![TWC Haast heli• Stewart Nimmo • MRD 9321](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/TWC_Haast_heli%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_9321.jpg)
Stone skipping and stone skimming are considered related but distinct activities: both refer to the art of
throwing
Throwing is an action which consists in accelerating a projectile and then releasing it so that it follows a ballistic trajectory, usually with the aim of impacting a remote target. This action is best characterized for animals with prehensile ...
a flat
stone
In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its Chemical compound, chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks ...
across the water in such a way (usually
sidearm) that it bounces off the surface. The objective of "skipping" is to see how many times a stone can bounce before it sinks into the water; the objective of "skimming" is to see how far a bouncing stone can travel across the water before it sinks into the water. In
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
, the practice is referred to as ''Mizu Kiri'', which loosely translates to "water cutting". In ''Mizu Kiri'' contests, both skimming and skipping principles, as well as a throw's overall aesthetic quality, are taken into account to determine the winners.
History
The act of skipping stones was mentioned by
Marcus Minucius Felix
__NOTOC__
Marcus Minucius Felix (died c. 250 AD in Rome) was one of the earliest of the Latin apologists for Christianity.
Nothing is known of his personal history, and even the date at which he wrote can be only approximately ascertained as betw ...
in his dialogue ''Octavius'', in which he described children playing a game on the beach. Greek scholar
Julius Pollux
Julius Pollux ( el, Ἰούλιος Πολυδεύκης, ''Ioulios Polydeukes''; fl. 2nd century) was a Greek scholar and rhetorician from Naucratis, Ancient Egypt.Andrew Dalby, ''Food in the Ancient World: From A to Z'', p.265, Routledge, 2003
E ...
also noted the game in ''Onomastikon''. Among the first documented evidence stone skipping as a
sport
Sport pertains to any form of Competition, competitive physical activity or game that aims to use, maintain, or improve physical ability and Skill, skills while providing enjoyment to participants and, in some cases, entertainment to specta ...
was in England, where it was described as "Ducks and Drakes" in 1583. An early explanation of the physics of stone-skipping was provided by
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Lazzaro Spallanzani (; 12 January 1729 – 11 February 1799) was an Italian Catholic priest (for which he was nicknamed Abbé Spallanzani), biologist and physiologist who made important contributions to the experimental study of bodily function ...
in the 18th century.
Records
The world record for the number of skips, according to the ''
Guinness Book of Records
''Guinness World Records'', known from its inception in 1955 until 1999 as ''The Guinness Book of Records'' and in previous United States editions as ''The Guinness Book of World Records'', is a reference book published annually, listing world ...
'', is 88, by
Kurt "Mountain Man" Steiner. The cast was achieved on September 6, 2013, at Red Bridge in the
Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania. The previous record was 65 skips, by Max Steiner (no relation), set at Riverfront Park,
Franklin, Pennsylvania
Franklin is a city and the county seat of Venango County, Pennsylvania. The population was 6,097 in the 2020 census. Franklin is part of the Oil City, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Franklin is known for its three-day autumn festival in Oc ...
. Before him, the record was 51 skips, set by Russell Byars on July 19, 2007, skipping at the same location. Kurt Steiner also held the world record between 2002 and 2007 with a throw of 40 skips, achieved in competition in Franklin, PA.
The Guinness World Record for the furthest distance skimmed using natural stone stands at 121.8m for men, established by Dougie Isaacs (Scotland), and 52.5m for women, thrown by Nina Luginbuhl (Switzerland). These records were made on 28 May 2018 at Abernant Lake,
Llanwrtyd Wells, Powys, Wales.
Championships
The "Big Four" American stone skipping contests include (in order of establishment and participant rankings):
# The Mackinac Island championship, held on July 4 in northern Michigan (entry by invite only; must win prior Mackinac Open or Pennsylvania Qualifier to enter);
# The Pennsylvania championship, held usually the 3rd Saturday of August in
Franklin, PA, about one hour southeast of Erie (winners invited to the subsequent Michigan contest);
# The Vermont championship (about one month after Pennsylvania) on the shore of Lake Paran, North of Bennington; and
# The Great Southern championship in Arkansas (Labor Day weekend).
Former world champion Coleman-McGhee founded the North American Stone Skipping Association (NASSA) in 1989 in
Driftwood, Texas
Driftwood is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in northern Hays County, Texas, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 106.
