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"Steamboat ladies" was a nickname given to a number of female students at the
women's college Women's colleges in higher education are undergraduate, bachelor's degree-granting institutions, often liberal arts colleges, whose student populations are composed exclusively or almost exclusively of women. Some women's colleges admit male stud ...
s of the
universities A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, t ...
of
Oxford Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...
and
Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cambridge bec ...
who were awarded ''ad eundem''
University of Dublin The University of Dublin ( ga, Ollscoil Átha Cliath), corporately designated the Chancellor, Doctors and Masters of the University of Dublin, is a university located in Dublin, Ireland. It is the degree-awarding body for Trinity College Dubl ...
degrees at
Trinity College Dublin , name_Latin = Collegium Sanctae et Individuae Trinitatis Reginae Elizabethae juxta Dublin , motto = ''Perpetuis futuris temporibus duraturam'' (Latin) , motto_lang = la , motto_English = It will last i ...
, between 1904 and 1907, at a time when their own universities refused to confer degrees upon women. The name comes from the means of transport commonly used by these women to travel to
Dublin Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of th ...
for this purpose. Trinity admitted female students in 1904. Unlike Oxford and Cambridge, where women had for some years been admitted to separate female colleges within the overall university, both men and women were admitted to the University of Dublin's only college (Trinity) and it was felt there would be no rationale to restrict successful female students from graduating to become members of the university like their male counterparts. In accordance with the long-standing formula of ''ad eundem'' mutual recognition that existed between Dublin, Oxford and Cambridge, Anthony Traill, the then-Provost of Trinity College, proposed that eligible female Oxbridge course completers be granted Trinity degrees, as was the case for men. The policy lasted from June 1904 to December 1907, when requirements for ''ad eundem'' awards were revised. The Board of Trinity College thought that only small numbers of women would take up the offer to graduate and that they would be Irish women who had studied in Oxford or Cambridge colleges. In fact, by 1907 Trinity had granted degrees to some 720 "steamboat ladies". /sup> All had passed examinations at Oxbridge that would have earned them a degree if they were male. /sup> The women were predominantly students of Girton and Newnham Colleges, Cambridge and
Somerville College, Oxford Somerville College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England, was founded in 1879 as Somerville Hall, one of its first two women's colleges. Among its alumnae have been Margaret Thatcher, Indira Gandhi, Dorothy Hodgkin, Ir ...
. /sup> Money derived from the degree conferral fees that female graduates paid during this period was largely ring-fenced and was used to fund the purchase of Trinity Hall, an extramural hall of residence for female students, which opened in 1908.


