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The potato is a
/ref> but later genetic studies traced a single origin, in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern
Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that grow about {{cvt, 60, cm, in high, depending on variety, with the leaves dying back after flowering, fruiting and tuber formation. They bear white, pink, red, blue, or purple flowers with yellow 
Potatoes, both ''S. tuberosum'' and most of its wild relatives, are self-incompatible: they bear no useful fruit when self-pollinated. This trait is problematic for crop breeding, as all sexually-produced plants must be hybrids. The gene responsible for its trait as well as mutations to disable it are now known. Self-compatibility has successfully been introduced both to diploid potatoes (including a special line of ''S. tuberosum'') by
The major species grown worldwide is ''Solanum tuberosum'' (a tetraploid with 48 chromosomes), and modern varieties of this species are the most widely cultivated. There are also four diploid species (with 24 chromosomes): ''S.{{nbspstenotomum'', ''S.{{nbspphureja'', ''S.{{nbspgoniocalyx'', and ''S.{{nbspajanhuiri''. There are two triploid species (with 36 chromosomes): ''S.{{nbspchaucha'' and ''S.{{nbspjuzepczukii''. There is one pentaploid cultivated species (with 60 chromosomes): ''S.{{nbspcurtilobum''. There are two major subspecies of ''Solanum tuberosum'': ''andigena'', or Andean; and ''tuberosum'', or Chilean. The Andean potato is adapted to the short-day conditions prevalent in the mountainous equatorial and tropical regions where it originated; the Chilean potato, however, native to the Chiloé Archipelago, is adapted to the long-day conditions prevalent in the higher latitude region of southern Chile.{{cite journal, url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-34582007000300011 , title=Molecular description and similarity relationships among native germplasm potatoes (''Solanum tuberosum'' ssp. ''tuberosum'' L.) using morphological data and AFLP markers , journal=
For culinary purposes, varieties are often differentiated by their waxiness: floury or mealy ''baking'' potatoes have more
Dozens of potato cultivars have been
In 2020, world production of potatoes was 359 million tonnes, led by China with 22% of the total (table). Other major producers were India, Russia, Ukraine and the United States. It remains an essential crop in Europe (especially northern and eastern Europe), where per capita production is still the highest in the world, but the most rapid expansion over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia.
Potatoes contain toxic compounds known as glycoalkaloids, of which the most prevalent are
{{anchor, Seed potato
New tubers may start growing at the surface of the soil. Since exposure to light leads to an undesirable greening of the skins and the development of
Insects that commonly transmit potato diseases or damage the plants include the Colorado potato beetle, the
At harvest time, gardeners usually dig up potatoes with a long-handled, three-prong "grape" (or graip), i.e., a spading fork, or a potato hook, which is similar to the graip but with tines at a 90 ° angle to the handle. In larger plots, the plow is the fastest implement for unearthing potatoes. Commercial harvesting is typically done with large
Storage facilities need to be carefully designed to keep the potatoes alive and slow the natural process of sprouting which involves the breakdown of starch. It is crucial that the storage area be dark, ventilated well, and, for long-term storage, maintained at temperatures near {{convert, 4, C, F. For short-term storage, temperatures of about {{convert, 7, to, 10, °C, °F are preferred.Potato storage, value Preservation: {{cite web , first = Pawanexh , last = Kohli , year = 2009 , title = Potato storage and value Preservation: The Basics , url = http://crosstree.info/Documents/POTATO_STORAGE.pdf , publisher = CrossTree techno-visors , access-date = 12 July 2009 , archive-date = 6 August 2020 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200806192307/http://www.crosstree.info/Documents/POTATO_STORAGE.pdf , url-status = dead
Temperatures below {{convert, 4, °C, °F convert the starch in potatoes into sugar, which alters their taste and cooking qualities and leads to higher
Potatoes are prepared in many ways: skin-on or peeled, whole or cut up, with seasonings or without. The only requirement involves cooking to swell the starch granules. Most potato dishes are served hot but some are first cooked, then served cold, notably potato salad and potato chips (crisps). Common dishes are: mashed potatoes, which are first boiled (usually peeled), and then mashed with milk or yogurt and butter; whole baked potatoes; boiled or steamed potatoes; French-fried potatoes or chips; cut into cubes and
Peruvian cuisine naturally contains the potato as a primary ingredient in many dishes, as around 3,000 varieties of this tuber are grown there.
Some of the more notable dishes include boiled potato as a base for several dishes or with ají-based sauces like in Papa a la Huancaína or ocopa, diced potato for its use in soups like in cau cau, or in
In the UK, potatoes form part of the traditional staple, 
In Germany,
319–20
isbn=978-0-89480-845-6, url=https://archive.org/details/pleasetotablethe00vonb/page/319 German fries, German fried potatoes and various versions of Potato salad are part of German cuisine. Bauernfrühstück (literally ''farmer's breakfast'') is a warm German dish made from fried potatoes, Egg (food), eggs, ham and vegetables.