Geography
It lies along Farm to Market Road 150, northwest of Kyle and southwest o ...
. NASSA-sanctioned world championships were held from 1989 through 1992 in Wimberley, Texas. The next official NASSA World Championship is expected to be held at Platja d'en Ros beach in
Cadaqués,
Catalonia
Catalonia (; ca, Catalunya ; Aranese Occitan: ''Catalonha'' ; es, Cataluña ) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a ''nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy.
Most of the territory (except the Val d'Aran) lies on the north ...
,
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
..
A stone skimming championship takes place every year in
Easdale, Scotland, where relative distance counts as opposed to the number of skips, as tends to be the case outside of the US. Since 1997, competitors from all over the world have taken part in the World Stone Skimming Championships (WSSC) in a disused water-filled quarry on
Easdale Island
Easdale ( gd, Eilean Èisdeal) is one of the Slate Islands, in the Firth of Lorn, Scotland. Once the centre of the Scottish slate industry, there has been some recent island regeneration by the owners. This is the smallest of the Inner Hebrides' i ...
using sea-worn Easdale slate of maximum 3" diameter. Each participant gets three throws and the stone must bounce/skip at least twice to count (i.e. 3 water touches minimum). The WSSC for 2020-2022 were cancelled due to coronavirus concerns. The next is scheduled for Sept 2023.
Other domestic distance-based championships in the UK are currently the Welsh and British, but they were cancelled in 2020 and 2021 for reasons including the COVID-19 pandemic. The British is next due to be held in 2023. Japan holds competitions where both skimming and skipping principles, as well as a throw's overall aesthetic quality, are taken into account to determine the winners. At present, there is also a competition at Ermatingen in Switzerland and occasionally in the Netherlands (both skimming/distance-based).
Men's World Skimming Championship winners by year
''2020 and 2021 Championships cancelled due to aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic.''
Women's World Skimming Championship winners by year
''2020 Championship cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.''
Underlying physics
![Skipping stones](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Skipping_stones.svg)
Although stone skipping occurs at the air-water interface,
surface tension
Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible. Surface tension is what allows objects with a higher density than water such as razor blades and insects (e.g. water striders) to f ...
has very little to do with the physics of stone-skipping.
Instead, the stones are a
flying wing akin to a
planing boat or
Frisbee, generating lift from a body
angled upwards relative to a high horizontal velocity.
The same physical laws apply to stones traveling in air or in water, but the effect is only comparable to
gravity
In physics, gravity () is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things with mass or energy. Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 1038 times weaker than the stro ...
when immersed in water, because of the latter
fluid
In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that continuously deforms (''flows'') under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are substances which cannot resist any shear ...
's higher
density
Density (volumetric mass density or specific mass) is the substance's mass per unit of volume. The symbol most often used for density is ''ρ'' (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter ''D'' can also be used. Mathematical ...
. The result is a characteristic
bouncing or skipping motion, in which a series of extremely brief collisions with the water superficially appear to support the stone.
During each collision, the stone's horizontal velocity is approximately constant and its vertical motion can be approximated as a
distorted pendulum. The stone is only partially immersed, and the
lift
Lift or LIFT may refer to:
Physical devices
* Elevator, or lift, a device used for raising and lowering people or goods
** Paternoster lift, a type of lift using a continuous chain of cars which do not stop
** Patient lift, or Hoyer lift, mobil ...
applied at the back
torque
In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment of force (also abbreviated to moment). It represents the capability of a force to produce change in the rotational motion of th ...
s the stone towards
tumbling. That torque is stabilized by the
gyroscope
A gyroscope (from Ancient Greek γῦρος ''gŷros'', "round" and σκοπέω ''skopéō'', "to look") is a device used for measuring or maintaining orientation and angular velocity. It is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axis of rota ...
effect: the stone-skipper imparts a perpendicular initial
angular momentum
In physics, angular momentum (rarely, moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational analog of linear momentum. It is an important physical quantity because it is a conserved quantity—the total angular momentum of a closed syst ...
much larger than the collisional impulse, so that the latter induces only a small
precession
Precession is a change in the orientation of the rotational axis of a rotating body. In an appropriate reference frame it can be defined as a change in the first Euler angle, whereas the third Euler angle defines the rotation itself. In othe ...
in the
axis of rotation.
