![Stella Lux, a solar-powered family car (cropped)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Stella_Lux%2C_a_solar-powered_family_car_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Stella and its successors Stella Lux, Stella Vie and Stella Era are a series of
solar racing family car
A family car is a car classification used in Europe to describe normally-sized cars. The name comes from the marketed use of these cars to carry a whole family locally or on vacations. Most family cars are hatchbacks or sedan (automobile), sedans, ...
s, built for the
World Solar Challenge
The World Solar Challenge (WSC), since 2013 named Bridgestone World Solar Challenge, is an international event for solar powered cars driving 3000 kilometres through the Australian outback.
With the exception of a four-year gap between ...
in
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
, sofar winning its ''Cruiser Class'' all four times it was held – in 2013, 2015, 2017 and in 2019.
[WSC 2013 Cruiser class results (archived]
/ref>[WSC 2015 Cruiser class results (archived)]
/ref>[2017 Cruiser Class Summaries – World Solar Challenge 2017 (archived)]
/ref> Stella is considered the world’s first solar-powered family car and was given the 'Best Technology Development' Award at the 8th annual Crunchies
The Crunchies was an industry award given out from 2007 to 2017 by several technology blogs to the Silicon Valley companies and venture capitalists they cover.
The awards have been sponsored and co-hosted by blogs such as GigaOm, TechCrunch, Ventu ...
in San Francisco in 2015. Being the only competing vehicle with a license plate, the road registration of Stella contributed to the winning score in the races.[Eindhoven wins Cruiser class of World Solar Challenge]
/ref> The vehicles are designed and built by "''Solar Team Eindhoven''" (STE) — some 26 students of different faculties of the Eindhoven University of Technology
The Eindhoven University of Technology ( nl, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven), abbr. TU/e, is a public technical university in the Netherlands, located in the city of Eindhoven. In 2020–21, around 14,000 students were enrolled in its BSc a ...
(TU/e) in the Netherlands
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, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
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, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
. The group have set up a non-profit foundation to promote their concepts for practical solar vehicles for adoption on a broader scale.
Contrary to previous solar vehicle race classes that focus primarily on speed, and are contested by highly impractical single-seat racers, a new competition for more ''"practical"'' solar electrical vehicles was added to the 2013 edition of the World Solar Challenge (WSC): the ''Cruiser Class''. Vehicles competing carry two or more occupants, each facing forwards, and are judged not only on the time taken to complete the course, but also on their external energy use, payload carried, and an overall practicality assessment.
For this competition a student team from TU Eindhoven
The Eindhoven University of Technology ( nl, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven), abbr. TU/e, is a public technical university in the Netherlands, located in the city of Eindhoven. In 2020–21, around 14,000 students were enrolled in its BSc an ...
created ''Stella'', a solar powered "family car" with four seats and luggage space, which won the WSC's Cruiser Class in 2013.[ The car is capable of a top speed of with a full load of four people,][ using mainstream solar cell technology.]
In 2015 ''Solar Team Eindhoven'' repeated this achievement with an improved version of the car, called ''Stella Lux''.[ In 2017 they built a ''five''-seat successor called ''Stella Vie'',][Dutch students target solar-powered three-peat with five-seat Stella Vie (archived)]
/ref> with which they won the year's edition of the WSC again.
In 2017, some of the students responsible for the vehicles have launched their own startup company to make a commercially viable version of the car, called Lightyear One
The Lightyear 0 (formerly the Lightyear One) is an upcoming all-solar-electric car by Lightyear. Production was originally scheduled to start in 2021, with a starting price of incl. VAT (). The first units are to be delivered in 2022.
Descript ...
. They are hoping to start with a first small production run of 10 “Signature” cars in 2019 and then produce 100 more in 2020. The car is projected to cost at least €120,000 excluding VAT or sales tax, but will offer four-wheel drive for optimal traction.
Stella
Stella won the inaugural edition of the new for 2013, Michelin
Michelin (; ; full name: ) is a French multinational tyre manufacturing company based in Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ''région'' of France. It is the second largest tyre manufacturer in the world behind Bridgestone and la ...
