a description of the real world. Although a complet ...
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F-theory
In theoretical physics, F-theory is a branch of string theory developed by Iranian physicist Cumrun Vafa. The new vacua described by F-theory were discovered by Vafa and allowed string theorists to construct new realistic vacua — in the for ...
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String field theory
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Matrix string theory
In physics, matrix string theory is a set of equations that describe superstring theory in a non-perturbative framework. Type IIA string theory can be shown to be equivalent to a maximally supersymmetric two-dimensional gauge theory, the gauge ...
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Nonlinear sigma model
In quantum field theory, a nonlinear ''σ'' model describes a scalar field which takes on values in a nonlinear manifold called the target manifold ''T''. The non-linear ''σ''-model was introduced by , who named it after a field correspondi ...
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Tachyon condensation
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RNS formalism
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String theory landscape
The string theory landscape or landscape of vacua refers to the collection of possible false vacua in string theory,The number of metastable vacua is not known exactly, but commonly quoted estimates are of the order 10500. See M. Douglas, "The ...
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History of string theory
The history of string theory spans several decades of intense research including two superstring revolutions. Through the combined efforts of many researchers, string theory has developed into a broad and varied subject with connections to quantum ...
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First superstring revolution
The history of string theory spans several decades of intense research including two superstring revolutions. Through the combined efforts of many researchers, string theory has developed into a broad and varied subject with connections to quantu ...
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Second superstring revolution
The history of string theory spans several decades of intense research including two superstring revolutions. Through the combined efforts of many researchers, string theory has developed into a broad and varied subject with connections to quantu ...
String duality
String or strings may refer to:
* String (structure), a long flexible structure made from threads twisted together, which is used to tie, bind, or hang other objects
Arts, entertainment, and media Films
* ''Strings'' (1991 film), a Canadian ani ...
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T-duality
In theoretical physics, T-duality (short for target-space duality) is an equivalence of two physical theories, which may be either quantum field theories or string theories. In the simplest example of this relationship, one of the theories desc ...
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S-duality
In theoretical physics, S-duality (short for strong–weak duality, or Sen duality) is an equivalence of two physical theories, which may be either quantum field theories or string theories. S-duality is useful for doing calculations in theore ...
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U-duality
In physics, U-duality (short for unified duality)S. Mizoguchi,On discrete U-duality in M-theory, 2000. is a symmetry of string theory or M-theory
M-theory is a theory in physics that unifies all consistent versions of superstring theory. ...
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Montonen–Olive duality
Montonen–Olive duality or electric–magnetic duality is the oldest known example of strong–weak duality or S-duality according to current terminology. It generalizes the electro-magnetic symmetry of Maxwell's equations by stating that ma ...
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Mysterious duality
M-theory is a theory in physics that unifies all consistent versions of superstring theory. Edward Witten first conjectured the existence of such a theory at a string theory conference at the University of Southern California in 1995. Witten' ...
Particles and fields
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Graviton
In theories of quantum gravity, the graviton is the hypothetical quantum of gravity, an elementary particle that mediates the force of gravitational interaction. There is no complete quantum field theory of gravitons due to an outstanding mathe ...
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Dilaton
In particle physics, the hypothetical dilaton particle is a particle of a scalar field \varphi that appears in theories with Dimension (mathematics and physics)#Additional dimensions, extra dimensions when the volume of the compactified dimensions ...
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Tachyon
A tachyon () or tachyonic particle is a hypothetical particle that always travels faster than light. Physicists believe that faster-than-light particles cannot exist because they are not consistent with the known laws of physics. If such partic ...
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Ramond–Ramond field In theoretical physics, Ramond–Ramond fields are differential form fields in the 10-dimensional spacetime of type II supergravity theories, which are the classical limits of type II string theory. The ranks of the fields depend on which type II th ...
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Kalb–Ramond field
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Magnetic monopole
In particle physics, a magnetic monopole is a hypothetical elementary particle that is an isolated magnet with only one magnetic pole (a north pole without a south pole or vice versa). A magnetic monopole would have a net north or south "magneti ...
Branes
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D-brane
In string theory, D-branes, short for ''Dirichlet membrane'', are a class of extended objects upon which open strings can end with Dirichlet boundary conditions, after which they are named. D-branes were discovered by Jin Dai, Leigh, and Polchi ...
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S-brane
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Black brane
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Black hole
A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape it. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can defo ...
s
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Black string
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Brane cosmology
Brane cosmology refers to several theories in particle physics and cosmology related to string theory, superstring theory and M-theory.