Stones improperly oriented at the moment of collision will not rebound: the largest observed angle of attack preceding a rebound occurred at an angle of approximately 45°. Conversely, a stone making angle 20° with the water's surface may rebound even at relatively low velocities, as well as minimizing the time and energy spent in the following collision.
In principle, a stone can skip arbitrarily-long distances, given a sufficiently high initial speed and rotation.
Each collision saps an approximately constant
kinetic energy
In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion.
It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity. Having gained this energy during its accele ...
from the stone (a dynamical equation equivalent to
Coulomb friction), as well as imparting an approximately constant
angular impulse
Angular may refer to:
Anatomy
* Angular artery, the terminal part of the facial artery
* Angular bone, a large bone in the lower jaw of amphibians and reptiles
* Angular incisure, a small anatomical notch on the stomach
* Angular gyrus, a regio ...
.
Experiments suggest that initial angular momentum's stabilizing effect limits most stones: even "long-lived" throws still have high translational velocities when they finally sink.
Names
* English: "skipping stones" or "skipping rocks" (North America); "lobsta cutting" (Cape Cod, North America); "stone skimming" or "ducks and drakes" (Britain); "skiting" (Scotland) and "stone skiffing" (Ireland)
*
Bengali
Bengali or Bengalee, or Bengalese may refer to:
*something of, from, or related to Bengal, a large region in South Asia
* Bengalis, an ethnic and linguistic group of the region
* Bengali language, the language they speak
** Bengali alphabet, the w ...
: "frog jumps" (''Bengbaji''); "kingfisher" (''Machhranga'')
*
Bulgarian
Bulgarian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to the country of Bulgaria
* Bulgarians, a South Slavic ethnic group
* Bulgarian language, a Slavic language
* Bulgarian alphabet
* A citizen of Bulgaria, see Demographics of Bulgaria
* Bul ...
: "frogs" (жабки)
*
Cantonese
Cantonese ( zh, t=廣東話, s=广东话, first=t, cy=Gwóngdūng wá) is a language within the Chinese (Sinitic) branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding are ...
: "skipping (little) stones" (片石(仔)
'pin sek (tzai)''
*
Catalan
Catalan may refer to:
Catalonia
From, or related to Catalonia:
* Catalan language, a Romance language
* Catalans, an ethnic group formed by the people from, or with origins in, Northern or southern Catalonia
Places
* 13178 Catalan, asteroid #1 ...
: "making step-stone bridges" (''fer passeres''); "making furrows" (''fer rigalets''); "skipping stones" (''llençar passanelles'')
*
Czech
Czech may refer to:
* Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe
** Czech language
** Czechs, the people of the area
** Czech culture
** Czech cuisine
* One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus'
Places
* Czech, ...
: "to make/throw froggies" (''dělat (házet) žabky/žabičky'' – countrywide and generally intelligible); "to make ducks/drakes/ducklings" (''dělat kačky/kačeny/kačery/kačenky/káčata/káčírky'' - in East Bohemia and parts of
Moravia
Moravia ( , also , ; cs, Morava ; german: link=yes, Mähren ; pl, Morawy ; szl, Morawa; la, Moravia) is a historical region in the east of the Czech Republic and one of three historical Czech lands, with Bohemia and Czech Silesia.
The me ...
); "little fishes" (''rybičky/rybky''); "saucers" (''mističky''); "plates/dishes" (''talíře''); "wagtails" (''podlisky/podlíšky/lyšky''); "divers" (''potápky''); "pot-lids" (''pokličky/pukličky''); "flaps" (''plisky/plesky''); "plops" (''žbluňky''); "darts" (''šipky''); "bubbles" (''bubliny''); "
Jew
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""Th ...
s" (''židy''); "figures" (''páni/panáky''); "gammers"/"wagtails" (''babky''); "dolls"/"girls"/"dragonflies" (''panenky''); "to ferry
Virgin Mary
Mary; arc, ܡܪܝܡ, translit=Mariam; ar, مريم, translit=Maryam; grc, Μαρία, translit=María; la, Maria; cop, Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ, translit=Maria was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Joseph and the mother o ...