-sponsored ''Cruiser Class'' of the WSC, completing the race distance in 40 hours and 14 minutes, at an average speed of , while typically carrying three occupants, for a total of 9,093 occupant kilometres (5,651 passenger miles).[
Vehicles in the WSC's Cruiser class are allowed a small battery-pack which can be plugged in to the power mains for additional charging. Although Stella was mostly relying on its 1.5 kilowatt solar array, the team did use their maximum allowance of 64.0 kWh of external charging during the race.][ For comparison: according to the EPA, one gallon of gasoline is equivalent to 33.7 kWh.][ So, effectively, each top-up of the 15.0 kWh lithium-ion battery gives the car about 0.44 gallons of gas, and for the entire race distance, the total external energy consumption was equal to less than two gallons of gas. On average, the car's solar array is able to generate more energy than would be consumed by normal daily commuting for most people, and if the car were plugged into the electrical grid, or to an owners house, when parked, it could ''contribute'' more energy than it would need to take out, making the car ''energy positive''.][
According to the developers, "in real-world conditions, the Stella's large solar array would be able to charge the car's 15 kWh battery pack in 30 to 45 minutes of being parked, sitting in traffic, or tooling around town at low speed".][ During highway driving, the battery must augment the solar power, and range ends at 600 to 800 kilometres, but urban driving at up to can be sustained entirely on solar power, running solely off the energy generated by the solar panels. After collecting numbers from the Dutch National Statistics Centre, it was calculated that for 10 months of the year, the car would produce more energy than it uses, allowing for twice the distance Dutch people drive on an average day, and assuming Dutch cloudy light conditions.][
The Stella is a very boxy, but low-built car. With only height, and its two large doors opening upwards, it is as tricky to get in and out of as a super-sportscar. However, once inside, reviewers found it surprisingly comfortable.][Meet Stella, the world's first solar-powered family car — Expert Reviews]
/ref> The whole of the top of the car is covered in solar panels, and the rear slopes down to create a teardrop shape to reduce air resistance. The car weighs only thanks to being constructed largely out of carbon-fiber
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (American English), carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers (Commonwealth English), carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics, carbon-fiber reinforced-thermoplastic (CFRP, CRP, CFRTP), also known as carbon fiber, carbon compo ...
, reinforced by welded aluminium tubing.
Stella is not only road-legal in Europe, having been deemed safe and approved for use on public roads by the (RDW) — the Eindhoven team were also able to put a California license-plate on the car for a demonstration run from Los Angeles to San Francisco in 2014.[Solar-powered family car Stella rides California coast — Phys.org]
/ref> Stella's publicly accessible road registration information lists a cost price of €1,272,327.
One of Solar Team Eindhoven's sponsors, NXP Semiconductors
NXP Semiconductors N.V. (NXP) is a Dutch semiconductor designer and manufacturer with headquarters in Eindhoven, Netherlands. The company employs approximately 31,000 people in more than 30 countries. NXP reported revenue of $11.06 billion in 2 ...
, contributed to the vehicle's electronics, with a concept to make roads safer and reduce air pollution by means of proactive communication between cars, as well as with traffic signals.[
]
Stella Lux
The second Stella car, built in 2015, improved on its predecessor in a few respects. Frontal surface area was reduced by a catamaran style air tunnel indented in the bottom of the car, along its centerline. Further, Stella Lux has a longer wheelbase and four conventionally opening doors instead of the rudimentary gull-wing doors of the first car. Aside from being more aerodynamic, the new car was also considered somewhat better-looking.[
Stella Lux finished after 39 hours and 23 minutes of racing, resulting in a slightly improved average speed of over the course, even though external charging had been reduced to 30 kWh for the 2015 race.][ During the race, the car set a distance record by driving on a single charge, with an average speed of some , and all the while having two people on board. The car is estimated to have theoretically infinite range when traveling at in good sunlight.][Solar Cars 101 — Guide To The Basics Of Solar Powered Vehicles]
/ref>
Stella Lux incorporates Vehicle-to-everything
Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) is communication between a vehicle and any entity that may affect, or may be affected by, the vehicle. It is a vehicular communication system that incorporates other more specific types of communication as V2I (vehicle ...
(V2X) vehicular communication systems
Vehicular communication systems are computer networks in which vehicles and roadside units are the communicating nodes, providing each other with information, such as safety warnings and traffic information. They can be effective in avoiding accide ...
supplied by main sponsor NXP Semiconductors, that help the car and the team to optimize their performance, for instance through the Solar Navigator system, which collects weather data and offers suggestions for an “optimal route” while driving. Power is provided by two in-wheel axial flux motors which can deliver up to 15 kW, while the wheels they power are Schwalbe Solar Energizer 90/80/16s.
Stella Vie
For the 2017 edition of the World Solar Challenge, a new Stella car has been designed, sporting five seats instead of four. The new car is longer at and narrower (), though the weight remains unchanged at . The Stella Vie's profile shows a continuous swooping curve from the nose to the boat-tail rear end, that improves the car's aerodynamics, but reduces its solar cell surface area to , as required by the 2017 change in WSC regulations.
On 16 August 2017 Stella Vie was successfully road registered, like its predecessors, for a listed build price of €350,000,-.
Team Eindhoven's Stella Vie car achieved 2.5 times the efficiency of runner-up Bochum, and was awarded the full 80 points for efficiency. The team have carried an average of 3.4 people over the 3021 km, using 45.7 kWh of external energy. By comparison, a Tesla Model S85 (85 kWh battery) has a practical range of about 400 km.[ Stella Vie's top speed is . After receiving the highest practicality score on the final day of the WSC event as well, the Dutch clinched the title for a hattrick.