Brane and bulk
The central idea is that the visible, three-dimensional universe is restricted to a brane in ...
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Quiver diagram
In theoretical physics, a quiver diagram is a graph representing the matter content of a gauge theory that describes D-branes on orbifolds. Quiver diagrams may also be used to described \mathcal = 2 supersymmetric gauge theories in four dimen ...
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Hanany–Witten transition
In theoretical physics the Hanany–Witten transition, also called the Hanany–Witten effect, refers to any process in a superstring theory in which two p-branes cross resulting in the creation or destruction of a third p-brane. A special case o ...
Supersymmetry
In a supersymmetric theory the equations for force and the equations for matter are identical. In theoretical and mathematical physics, any theory with this property has the principle of supersymmetry (SUSY). Dozens of supersymmetric theories e ...
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Supergravity
In theoretical physics, supergravity (supergravity theory; SUGRA for short) is a modern field theory that combines the principles of supersymmetry and general relativity; this is in contrast to non-gravitational supersymmetric theories such as ...
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Superspace
Superspace is the coordinate space of a theory exhibiting supersymmetry. In such a formulation, along with ordinary space dimensions ''x'', ''y'', ''z'', ..., there are also "anticommuting" dimensions whose coordinates are labeled in Grassmann numb ...
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Lie superalgebra
In mathematics, a Lie superalgebra is a generalisation of a Lie algebra to include a Z2 grading. Lie superalgebras are important in theoretical physics where they are used to describe the mathematics of supersymmetry. In most of these theories, th ...
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Lie supergroup
Conformal field theory
A conformal field theory (CFT) is a quantum field theory that is invariant under conformal transformations. In two dimensions, there is an infinite-dimensional algebra of local conformal transformations, and conformal field theories can sometime ...
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Two-dimensional conformal field theory
A two-dimensional conformal field theory is a quantum field theory on a Euclidean two-dimensional space, that is invariant under local conformal transformations.
In contrast to other types of conformal field theories, two-dimensional conformal ...
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Virasoro algebra
In mathematics, the Virasoro algebra (named after the physicist Miguel Ángel Virasoro) is a complex Lie algebra and the unique central extension of the Witt algebra. It is widely used in two-dimensional conformal field theory and in string t ...
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Mirror symmetry
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Conformal anomaly
A conformal anomaly, scale anomaly, trace anomaly or Weyl anomaly is an anomaly, i.e. a quantum phenomenon that breaks the conformal symmetry of the classical theory.
A classically conformal theory is a theory which, when placed on a surface w ...
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Conformal algebra
In mathematical physics, the conformal symmetry of spacetime is expressed by an extension of the Poincaré group. The extension includes special conformal transformations and dilations. In three spatial plus one time dimensions, conformal symme ...
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Superconformal algebra
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Vertex operator algebra
In mathematics, a vertex operator algebra (VOA) is an algebraic structure that plays an important role in two-dimensional conformal field theory and string theory. In addition to physical applications, vertex operator algebras have proven useful ...
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Loop algebra
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Kac–Moody algebra
In mathematics, a Kac–Moody algebra (named for Victor Kac and Robert Moody, who independently and simultaneously discovered them in 1968) is a Lie algebra, usually infinite-dimensional, that can be defined by generators and relations through a ...
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Wess–Zumino–Witten model
In theoretical physics and mathematics, a Wess–Zumino–Witten (WZW) model, also called a Wess–Zumino–Novikov–Witten model, is a type of two-dimensional conformal field theory named after Julius Wess, Bruno Zumino, Sergei Novikov and E ...
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Monstrous moonshine
In mathematics, monstrous moonshine, or moonshine theory, is the unexpected connection between the monster group ''M'' and modular functions, in particular, the ''j'' function. The term was coined by John Conway and Simon P. Norton in 1979 ...
Geometry
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Kaluza–Klein theory
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Compactification
Compactification may refer to:
* Compactification (mathematics), making a topological space compact
* Compactification (physics), the "curling up" of extra dimensions in string theory
See also
* Compaction (disambiguation)
{{disambiguation ...
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Why 10 dimensions
In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory describes how these strings propagate through space and interact ...
?
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Kähler manifold
In mathematics and especially differential geometry, a Kähler manifold is a manifold with three mutually compatible structures: a complex structure, a Riemannian structure, and a symplectic structure. The concept was first studied by Jan Ar ...
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Ricci-flat manifold
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Calabi–Yau manifold
In algebraic geometry, a Calabi–Yau manifold, also known as a Calabi–Yau space, is a particular type of manifold which has properties, such as Ricci flatness, yielding applications in theoretical physics. Particularly in superstring ...
