Stephen Sondheim

Stephen Joshua Sondheim (; March 22, 1930November 26, 2021) was an American composer and lyricist. One of the most important figures in twentieth-century musical theater, Sondheim is credited for having "reinvented the American musical" with shows that tackle "unexpected themes that range far beyond the enre'straditional subjects" with "music and lyrics of unprecedented complexity and sophistication." His shows address "darker, more harrowing elements of the human experience," with songs often tinged with "ambivalence" about various aspects of life. He was known for his frequent collaborations with Hal Prince and James Lapine on the Broadway stage.

Sondheim's interest in musical theater began at a young age, and he was mentored by Oscar Hammerstein II. He began his career by writing the lyrics for ''West Side Story'' (1957) and ''Gypsy'' (1959). He transitioned to writing both music and lyrics for the theater, with his best-known works including '' A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum'' (1962), '' Company'' (1970), ''Follies'' (1971), ''A Little Night Music'' (1973), '' Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'' (1979), '' Merrily We Roll Along'' (1981), '' Sunday in the Park with George'' (1984), and ''Into the Woods'' (1987).

Sondheim's numerous awards and nominations include eight Tony Awards (including a Lifetime Achievement Tony in 2008), an Academy Award, eight Grammy Awards, a Olivier Award, a Pulitzer Prize, a Kennedy Center Honor, and a Presidential Medal of Freedom. A theater is named after him both on Broadway and in the West End of London. Film adaptations of his works include ''West Side Story'' (1961), '' A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum'' (1966), '' Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'' (2007), ''Into the Woods'' (2014), and ''West Side Story'' (2021).

Early life and education

Sondheim was born on March 22, 1930, into a Jewish family in New York City, the son of Etta Janet ("Foxy"; née Fox; 1897–1992) and Herbert Sondheim (1895–1966). His paternal grandparents, Isaac and Rosa, were German Jews and his maternal grandparents, Joseph and Bessie, were Lithuanian Jews from Vilnius.Secrest book
''The New York Times'' His father manufactured dresses designed by his mother. The composer grew up on the Upper West Side of Manhattan and, after his parents divorced, on a farm near Doylestown, Pennsylvania. As the only child of affluent parents living in the San Remo at 145 Central Park West, he was described in Meryle Secrest's biography (''Stephen Sondheim: A Life'') as an isolated, emotionally neglected child. When he lived in New York City, Sondheim attended the Ethical Culture Fieldston School. He spent several summers at Camp Androscoggin. His mother sent him to New York Military Academy in 1940. From 1942 to 1947, he attended George School, a private Quaker preparatory school in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, where he wrote his first musical, ''By George'' in 1946. From 1946 to 1950, Sondheim attended Williams College. He graduated magna cum laude and received the Hubbard Hutchinson Prize, a two-year fellowship to study music.

Sondheim traced his interest in theater to ''Very Warm for May'', a Broadway musical he saw when he was nine. "The curtain went up and revealed a piano", Sondheim recalled. "A butler took a duster and brushed it up, tinkling the keys. I thought that was thrilling."

Sondheim detested his mother, who was said to be psychologically abusive and to have projected her anger from her failed marriage onto her son: "When my father left her, she substituted me for him. And she used me the way she used him, to come on to and to berate, beat up on, you see. What she did for five years was treat me like dirt, but come on to me at the same time." She once wrote him a letter saying that the only regret she ever had was giving birth to him. When she died in the spring of 1992, Sondheim did not attend her funeral. He had already been estranged from her for nearly 20 years.

Mentorship by Oscar Hammerstein II

When Sondheim was about ten years old (around the time of his parents' divorce), he formed a close friendship with James Hammerstein, son of lyricist and playwright Oscar Hammerstein II, who were neighbors in Bucks County. The elder Hammerstein became Sondheim's surrogate father, influencing him profoundly and developing his love of musical theater. Sondheim met Hal Prince, who would later direct many of his shows, at the opening of '' South Pacific,'' Hammerstein's musical with Richard Rodgers. The comic musical he wrote at George School, ''By George'', was a success among his peers and buoyed the young songwriter's self-esteem. When Sondheim asked Hammerstein to evaluate it as though he had no knowledge of its author, he said it was the worst thing he had ever seen: "But if you want to know why it's terrible, I'll tell you." They spent the rest of the day going over the musical, and Sondheim later said, "In that afternoon I learned more about songwriting and the musical theater than most people learn in a lifetime."Zadan, Craig, ''Sondheim & Co.'', New York: Harper & Row, 1974 & 1986 p. 4