]
Stella Era
Stella Era, Solar Team Eindhoven's fourth-generation solar electric car, purpose-built for the 15th edition of the Bridgestone World Solar Challenge in 2019, performed as well as its predecessors. After the hattrick in 2017, Stella Era delivered a fourth consecutive Cruiser Class championship, and were called "in a class of their own". To win the 2019 Cruiser Cup, solar cars had to complete the journey from Darwin to Adelaide within set time windows, to prove their viability as ''daily drivers''. Out of 13 competitors – twice the number as before – only three finished all legs within the time frames. Stella was dominating with 111.7 points, versus Australia’s Sunswift with 56.1, and Hong Kong’s Team IVE Engineering Solar Car Team with 44.2 points.[
The Cruiser Class designs were judged by an expert panel, to evaluate the market potential of each solar electric car. Twelve adjudicators included industry leaders from Tesla, Suntrix and Prohelion, past BWSC and faculty alumni, international solar challenge organizers from Chile, ]South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...
, and America
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
, and media representatives. The assessment covered characteristics including innovation, environmental impact, ease of access, occupant comfort, control ergonomics, features, styling and overall desirability. The Eindhoven car continued its dominance, winning the practicality rating with a score of 93.1 points, before Lodz with 82.4, and Cambridge University Eco Racing
Cambridge University Eco Racing (CUER) is one of UK's solar car racing teams. A team of 60 Cambridge students designs, builds and races Solar power, solar-powered vehicles. Founded in 2007, their first prototype vehicle, ''Affinity'', became th ...
with 79.9 points.[
The car built by the team focused on the practical uses of a car, being more than just a mode of transport. It features autonomous driving systems that detect when the car's solar panels are parked in the shade, on a parking lot, and it will automatically move out of the shade, and into the Sun.][Stella Era: Start of a new era for the solar car – Innovation Origins]
/ref> Moreover, Stella Era is able to share the energy she harvested from the sun with other electric vehicles using her Type 2 charging port. It's the first vehicle of its kind to provide such energy sharing features.[
]
Stella Vita
Instead of engineering another solar car for the World Solar Challenge of 2021, Solar Team Eindhoven built Stella Vita. Vita was unveiled in September 2021 and shortly after, the team of 22 students toured Vita through Europe from Eindhoven (the Netherlands) to Tarifa (Spain). Stella Vita is a "self-sustaining house on wheels", a morph of a solar car and a camper. With a rated battery range of 600km and 730km on a sunny day and a battery capacity of 60kWh, Vita is incredibly energy efficient. This energy efficiency is a direct result of a streamlined aerodynamic design and fully integrated solar roof. Vita being a proof-of-concept vehicle, it inspires the world as a contributor to the energy transition.
Criticism
Criticisms of the Stella concept argue that it is much more practical and efficient to keep the solar panel array at a fixed location, like putting a solar array on the roof of your house, rather than on that of a car. Most houses have enough roof-space to hold a solar array large enough to power both the house itself ''and'' one or two electric cars. Additionally, there is no risk of damage that random road debris
Road debris, a form of road hazard, is debris on or off a road. Road debris includes substances, materials, and objects that are foreign to the normal roadway environment. Debris may be produced by vehicular or non-vehicular sources, but in all ...
might do to the cells on a car.What the Solar-Powered Stella Lux Means For the Future of Electric Cars
/ref>
On the other hand, solar-powered cars could potentially be of use in regions where sunlight and space are abundant, and without easy access to grid electricity, where charging facilities are rare.[
]
See also
*Nuna
Nuna is the name of a series of manned solar powered race cars that have won the World Solar Challenge in Australia seven times: in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2013, 2015 and 2017. The vehicles are built by students who are part of the "Brunel Sol ...
— A series of solar racing cars, built by a team from the Dutch Delft University of Technology
Delft University of Technology ( nl, Technische Universiteit Delft), also known as TU Delft, is the oldest and largest Dutch public technical university, located in Delft, Netherlands. As of 2022 it is ranked by QS World University Rankings among ...
, that have won the World Solar Challenge six times out of the last eight races.
* Sunswift eVe — The fastest car in the 2013 Cruiser class competition of the WSC, built by a team from the University of New South Wales
The University of New South Wales (UNSW), also known as UNSW Sydney, is a public research university based in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is one of the founding members of Group of Eight, a coalition of Australian research-intensive ...
(Australia).
*PowerCore SunCruiser
The PowerCore SunCruiser is a solar-powered road vehicle. It was created at the Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum University of Applied Sciences to compete at the World Solar Challenge in 2013. The PowerCore SunCruiser is the fifth vehicle built by th ...
— A three-seat solar racer, built by a team from the Ruhr University Bochum
The Ruhr University Bochum (, ) is a public research university located in the southern hills of the central Ruhr area, Bochum, Germany. It was founded in 1962 as the first new public university in Germany after World War II. Instruction began in ...
in Germany.
References
External links
Solar Team Eindhoven official website
*{{Facebook, SolarTeamEindhoven, Solar Team Eindhoven
Stella by Solar Team Eindhoven
– 1 hour documentary with English subtitles
Solar car racing
Eindhoven University of Technology
Science and technology in the Netherlands
Dutch inventions