Stanley George Payne (born September 9, 1934) is an American
historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the st ...
of modern
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
and
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...
an
Fascism
Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology and movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy an ...
at the
University of Wisconsin–Madison
A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United Stat ...
. He retired from full-time teaching in 2004 and is currently
Professor Emeritus
''Emeritus'' (; female: ''emerita'') is an adjective used to designate a retired chair, professor, pastor, bishop, pope, director, president, prime minister, rabbi, emperor, or other person who has been "permitted to retain as an honorary title ...
at its Department of History.
Work
Known for his typological description of fascism, Payne is a specialist in the
Spanish fascist movement and has also produced comparative analyses of Western European fascism. He asserts that there were some specific ways in which
National Socialism
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Naz ...
paralleled Russian communism to a much greater degree than Fascism was capable of doing. Payne does not propound the theory of "
red fascism
Red fascism is a term equating Stalinism, Maoism, and other variants of Marxism–Leninism with fascism. Accusations that the leaders of the Soviet Union during the Stalin era acted as "red fascists" were commonly stated by anarchists, left commun ...
" or the notion that communism and National Socialism are essentially the same. He states that National Socialism more nearly paralleled Russian communism than any other noncommunist system has.
In the 1960s, his books were published in
Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
by
''Éditions Ruedo ibérico (ERi)'', a publishing company set up by
Spanish Republic
The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII, and was dissolved on 1 A ...
an exiles in
Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...
,
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...
, to publish works forbidden in Spain by the
Francoist regime
Francoist Spain ( es, España franquista), or the Francoist dictatorship (), was the period of Spanish history between 1939 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death in 1975, Spai ...
ruling the country at the time. He has been referred to by some historians as a
revisionist due to his views. One of his more famous books is ''Spanish Civil War, The Soviet Union and Communism'', which analyzes
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretar ...
and the Soviet government's intervention in Spain. He also wrote ''The Franco Regime'', ''The Spanish Civil War'' and ''A History of Fascism 1914–1945''.
Payne uses a lengthy itemized list of characteristics to identify fascism, including the creation of an authoritarian state; a regulated, state-integrated economic sector;
fascist symbolism
Fascist symbolism is the use of certain images and symbols which are designed to represent aspects of fascism. These include national symbols of historical importance, goals, and political policies. The best-known are the fasces, which was the or ...
; anti-
liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality and equality before the law."political rationalism, hostility to autocracy, cultural distaste for c ...
;
anti-communism
Anti-communism is political and ideological opposition to communism. Organized anti-communism developed after the 1917 October Revolution in the Russian Empire, and it reached global dimensions during the Cold War, when the United States and the ...
, and anti-
conservatism
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilizati ...
. He sees elimination of the autonomy or, in some cases, complete existence of large-scale
capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, price system, priva ...
as the common aim of all fascist movements.
Education
Payne received his bachelor's degree from
Pacific Union College
Pacific Union College (PUC) is a private liberal arts college in Angwin, California. It is the only four-year college in Napa County. It is a coeducational residential college with an almost exclusively undergraduate student body.
PUC is accre ...
in 1955. He went on to earn a masters from
Claremont Graduate School and University Center in 1957 and a doctorate (Ph.D.) from
Columbia University
Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...
in 1960.
Books
* ''Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism'', 1961
* ''Politics and the Military in Modern Spain'', 1967
* ''Franco's Spain'', 1967
* ''The Spanish Revolution'', 1970
* ''A History of Spain and Portugal'' (2 vol 1973
full text online free vol 1 before 1700 standard scholarly history
* ''Basque Nationalism'', 1975
* ''La revolución y la guerra civil española'', 1976
* ''Fascism: Comparison and Definition'', 1980
* ''Spanish Catholicism: An Historical Overview'', 1984
* ''The Franco Regime 1936–1975'', 1988
* ''Franco: El perfil de la historia'', 1992
* ''Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931–1936'', 1993
* ''A History of Fascism 1914–1945'', 1996
* ''El primer franquismo, 1939–1959: Los años de la autarquía'', 1998
* ''Fascism in Spain 1923–1977'', 2000
* ''The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism 1931–1939'', 2004
* ''El colapso de la República: Los orígenes de la Guerra Civil 1933-1936'', 2005
* ''The Collapse of the Spanish Republic, 1933–1936'', 2006
* ''40 preguntas fundamentales sobre la Guerra Civil'', 2006
* ''Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II'', 2008
* ''¿Por qué la República perdió la guerra?'', 2010
* ''Spain: A Unique History'', 2011
* ''Civil War in Europe, 1905-1949'', 2011
* ''La Europa revolucionaria: Las guerras civiles que marcaron el siglo XX'', 2011
* ''The Spanish Civil War'', 2012
* ''Franco: A Personal and Political Biography'', 2014, with Jesús Palacios
* ''Franco: Una biografía personal y política'', 2014, with Jesús Palacios
* ''El fascismo'', 2014
* ''La Guerra Civil Española'', 2014
* ''El camino al 18 de julio: La erosión de la democracia en España, diciembre de 1935 - julio de 1936'', 2016
* ''365 momentos clave de la historia de España'', 2016
* ''En defensa de España : desmontando mitos y leyendas negras'', 2017
* ''La revolución española, 1936-1939: Un estudio sobre la singularidad de la Guerra Civil'', 2019
References
External links
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Payne, Stanley G.
1934 births
Living people
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Academics and writers on far-right extremism
American Hispanists
Claremont Graduate University alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Historians of fascism
Historians of Francoist Spain
Historians of the Second Spanish Republic
Historians of the Spanish Civil War
Pacific Union College alumni
People from Denton, Texas
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Corresponding members of the Real Academia de la Historia
Academic journal editors
Historians of carlism
Historians from Texas
Historians from California
American male non-fiction writers