Hammerstein designed a course of sorts for Sondheim on constructing a musical. He had the young composer write four musicals, each with one of the following conditions:
* Based on a play he admired; Sondheim chose George S. Kaufman and Marc Connelly's ''Beggar on Horseback'' (which became ''All That Glitters'')
* Based on a play he liked but thought flawed; Sondheim chose Maxwell Anderson's '' High Tor''
* Based on an existing novel or short story not previously dramatized, which became his unfinished version of ''Mary Poppins'' (titled ''Bad Tuesday''), (unrelated to the musical film and stage play scored by the Sherman Brothers)
* An original, which became ''Climb High''

None of the "assignment" musicals were produced professionally. ''High Tor'' and ''Mary Poppins'' have never been produced: The rights holder for the original ''High Tor'' refused permission (though a musical version by Arthur Schwartz was produced for television in 1956), and ''Mary Poppins'' was unfinished.

Hammerstein's death

In 1960, Sondheim lost his mentor and father figure when Hammerstein died of stomach cancer on August 23, aged 65. Sondheim later recalled that Hammerstein had given him a portrait of himself. Sondheim asked him to inscribe it, and said later about the request that it was "weird...it's like asking your father to inscribe something." Reading the inscription ("For Stevie, My Friend and Teacher") choked up the composer, who said, "That describes Oscar better than anything I could say."

Education

Sondheim began attending Williams College, a liberal arts college in Williamstown, Massachusetts, whose theater program attracted him. His first teacher there was Robert Barrow:

 ... everybody hated him because he was very dry, and I thought he was wonderful because he was very dry. And Barrow made me realize that all my romantic views of art were nonsense. I had always thought an angel came down and sat on your shoulder and whispered in your ear 'dah-dah-dah-DUM.' It never occurred to me that art was something worked out. And suddenly it was skies opening up. As soon as you find out what a leading tone is, you think, Oh my God. What a diatonic scale is – Oh my God! The logic of it. And, of course, what that meant to me was: Well, I can do that. Because you just don't know. You think it's a talent, you think you're born with this thing. What I've found out and what I believed is that everybody is talented. It's just that some people get it developed and some don't.

The composer told Meryle Secrest: "I just wanted to study composition, theory, and harmony without the attendant musicology that comes in graduate school. But I knew I wanted to write for the theatre, so I wanted someone who did not disdain theatre music." Barrow suggested that Sondheim study with Milton Babbitt, whom Sondheim described as "a frustrated show composer" with whom he formed "a perfect combination". When they met, Babbitt was working on a musical for Mary Martin based on the myth of Helen of Troy. The two would meet once a week in New York City for four hours. (At the time, Babbitt was teaching at Princeton University.) According to Sondheim, they spent the first hour dissecting Rodgers and Hart or George Gershwin or studying Babbitt's favorites (Buddy DeSylva, Lew Brown, and Ray Henderson). They then proceeded to other forms of music (such as Mozart's Jupiter Symphony), critiquing them the same way. Babbitt and Sondheim, fascinated by mathematics, studied songs by a variety of composers (especially Jerome Kern). Sondheim told Secrest that Kern had the ability "to develop a single motif through tiny variations into a long and never boring line and his maximum development of the minimum of material". He said about Babbitt, "I am his maverick, his one student who went into the popular arts with all his serious artillery". At Williams, Sondheim wrote a musical adaption of ''Beggar on Horseback'' (a 1924 play by George S. Kaufman and Marc Connelly, with permission from Kaufman) which had three performances. A member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity, he graduated '' magna cum laude'' in 1950.

"A few painful years of struggle" followed, when Sondheim auditioned songs, lived in his father's dining room to save money, and spent time in Hollywood writing for the television series '' Topper''. He devoured 1940s and 1950s films, and called cinema his "basic language"; his film knowledge got him through ''The $64,000 Question'' contestant tryouts. Sondheim disliked movie musicals, favoring classic dramas such as '' Citizen Kane'', ''The Grapes of Wrath'', and '' A Matter of Life and Death'': "Studio directors like Michael Curtiz and Raoul Walsh ... were heroes of mine. They went from movie to movie to movie, and every third movie was good and every fifth movie was great. There wasn't any cultural pressure to make art".