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Hyperkähler manifold
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K3 surface
In mathematics, a complex analytic K3 surface is a compact connected complex manifold of dimension 2 with trivial canonical bundle and irregularity zero. An (algebraic) K3 surface over any field means a smooth proper geometrically connected ...
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G2 manifold
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Spin(7) manifold
In mathematics, a Spin(7)-manifold is an eight-dimensional Riemannian manifold whose holonomy group is contained in Spin(7). Spin(7)-manifolds are Ricci-flat and admit a parallel spinor. They also admit a parallel 4-form, known as the Cayley form, ...
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Generalized complex manifold
In the field of mathematics known as differential geometry, a generalized complex structure is a property of a differential manifold that includes as special cases a complex structure and a symplectic structure. Generalized complex structures we ...
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Orbifold
In the mathematical disciplines of topology and geometry, an orbifold (for "orbit-manifold") is a generalization of a manifold. Roughly speaking, an orbifold is a topological space which is locally a finite group quotient of a Euclidean space.
D ...
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Conifold In mathematics and string theory, a conifold is a generalization of a manifold. Unlike manifolds, conifolds can contain conical singularities, i.e. points whose neighbourhoods look like cones over a certain base. In physics, in particular in flu ...
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Orientifold In theoretical physics orientifold is a generalization of the notion of orbifold, proposed by Augusto Sagnotti in 1987. The novelty is that in the case of string theory the non-trivial element(s) of the orbifold group includes the reversal of th ...
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Moduli space
In mathematics, in particular algebraic geometry, a moduli space is a geometric space (usually a scheme or an algebraic stack) whose points represent algebro-geometric objects of some fixed kind, or isomorphism classes of such objects. Such ...
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Hořava–Witten domain wall
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K-theory (physics)
In string theory, K-theory classification refers to a conjectured application of K-theory (in abstract algebra and algebraic topology) to superstrings, to classify the allowed Ramond–Ramond field strengths as well as the charges of stable D-bra ...
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Twisted K-theory
Holography
Holography is a technique that enables a wavefront to be recorded and later re-constructed. Holography is best known as a method of generating real three-dimensional images, but it also has a wide range of other applications. In principle, i ...
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Holographic principle
The holographic principle is an axiom in string theories and a supposed property of quantum gravity that states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as encoded on a lower-dimensional boundary to the region — such as a ...
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AdS/CFT correspondence
In theoretical physics, the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence, sometimes called Maldacena duality or gauge/gravity duality, is a conjectured relationship between two kinds of physical theories. On one side are anti-de Sitter ...
Gauge theory
In physics, a gauge theory is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian (and hence the dynamics of the system itself) does not change (is invariant) under local transformations according to certain smooth families of operations (Lie groups ...
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Anomalies
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Instanton
An instanton (or pseudoparticle) is a notion appearing in theoretical and mathematical physics. An instanton is a classical solution to equations of motion with a finite, non-zero action, either in quantum mechanics or in quantum field theory. M ...
s
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Chern–Simons form
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Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound
The Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound (named after Evgeny Bogomolny, M.K. Prasad, and Charles Sommerfield) is a series of inequalities for solutions of partial differential equations depending on the homotopy class of the solution at infi ...
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Exceptional Lie groups
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G2,
F4,
E6,
E7,
E8
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ADE classification
In mathematics, the ADE classification (originally ''A-D-E'' classifications) is a situation where certain kinds of objects are in correspondence with simply laced Dynkin diagrams. The question of giving a common origin to these classifications, ...
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Dirac string
In physics, a Dirac string is a one-dimensional curve in space, conceived of by the physicist Paul Dirac, stretching between two hypothetical Dirac monopoles with opposite magnetic charges, or from one magnetic monopole out to infinity. The gauge ...
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P-form electrodynamics
In theoretical physics, -form electrodynamics is a generalization of Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism.
Ordinary (via. one-form) Abelian electrodynamics
We have a one-form \mathbf, a gauge symmetry
:\mathbf \rightarrow \mathbf + d\alpha ,
wher ...
People
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Mina Aganagić
Mina Aganagić is a mathematical physicist who works as a professor in the Center for Theoretical Physics, the Department of Mathematics, the Department of Physics at the University of California, Berkeley.
Career
Aganagić was raised in Sar ...