" (''převážet panenku Mariu'')
*
Danish
Danish may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to the country of Denmark
People
* A national or citizen of Denmark, also called a "Dane," see Demographics of Denmark
* Culture of Denmark
* Danish people or Danes, people with a Danish a ...
: "slipping" (''smut'' or ''at smutte''); "to make slips" (''at slå smut'')
*
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
: "ketsen" (bouncing)
*
Estonian: "throwing a
burbot
The burbot (''Lota lota'') is the only gadiform (cod-like) freshwater fish
Freshwater fish are those that spend some or all of their lives in fresh water, such as rivers and lakes, with a salinity of less than 1.05%. These environments di ...
" (''lutsu viskama'')
*
Finnish
Finnish may refer to:
* Something or someone from, or related to Finland
* Culture of Finland
* Finnish people or Finns, the primary ethnic group in Finland
* Finnish language, the national language of the Finnish people
* Finnish cuisine
See also ...
: "throwing bread/a sandwich" (''heittää leipiä/voileipiä'')
*
French: "making ricochets" (''faire des ricochets'')
*
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
** Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
: "stone skipping" (''Steinehüpfen''); colloquially i.a. "flitting" (''flitschen'', old synonym of ''schwirren'', "whirring"), its diminutive ''flitscheln'', and "bouncing" (''ditschen'', a variant of ''titschen''); older synonyms rarely used are i.a. "leading the bride" (''die Braut führen''), "throwing frogs" (''Frösche werfen''), "shooting/throwing maids/virgins" (''Jungfern schießen/werfen''), "skiffing" (''schiffeln'', ''schippern''), "springing" (''schnellern'', from ''schnellen'', "springing" or "darting"), and "pebbling" (''steineln'')
*
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
: "little frogs" (''βατραχάκια'')
*
Hungarian: "making it to waddle", lit. "making it walk like a duck" (''kacsáztatás'')
*
Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
: ''rimbalzello''
*
Japanese
Japanese may refer to:
* Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia
* Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan
* Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture
** Japanese diaspor ...
: "cutting water" (「水切り」
'mizu kiri''
*
Korean
Korean may refer to:
People and culture
* Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula
* Korean cuisine
* Korean culture
* Korean language
**Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl
**Korean dialects and the Jeju language
** ...
: ''mulsujebi'' (물수제비), meaning water () and
Korean soup ''
sujebi''.
*
Lithuanian: "making frogs" (''daryti varlytes'')
*
Macedonian: "frogs" (жабчиња)
*
Mandarin
Mandarin or The Mandarin may refer to:
Language
* Mandarin Chinese, branch of Chinese originally spoken in northern parts of the country
** Standard Chinese or Modern Standard Mandarin, the official language of China
** Taiwanese Mandarin, Stand ...
: ''da shui piao'' (打水漂)
*
Marathi
Marathi may refer to:
*Marathi people, an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of Maharashtra, India
*Marathi language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people
*Palaiosouda, also known as Marathi, a small island in Greece
See also
*
* ...
: ''bhakrya kadhne''
*
Mongolian: "making the rabbit leap" (''tuulai kharailgakh''); "making the dog lick" (''nokhoi doloolgokh'')
*
Nigerian
Nigerians or the Nigerian people are citizens of Nigeria or people with ancestry from Nigeria. The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British jour ...
: "the way a dragonfly skips across the water" (''lami lami'')
*
Norwegian
Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe
* Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway
* Demographics of Norway
*The Norwegian language, including ...
: "fish bounce" (''fiskesprett'')
*
Polish
Polish may refer to:
* Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe
* Polish language
* Poles
Poles,, ; singular masculine: ''Polak'', singular feminine: ''Polka'' or Polish people, are a West Slavic nation and ethnic group, w ...
: "letting the ducks out" (''puszczanie kaczek'')
*
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
"water shearing" ("capar a água"); "making tiny hats" ("fazer chapeletas")
*
Russian
Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including:
*Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries
*Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...