At age 22, Sondheim had finished the four shows requested by Hammerstein. Screenwriters Julius and Philip Epstein's ''Front Porch in Flatbush'', unproduced at the time, was being shopped around by designer and producer Lemuel Ayers. Ayers approached Frank Loesser and another composer who both turned him down. Ayers and Sondheim met as ushers at a wedding, and Ayers commissioned Sondheim for three songs for the show; Julius Epstein flew in from California and hired Sondheim, who worked with him in California for four or five months. After eight auditions for backers, half the money needed was raised. The show, retitled '' Saturday Night'', was intended to open during the 1954–55 Broadway season; however, Ayers died of leukemia in his early forties. The production rights transferred to his widow, Shirley, and due to her inexperience the show did not continue as planned; it opened off-Broadway in 2000. Sondheim later said, "I don't have any emotional reaction to ''Saturday Night'' at all – except fondness. It's not bad stuff for a 23-year-old. There are some things that embarrass me so much in the lyrics – the missed accents, the obvious jokes. But I decided, leave it. It's my baby pictures. You don't touch up a baby picture – you're a baby!"

Career

1954–1959: Early Broadway success

Burt Shevelove invited Sondheim to a party where Sondheim arrived before him but knew no one else well. He saw a familiar face, Arthur Laurents, who had seen one of the auditions of ''Saturday Night'', and they began talking. Laurents told him he was working on a musical version of ''Romeo and Juliet'' with Leonard Bernstein, but they needed a lyricist; Betty Comden and Adolph Green, who were supposed to write the lyrics, were under contract in Hollywood. He said that although he was not a big fan of Sondheim's music, he enjoyed the lyrics from ''Saturday Night'' and he could audition for Bernstein. The following day, Sondheim met and played for Bernstein, who said he would let him know. Sondheim wanted to write music and lyrics; he consulted with Hammerstein, who said, as Sondheim related in a 2008 ''New York Times'' video interview, "Look, you have a chance to work with very gifted professionals on a show that sounds interesting, and you could always write your own music eventually. My advice would be to take the job." ''West Side Story'', directed by Jerome Robbins, opened in 1957 and ran for 732 performances. Sondheim expressed dissatisfaction with his lyrics, saying that they did not always fit the characters and were sometimes too consciously poetic. Initially Bernstein was also credited as a co-writer of the lyrics; later, however, Bernstein offered Sondheim solo credit, as Sondheim had essentially done all of them. ''The New York Times'' review of the show never even mentioned the lyrics. Sondheim described the division of the royalties, saying that Bernstein received three percent and he received one percent. Bernstein suggested evening the percentage at two percent each, but Sondheim refused because he was satisfied just getting the credit. Sondheim later said he wished "someone stuffed a handkerchief in my mouth because it would have been nice to get that extra percentage".

After ''West Side Story'' opened, Shevelove lamented the lack of "low-brow comedy" on Broadway and mentioned a possible musical based on Plautus' Roman comedies. When Sondheim was interested in the idea he called a friend, Larry Gelbart, to co-write the script. The show went through a number of drafts, and was interrupted briefly by Sondheim's next project.

In 1959, Sondheim was approached by Laurents and Robbins for a musical version of Gypsy Rose Lee's memoir after Irving Berlin and Cole Porter turned it down. Sondheim agreed, but Ethel Merman – cast as Mama Rose – had just finished '' Happy Hunting'' with an unknown composer (Harold Karr) and lyricist (Matt Dubey). Although Sondheim wanted to write the music and lyrics, Merman refused to let another first-time composer write for her and demanded that Jule Styne write the music. Sondheim, concerned that writing lyrics again would pigeonhole him as a lyricist, called his mentor for advice. Hammerstein told him he should take the job, because writing a vehicle for a star would be a good learning experience. Sondheim agreed; ''Gypsy'' opened on May 21, 1959, and ran for 702 performances.

1962–1966: Music and lyrics

The first Broadway production for which Sondheim wrote the music and lyrics was '' A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum'', which opened in 1962 and ran for 964 performances. The book, based on farces by Plautus, was written by Burt Shevelove and Larry Gelbart. The show won six Tony Awards (including Best Musical) and had the longest Broadway run of any show for which Sondheim wrote both music and lyrics.

Sondheim had participated in three straight hits, but his next show – 1964's ''Anyone Can Whistle'' – was a nine-performance bomb (although it introduced Angela Lansbury to musical theater).

''Do I Hear a Waltz?'', based on Arthur Laurents' 1952 play ''The Time of the Cuckoo'', was intended as another Rodgers and Hammerstein musical with Mary Martin in the lead. A new lyricist was needed, and Laurents and Rodgers' daughter, Mary, asked Sondheim to fill in. Although Richard Rodgers and Sondheim agreed that the original play did not lend itself to musicalization, they began writing the musical version. The project had many difficulties, including Rodgers' alcoholism. Sondheim later called it the one project he ever truly regretted writing, given that the reasons he wrote it -- as a favor to Mary, as a favor to Hammerstein, as an opportunity to work again with Laurents, and as an opportunity to make money -- were all not reasons to write a musical. He then decided to work only when he could write both music and lyrics.