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Daniele Amati
* Amir Amini
* Husam Qutteina
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Nima Arkani-Hamed
Nima Arkani-Hamed ( fa, نیما ارکانی حامد; born April 5, 1972) is an American-Canadian
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Paul S. Aspinwall
Paul Stephen Aspinwall (born 26 January 1964 in England) is a British theoretical physicist and mathematician, who works on string theory (including dualities, mirror symmetry, D-branes, and Calabi–Yau manifolds) and also algebraic geometry.
A ...
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Michael Francis Atiyah
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Tom Banks
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David Berenstein
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Jan de Boer
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Raphael Bousso
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Robert Brandenberger
Robert H. Brandenberger (born 1956 in Bern) is a Swiss-Canadian theoretical cosmologist and a professor of physics at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Biography
Brandenberger completed his undergraduate degree at ETH Zurich, in Swi ...
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Curtis Callan
Curtis Gove Callan Jr. (born October 11, 1942) is an American theoretical physicist and the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Physics at Princeton University. He has conducted research in gauge theory, string theory, instan ...
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Gerald Cleaver
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Eugène Cremmer
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Atish Dabholkar
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Emilio Del Giudice
Emilio Del Giudice (1 January 1940 – 31 January 2014) was an Italian theoretical physicist who worked in the field of condensed matter. Pioneer of string theory in the early 1970s, later on he became better known for his work with Giulia ...
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Paolo Di Vecchia
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Robbert Dijkgraaf
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Michael Dine
Michael Dine (born 12 August 1953, Cincinnati, Ohio) is an American theoretical physicist, specializing in elementary particle physics, supersymmetry, string theory, and physics beyond the Standard Model.
Education and career
Dine received in 197 ...
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Jacques Distler
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Louise Dolan
Louise Ann Dolan (born April 5, 1950) is an American mathematical physicist and professor of physics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She does research in theoretical particle physics, gauge theories, gravity, and string theory ...
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Michael Douglas
Michael Kirk Douglas (born September 25, 1944) is an American actor and film producer. He has received numerous accolades, including two Academy Awards, five Golden Globe Awards, a Primetime Emmy Award, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, and the ...
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Michael Duff
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Giorgi Dvali
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Sergio Ferrara
Sergio Ferrara (born May 2, 1945) is an Italian physicist working on theoretical physics of elementary particles and mathematical physics. He is renowned for the discovery of theories introducing supersymmetry as a symmetry of elementary particles ...
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Willy Fischler
Willy Fischler (born 1949 in Antwerp, Belgium) is a theoretical physicist. He is the Jane and Roland Blumberg Centennial Professor of Physics at the University of Texas at Austin, where he is affiliated with the Weinberg theory group. He is a ...
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Daniel Friedan
Daniel Harry Friedan (born October 3, 1948) is an American theoretical physicist and one of three children of the feminist author and activist Betty Friedan. He is a professor at Rutgers University.
Biography Education and career
Friedan earned h ...
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Rajesh Gopakumar
Rajesh Gopakumar (born 1967 in Kolkata, India) is a theoretical physicist and the director of the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences (ICTS-TIFR) in Bangalore, India. He was previously a professor at Harish-Chandra Research Institute ...
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Sylvester James Gates
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Michael Green
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Brian Greene
Brian Randolph Greene (born February 9, 1963) is a American theoretical physicist, mathematician, and string theorist. Greene was a physics professor at Cornell University from 19901995, and has been a professor at Columbia University since 1 ...
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David Gross
David Jonathan Gross (; born February 19, 1941) is an American theoretical physicist and string theorist. Along with Frank Wilczek and David Politzer, he was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of asymptotic freedom ...
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Steven Gubser
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Sergei Gukov
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Alan Guth
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Jeffrey Harvey
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Petr Hořava
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Tasneem Zehra Husain
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Gary Gibbons
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Michio Kaku
Michio Kaku (, ; born January 24, 1947) is an American theoretical physicist, futurist, and popularizer of science (science communicator). He is a professor of theoretical physics in the City College of New York and CUNY Graduate Center. Kaku is ...
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Renata Kallosh
Renata Elizaveta Kallosh uk, Рената Єлизавета Каллош; born 1943) is Ukrainian-American a theoretical physicist. She is a Professor of Physics at Stanford University, working there on supergravity, string theory and inflat ...
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Theodor Kaluza
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Anton Kapustin
Anton Nikolayevich Kapustin (born November 10, 1971, Moscow) is a Russian-American theoretical physicist and the Earle C. Anthony Professor of Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology. His interests lie in quantum field theo ...