: "frogs" (лягушки
'Lyagushki''
*
Serbo-Croatian
Serbo-Croatian () – also called Serbo-Croat (), Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS) – is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and ...
: "(to throw) little frogs" (
'bacati''''žabice'')
*
Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
: "making white-caps" (''hacer cabrillas''); "making little frogs" (''hacer ranitas''); making ducklings (''hacer patitos'')
*
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
: "throwing a sandwich" (''kasta smörgås'' or ''kasta macka'')
*
Telugu
Telugu may refer to:
* Telugu language, a major Dravidian language of India
*Telugu people, an ethno-linguistic group of India
* Telugu script, used to write the Telugu language
** Telugu (Unicode block), a block of Telugu characters in Unicode
S ...
: "frog jumps" (''kappa gantulu'')
*
Turkish: "skimming stone" (''taş sektirme'')
*
Ukrainian
Ukrainian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Ukraine
* Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe
* Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine
* So ...
: "letting the frogs out" (''zapuskaty zhabky'')
*
Farsi
Persian (), also known by its endonym Farsi (, ', ), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken an ...
/Persian: "Syrian bashing" (''سوری زدن'')
*
Vietnamese
Vietnamese may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Vietnam, a country in Southeast Asia
** A citizen of Vietnam. See Demographics of Vietnam.
* Vietnamese people, or Kinh people, a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Vietnam
** Overse ...
: "ricochet" (ném thia lia); "tossing stone" (liếc đá)
In popular culture
The lead character of the 2001 film ''
Amélie
''Amélie'' (also known as ''Le Fabuleux Destin d'Amélie Poulain''; ; en, The Fabulous Destiny of Amélie Poulain, italic=yes) is a 2001 French-language romantic comedy film directed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet. Written by Jeunet with Guillaume L ...
'' skips stones along the
Canal Saint-Martin
The Canal Saint-Martin is a 4.6 km (2.86 mi) long canal in Paris, connecting the Canal de l'Ourcq to the river Seine. Over nearly half its length (), between the Rue du Faubourg du Temple and the Place de la Bastille, it was covered, in the ...
in Paris as a plot point,
''The Guardian'' review, 15 August 2001
/ref> and picks up good skipping stones when she spots them.
See also
*Animal locomotion on the water surface
Animal locomotion on the surface layer of water is the study of animal locomotion in the case of small animals that live on the surface layer of water, relying on surface tension to stay afloat.
There are two types of animal locomotion on water, ...
*Bouncing bomb
A bouncing bomb is a bomb designed to bounce to a target across water in a calculated manner to avoid obstacles such as torpedo nets, and to allow both the bomb's speed on arrival at the target and the timing of its detonation to be pre-deter ...
*Ricochet
A ricochet ( ; ) is a rebound, bounce, or skip off a surface, particularly in the case of a projectile. Most ricochets are caused by accident and while the force of the deflection decelerates the projectile, it can still be energetic and almost ...
*Rock balancing
Rock balancing (also stone balancing, or stacking) is a form of recreation or expression in which rocks are balanced on top of one another, often in a precarious manner.
Conservationists and park services have expressed concerns that the arran ...
(another hobby or pastime using stones)
*Skip bombing
Skip bombing was a low-level bombing technique independently developed by several of the combatant nations in World War II, notably Italy, Australia, Britain, Soviet Union and the United States. It allows an aircraft to attack shipping by skippi ...
References
Further reading
*Coleman, Jerry. ''The Secrets of Stone Skipping'', Stone Age Sports Publications, January 1996
*Lorenz, Ralph. ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York, September 2006
External links
John Zehr's Patent, "Skipping stones and method of use thereof", US Patent 4553758
John "Skippy" Kolar Skipumentary
Easdale's Stone Skimming World Championships
World Championships on the BBC
Wales Open Stone Skimming Championships
Mackinac Island Stone Skipping & Gerplunking Club
The Stone Skipping Hall of Fame (virtual)
European Championships Stone Skimming
Rock in River Festival, Pennsylvania Stone Skipping Championship
European Championship Stone Skimming
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stone Skipping
Games of physical skill
Stones
Water sports