He asked author and playwright James Goldman to join him as bookwriter for a new musical. Inspired by a ''New York Times'' article about a gathering of former Ziegfeld Follies showgirls, it was entitled ''The Girls Upstairs'' (and would later become ''Follies'').Chapin, Ted, (2003). ''Everything Was Possible: The Birth of the Musical Follies'', New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

In 1966, Sondheim semi-anonymously provided lyrics for " The Boy From...", a parody of "The Girl from Ipanema" in the off-Broadway revue ''The Mad Show''. The song was credited to "Esteban Río Nido", Spanish for "Stephen River Nest", and in the show's playbill the lyrics were credited to "Nom De Plume". That year Goldman and Sondheim hit a creative wall on ''The Girls Upstairs'', and Goldman asked Sondheim about writing a TV musical. The result was ''Evening Primrose'', with Anthony Perkins and Charmian Carr. Written for the anthology series ''ABC Stage 67'' and produced by Hubbell Robinson, it was broadcast on November 16, 1966. According to Sondheim and director Paul Bogart, the musical was written only because Goldman needed money for rent. The network disliked the title and Sondheim's alternative, ''A Little Night Music''.

After Sondheim finished ''Evening Primrose'', Jerome Robbins asked him to adapt Bertolt Brecht's '' The Measures Taken'' despite the composer's general dislike of Brecht's work. Robbins wanted to adapt another Brecht play, ''The Exception and the Rule'', and asked John Guare to adapt the book. Leonard Bernstein had not written for the stage in some time, and his contract as conductor of the New York Philharmonic was ending. Sondheim was invited to Robbins' house in the hope that Guare would convince him to write the lyrics for a musical version of ''The Exception and the Rule''; according to Robbins, Bernstein would not work without Sondheim. When Sondheim agreed, Guare asked: "Why haven't you all worked together since ''West Side Story''?" Sondheim answered, "You'll see". Guare said that working with Sondheim was like being with an old college roommate, and he depended on him to "decode and decipher their crazy way of working"; Bernstein worked only after midnight, and Robbins only in the early morning. Bernstein's score, which was supposed to be light, was influenced by his need to make a musical statement. Stuart Ostrow, who worked with Sondheim on ''The Girls Upstairs'', agreed to produce the musical (now entitled ''A Pray By Blecht'' and, later, '' The Race to Urga''). An opening night was scheduled, but during auditions Robbins asked to be excused for a moment. When he did not return, a doorman said he had gotten into a limousine to go to John F. Kennedy International Airport. Bernstein burst into tears and said, "It's over". Sondheim later said of this experience: "I was ashamed of the whole project. It was arch and didactic in the worst way." He wrote one-and-a-half songs and threw them away, the only time he ever did that. Eighteen years later, Sondheim refused Bernstein and Robbins' request to retry the show.

Sondheim lived in a Turtle Bay, Manhattan brownstone from his writing of ''Gypsy'' in 1959. Ten years later, while he was playing music he heard a knock on the door. His neighbor, Katharine Hepburn, was in "bare feet – this angry, red-faced lady" and told him "You have been keeping me awake all night!" (she was practicing for her musical debut in '' Coco''). "I remember asking Hepburn why she didn't just call me, but she claimed not to have my phone number. My guess is that she wanted to stand there in her bare feet, suffering for her art".Wolf, Matt
"Stephen Sondheim: An audience with a theatre legend"
''The Independent'', April 2013

1970–1981: Collaborations with Hal Prince

After ''Do I Hear a Waltz?'', Sondheim devoted himself solely to writing both music and lyrics for the theater – and in 1970, he began a collaboration with director Harold Prince resulting in a body of work that is considered one of the high water marks of musical theater history, with critic Howard Kissel writing that the duo had set "Broadway's highest standards".

The first Sondheim show with Prince as director was 1970's '' Company''. A show about a single man and his married friends, ''Company'' (with a book by George Furth) lacked a straightforward plot, and was instead centered around themes such as marriage and the difficulty of making an emotional connection with another person. It opened on April 26, 1970, at the Alvin Theatre, running for 705 performances after seven previews, and won Tony Awards for Best Musical, Best Music, and Best Lyrics. ''Company'' was revived on Broadway in 1995, 2006, and 2020/2021 (the last revival began previews in March 2020, but shut down until November 2021 due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; in this revival, the main character was gender-swapped).