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Igor Klebanov
Igor R. Klebanov (russian: И́горь Ромáнович Клеба́нов; uk, Ігор Романович Клєбанов; born March 29, 1962) is an American theoretical physicist. Since 1989, he has been a faculty member at Princeton Un ...
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Oskar Klein
Oskar Benjamin Klein (; 15 September 1894 – 5 February 1977) was a Swedish theoretical physicist.
Biography
Klein was born in Danderyd outside Stockholm, son of the chief rabbi of Stockholm, Gottlieb Klein from Humenné in Kingdom of Hungary ...
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Juan Martín Maldacena
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Donald Marolf
Donald Marolf is a theoretical physicist, a Professor of Physics, and former head of the physics department at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Biography
Marolf gained his Ph.D. from University of Texas at Austin in 1992, under Bryce ...
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Emil Martinec
Emil John Martinec (born 1958) is an American string theorist, a physics professor at the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago, and director of the Kadanoff Center for Theoretical Physics. He was part of a group at Princeton Univer ...
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Shiraz Minwalla
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Gregory Moore
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Luboš Motl
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Sunil Mukhi
Sunil Mukhi is an Indian theoretical physicist working in the areas of string theory, quantum field theory and particle physics. Currently he is Adjunct Professor at the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences of the Tata Institute of Fu ...
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Robert Myers
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K. S. Narain K is the eleventh letter of the Latin alphabet.
K may also refer to:
General uses
* K (programming language), an array processing language developed by Arthur Whitney and commercialized by Kx Systems
* K (cider), a British draft cider manufact ...
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Horațiu Năstase Horațiu Năstase is a Romanian physicist and professor in the String Theory group at Instituto de Física Teórica of the São Paulo State University in São Paulo, Brazil.
He was born in Bucharest, Romania, and finished high school at the N ...
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Nikita Nekrasov
Nikita Alexandrovich Nekrasov (russian: Ники́та Алекса́ндрович Некра́сов; born 10 April 1973) is a mathematical and theoretical physicist at the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics and C.N.Yang Institute for The ...
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André Neveu
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Dimitri Nanopoulos
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Holger Bech Nielsen
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Peter van Nieuwenhuizen
Peter van Nieuwenhuizen (; born October 26, 1938) is a Dutch physicist. He is now a distinguished Professor at Stony Brook University in the United States. Van Nieuwenhuizen is best known for his discovery of supergravity with Sergio Ferrar ...
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David Olive
David Ian Olive ( ; 16 April 1937 – 7 November 2012) was a British theoretical physicist. Olive made fundamental contributions to string theory and duality theory, he is particularly known for his work on the GSO projection and Montonen– ...
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Hirosi Ooguri
is a theoretical physicist working on quantum field theory, quantum gravity, superstring theory, and their interfaces with mathematics. He is Fred Kavli Professor of Theoretical Physics and Mathematics and the Founding Director of the Walter Bur ...
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Burt Ovrut
Burt Ovrut is an American theoretical physicist best known for his work on heterotic string theory. He is currently Professor of Theoretical High Energy Physics at the University of Pennsylvania.
Ovrut earned his Ph.D. in physics at the Universi ...
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Joseph Polchinski
Joseph Gerard Polchinski Jr. (; May 16, 1954 – February 2, 2018) was an American theoretical physicist and string theorist.
Biography
Polchinski was born in White Plains, New York, the elder of two children to Joseph Gerard Polchinski Sr. (1929 ...
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Alexander Polyakov
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Arvind Rajaraman
Arvind Rajaraman is an Indian-born theoretical physicist and string theorist. Rajaraman earned his Ph.D. from Stanford University. He is an associate professor at University of California, Irvine.
The first time that India received any medals i ...
* Lisa Randall
* Seifallah Randjbar-Daemi
* Martin Rocek
* John H. Schwarz
* Nathan Seiberg
* Ashoke Sen
* Suvankar Dutta
* Samson Shatashvili
* Steve Shenker
* Warren Siegel
* Eva Silverstein
* Matthias Staudacher
* Paul Steinhardt
* Andrew Strominger
* Leonard Susskind
* Charles Thorn
* Paul Townsend
* Sandip Trivedi
* Neil Turok
* Cumrun Vafa
* Gabriele Veneziano
* Erik Verlinde
* Herman Verlinde
* Edward Witten
* Tamiaki Yoneya
* Alexander Zamolodchikov
* Alexei Zamolodchikov
* Barton Zwiebach
{{colend
See also
*Glossary of string theory
String theory, *List
Physics-related lists, String theory
Mathematics-related lists, String theory