Notable steamboat ladies

*
Julia Bell Julia Bell (28 January 1879 – 26 April 1979) was a pioneering English human geneticist.Greta Jones, 'Bell, Julia (1879–1979)', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 200accessed 10 M ...
(1879–1979), human geneticist *
Dorothy Brock Dame Madeline Dorothy Brock (18 November 1886 – 31 December 1969) was an English educationist. She served as Headmistress of the Mary Datchelor Girls' School, Camberwell, London from 1918 to 1950. She oversaw the evacuation of the school durin ...
DBE (1886–1969),
educationist Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty. Var ...
and headmistress *
Sara Burstall Sara Annie Burstall (2 November 1859 – 26 March 1939) was a Scottish born writer on education and the second headmistress of the Manchester High School for Girls. Life Burstall was born in Aberdeen in 1859. Her father, Henry, had a number of ...
(1859–1939), educationist and headmistress *
Frances Dove Dame Jane Frances Dove, DBE, JP (27 June 1847 – 21 June 1942) was an English women's campaigner, who founded Wycombe Abbey and other girls' schools. Early life and education Born in Bordeaux, France the eldest of ten children of Revd. Joh ...
DBE, JP (1847–1942), teacher and headmistress *
Gertrude Elles Gertrude Lilian Elles MBE (8 October 1872 – 18 November 1960) was a British geologist, known for her work on graptolites. Personal life Gertrude Elles was born on October 8, 1872. She was the youngest of six children. Every year the E ...
MBE (1872–1960),
geologist A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid, liquid, and gaseous matter that constitutes Earth and other terrestrial planets, as well as the processes that shape them. Geologists usually study geology, earth science, or geophysics, althou ...
*
Lilian Faithfull Lilian Mary Faithfull CBE (12 March 1865 – 2 May 1952) was an English teacher, headmistress, women's rights advocate, magistrate, social worker, and humanitarian. She was one of the "Steamboat ladies" who were part of the struggle for w ...
CBE, JP (1865–1952), teacher and headmistress * Philippa Fawcett (1868–1948), mathematician and educationalist *
Florence Gadesen Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico an ...
(1853–1934), teacher and headmistress *
Ethel Gavin Ethel Gavin (2 April 1866 – 2 March 1918) was a British educationist and headmistress. She led several schools including Wimbledon High School and Notting Hill High School. Life Gavin was born in Elgin in central Scotland. She was the firs ...
(1866–1918), educationist and headmistress *
Frances Ralph Gray Frances is a French and English given name of Latin origin. In Latin the meaning of the name Frances is 'from France' or 'free one.' The male version of the name in English is Francis. The original Franciscus, meaning "Frenchman", comes from the F ...
(1861–1935), teacher and headmistress *
Hilda Phoebe Hudson Hilda Phoebe Hudson (11 June 1881 Cambridge – 26 November 1965 London) was an English mathematician who worked on algebraic geometry, in particular on Cremona transformations. Hudson was interested in the link between mathematics and her rel ...
(1881–1965) mathematician who worked on algebraic geometry, in particular on
Cremona transformation In algebraic geometry, the Cremona group, introduced by , is the group of birational automorphisms of the n-dimensional projective space over a field It is denoted by Cr(\mathbb^n(k)) or Bir(\mathbb^n(k)) or Cr_n(k). The Cremona group is naturally ...
s. *
Ruth Herbert Lewis Ruth Herbert Lewis (29 November 1871 – 26 August 1946, née Caine) was an English temperance movement activist of Manx descent and collector of Welsh folk songs. She published collections of Welsh folk songs, and was a key member of the Wels ...
(1871-1946), social reformer and folk-song collector *
Katharine Jex-Blake Katharine Jex-Blake (18 November 1860 – 26 March 1951), was an English classical scholar, and the eighth Mistress of Girton College, Cambridge. Biography Early life Katharine Jex-Blake was born in 1860 at Rugby School, one of nine daughters and ...
(1860–1951),
classicist Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity. In the Western world, classics traditionally refers to the study of Classical Greek and Roman literature and their related original languages, Ancient Greek and Latin. Classics ...
and teacher *
Lilian Knowles Lilian Charlotte Anne Knowles (née Tomn; 1870–1926) was a British historian and Professor of Economic History at the London School of Economics (LSE) in the 1920s. She was the first female Dean of the Economic History Faculty in the University ...
(1870–1926),
historian A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the stu ...
and professor of
economic history Economic history is the academic learning of economies or economic events of the past. Research is conducted using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods and the application of economic theory to historical situations and ins ...
*
Penelope Lawrence Penelope "P.L." Lawrence aka Nelly (10 November 1856 – 3 July 1932) was a British co-founder of Roedean School in Brighton with her half sisters, Dorothy Lawrence and Millicent Lawrence. Life Lawrence was born in the Hyde Park, London. Her mo ...
(1856–1932), educator *
Ellen McArthur Ellen Annette McArthur (1862–1927) was a British economic historian. Born on 19 June 1862 in Duffield, Derbyshire, McArthur was educated at Girton College, Cambridge, where she later became the tutor in history. In 1893 she became the first ...
(1862–1927), economic historian * Edith Major (1867–1951), educationist and headmistress *
Emily Penrose Dame Emily Penrose, (18 September 1858 – 26 January 1942) was an ancient historian and principal of three early women's university colleges in the United Kingdom: Bedford College from 1893 until 1898, Royal Holloway College from 1898 until ...
DBE (1858–1942), classicist and educationalist *
Bertha Phillpotts Dame Bertha Surtees Phillpotts (25 October 1877 – 20 January 1932) was an English scholar in Scandinavian languages, literature, history, archaeology and anthropology. Biography Phillpotts was born in Bedford on 25 October 1877. Her fa ...
DBE (1877–1932), linguist, historian and educationalist *
Eleanor Rathbone Eleanor Florence Rathbone (12 May 1872 – 2 January 1946) was an independent British Member of Parliament (MP) and long-term campaigner for family allowance and for women's rights. She was a member of the noted Rathbone family of Liverpool. E ...
(1872–1946),
suffragist Suffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise, is the right to vote in public, political elections and referendums (although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote). In some languages, and occasionally in English, the right to v ...
,
social reformer A reform movement or reformism is a type of social movement that aims to bring a social or also a political system closer to the community's ideal. A reform movement is distinguished from more radical social movements such as revolutionary move ...
and
member of parliament A member of parliament (MP) is the representative in parliament of the people who live in their electoral district. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, this term refers only to members of the lower house since upper house members of ...
*
Shena Simon Shena Dorothy Simon (21 October 1883 – 17 July 1972) was an English politician, feminist, educationalist and writer. Early years Shena Dorothy Potter was born on 21 October 1883, daughter of John Wilson Potter and Jane Boyd Potter. She had a ...
(1883–1972), politician,
feminist Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes. Feminism incorporates the position that society prioritizes the male po ...
, educationalist and writer * Eugénie Sellers Strong CBE (1860–1943),
archaeologist Archaeology or archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landscap ...
and
art historian Art history is the study of aesthetic objects and visual expression in historical and stylistic context. Traditionally, the discipline of art history emphasized painting, drawing, sculpture, architecture, ceramics and decorative arts; yet today ...
*
Margaret Tuke Dame Margaret Janson Tuke (13 March 1862, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, England21 February 1947, Hitchin) was a British academic and educator. She was the youngest child of the philanthropist James Hack Tuke. She was created a Dame Commander of the Ord ...
(1862–1947), academic and educator *
Katharine Wallas Katharine Talbot Wallas (11 April 1864 – 14 April 1944) was a British politician. Born in Barnstaple in Devon, Katharine was the daughter of Frances and Gilbert Wallace, the local vicar. Her older brother, Graham Wallas, became a promine ...
CBE (1864–1944), politician and educationalist * Mary Hay Wood (1868–1934), educationist


References


Sources

* . * . * *Susan M. Parkes, « Trinity College, Dublin and the “Steamboat Ladies”, 1904–1907 », in Mary R. Masson & Deborah Simonton, ''Women and higher education: past, present and future'', Aberdeen University Press, 1996, 352 p. (ISBN 1857522605), p. 244–250. * {{Authority control 1904 in England 1904 in Ireland 1905 in England 1905 in Ireland 1906 in England 1906 in Ireland History of education in England History of the University of Oxford History of the University of Cambridge Lists of people associated with the University of Oxford Lists of people associated with the University of Cambridge Oxbridge Terminology of the University of Cambridge Trinity College Dublin-related lists University of Dublin History of education in Ireland People associated with Somerville College, Oxford