''Follies'' (1971), with a book by James Goldman, opened on April 4, 1971, at the Winter Garden Theatre and ran for 522 performances after 12 previews. The plot centers on a reunion, in a crumbling Broadway theater scheduled for demolition, of performers in ''Weismann's'' ''Follies'' (a musical revue, based on the ''Ziegfeld Follies'', which played in that theater between the world wars). The production also featured choreography and co-direction by Michael Bennett'','' who later created ''A Chorus Line'' (1975). The show was revived on Broadway in 2001 and 2011.

''A Little Night Music'' (1973), with a more traditional plot based on Ingmar Bergman's ''Smiles of a Summer Night'' and a score primarily in waltz time, was among the composer's greatest commercial successes. ''Time'' magazine called it "Sondheim's most brilliant accomplishment to date". " Send in the Clowns", a song from the musical, was a hit for Judy Collins and became Sondheim's best-known song. The show opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre on February 25, 1973, and ran for 601 performances and 12 previews. It was revived on Broadway in 2009.

''Pacific Overtures'' (1976), with a book by John Weidman, was one of Sondheim's most unconventional efforts: it explored the westernization of Japan, and was originally presented in a mock-Kabuki style. The show closed after a run of 193 performances, and was revived on Broadway in 2004.

'' Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'' (1979), with a score by Sondheim and a book by Hugh Wheeler, is based on Christopher Bond's 1973 stage play derived from the Victorian original. It was revived on Broadway in 1989 and 2005; there will be a Broadway revival at the Lunt-Fontaine Theatre in the spring of 2023, with previews beginning in February, and officially opening in March.

'' Merrily We Roll Along'' (1981), with a book by George Furth, is one of Sondheim's more traditional scores; songs from the musical were recorded by Frank Sinatra and Carly Simon. According to Sondheim's music director, Paul Gemignani, "Part of Steve's ability is this extraordinary versatility". However, the show was not the success their previous collaborations had been: after a chaotic series of preview performances, the show opened to widely negative reviews, and closed after a run of less than two weeks. Due to the high quality of Sondheim's score, however, the show has been repeatedly revised and produced in the ensuing years. Martin Gottfried wrote, "Sondheim had set out to write traditional songs ... But espitethat there is nothing ordinary about the music." Sondheim later said: "Did I feel betrayed? I'm not sure I would put it like that. What did surprise me was the feeling around the Broadway community – if you can call it that, though I guess I will for lack of a better word – that they wanted Hal and me to fail." An acclaimed feature documentary on the show and its aftermath, ''Best Worst Thing That Ever Could Have Happened'', directed by ''Merrily'' cast member Lonny Price, and produced by Bruce David Klein, Kitt Lavoie, and Ted Schillinger premiered at the New York Film Festival on November 18, 2016. A film adaptation of ''Merrily We Roll Along'', directed by Richard Linklater, began production in 2019 and is expected to continue periodically over the following two decades, to allow the actors to age in real time. There will be an Off-Broadway revival that is scheduled to run between November 2022 and January 2023 at the New York Theatre Workshop.

1984–1994: Collaborations with James Lapine

''Merrily''s failure greatly affected Sondheim; he was ready to quit theater and do movies, create video games or write mysteries: "I wanted to find something to satisfy myself that does not involve Broadway and dealing with all those people who hate me and hate Hal." Following ''Merrily'', Sondheim and Prince did not collaborate again until their 2003 production of ''Bounce''.

However, Sondheim decided "that there are better places to start a show" and found a new collaborator in James Lapine after he saw Lapine's ''Twelve Dreams'' off-Broadway in 1981: "I was discouraged, and I don't know what would have happened if I hadn't discovered ''Twelve Dreams'' at the Public Theatre"; Lapine has a taste "for the avant-garde and for visually-oriented theatre in particular". Their first collaboration was '' Sunday in the Park with George'' (1984), with Sondheim's music evoking Georges Seurat's pointillism. Sondheim and Lapine won the 1985 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for the play, and it was revived on Broadway in 2008, and again in a limited run in 2017.

They collaborated on ''Into the Woods'' (1987), a musical based on several Brothers Grimm fairy tales. Although Sondheim has been called the first composer to bring rap music to Broadway (with the Witch in the opening number of ''Into the Woods''), he attributed the first rap in theater to Meredith Willson's "Rock Island" from ''The Music Man