Cepelinai is the national dish of Lithuania. They are a type of
File:Burger and fries (1).jpg, French fries served with a hamburger
File:OriginalPoutineLaBanquise.jpg, Poutine, a Canadian dish of fried potatoes, cheese curds, and gravy
File:Van-willem-vincent-gogh-die-kartoffelesser-03850.jpg, ''The Potato Eaters'' by Van Gogh, 1885 (Van Gogh Museum)
File:Jean-François Millet - The Potato Harvest - Walters 37115.jpg, ''The Potato Harvest'' by Jean-François Millet, 1855 (Walters Art Museum)
''The Economist'' 28 February 2008 online
* ''Economist''. "The potato: Spud we like", (leader
''The Economist'' 28 February 2008 online
* {{cite journal , last1 = Boomgaard , first1 = Peter , year = 2003 , title = In the Shadow of Rice: Roots and Tubers in Indonesian History, 1500–1950 , journal = Agricultural History , volume = 77 , issue = 4, pages = 582–610 , jstor=3744936 , doi=10.1525/ah.2003.77.4.582 * Hawkes, J.G. (1990). ''The Potato: Evolution, Biodiversity & Genetic Resources'', Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC * {{cite book , last1 = Lang , first1 = James , year = 1975 , title = Notes of a Potato Watcher , series = Texas A&M University Agriculture series , isbn = 978-1-58544-138-9 , url-access = registration , url = https://archive.org/details/notesofpotatowat0000lang * {{Cite journal , last=Langer , first=William L , title=American Foods and Europe's Population Growth 1750–1850 , journal = Journal of Social History , volume = 8 , issue = 2, pages = 51–66 , jstor=3786266 , doi=10.1353/jsh/8.2.51, year=1975 * McNeill, William H. "How the Potato Changed the World's History." ''Social Research'' (1999) 66#1 pp. 67–83. {{ISSN, 0037-783X Fulltext: Ebsco, by a leading historian * {{cite journal , author = McNeill William H , year = 1948 , title = The Introduction of the Potato into Ireland , journal = Journal of Modern History , volume = 21 , issue = 3, pages = 218–21 , jstor=1876068 , doi=10.1086/237272, s2cid = 145099646 * Ó Gráda, Cormac. ''Black '47 and Beyond: The Great Irish Famine in History, Economy, and Memory.'' (1999). 272 pp. * Ó Gráda, Cormac, Richard Paping, and Eric Vanhaute, eds. ''When the Potato Failed: Causes and Effects of the Last European Subsistence Crisis, 1845–1850.'' (2007). 342 pp. {{ISBN, 978-2-503-51985-2. 15 essays by scholars looking at Ireland and all of Europe * Reader, John. ''Propitious Esculent: The Potato in World History'' (2008), 315pp a standard scholarly history * Salaman, Redcliffe N. (1989). ''The History and Social Influence of the Potato'', Cambridge University Press (originally published in 1949; reprinted 1985 with new introduction and corrections by J.G. Hawkes). * Stevenson, W.R., Loria, R., Franc, G.D., and Weingartner, D.P. (2001) ''Compendium of Potato Diseases'', 2nd ed, Amer. Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. * Zuckerman, Larry. ''The Potato: How the Humble Spud Rescued the Western World.'' (1998). 304 pp. Douglas & McIntyre. {{ISBN, 0-86547-578-4. {{Refend
The World Potato Atlas
released by the International Potato Center in 2006 and regularly updated. Includes current chapters of 15 countries: ** South America: (English and Spanish): Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru ** Africa: Cameroon, Ethiopia, Kenya ** Eurasia: Armenia, Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan ** 38 others as brief "archive" chapters ** Further information links a
Other Materials
* World Geography of the Potato a
UGA.edu
released in 1993.
''Atlas of Wild Potatoes''
(2002), Systematic and Ecogeographic Studies on Crop Genepools 10, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), {{ISBN, 9789290435181 * Gauldie, Enid (1981). The Scottish Miller 1700–1900. Pub. John Donald. {{ISBN, 0-85976-067-7.
''Solanum tuberosum'' (potato, papas): life cycle, tuber anatomy at GeoChemBio
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408035017/http://www.geochembio.com/biology/organisms/potato/ , date=8 April 2022 {{Potato cultivars, state=expanded {{Sister bar, d=Q10998, b=Cookbook:Potato, wikt=potato, c=Solanum tuberosum, species=Solanum tuberosum, auto=1 {{Agriculture country lists, state=collapsed {{Bioenergy {{Taxonbar, from=Q10998 {{Authority control Potatoes, Crops originating from Bolivia Crops originating from indigenous Americans Crops originating from Peru Crops originating from South America Cuisine of Northern Ireland Edible Solanaceae Flora of the Andes Irish cuisine Plants described in 1753 Root vegetables Solanum Staple foods Stoloniferous plants Tubers
starch
Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants for energy storage. Worldwide, it is the most common carbohydrate in human diets ...
y food, a tuber of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'' and is a root vegetable
Root vegetables are underground plant parts eaten by humans as food. Although botany distinguishes true roots (such as taproots and tuberous roots) from non-roots (such as bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and tubers, although some contain both hypocotyl a ...
native to the Americas
The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World.
Along with th ...
. The plant is a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae
The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and orn ...
.
Wild potato species can be found from the southern United States to southern Chile. The potato was originally believed to have been domesticated by Native Americans independently in multiple locations,University of Wisconsin-Madison, ''Finding rewrites the evolutionary history of the origin of potatoes'' (2005/ref> but later genetic studies traced a single origin, in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern
Bolivia
, image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg
, flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center
, flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...
. Potatoes were domesticated there approximately 7,000–10,000 years ago, from a species in the '' Solanum brevicaule'' complex. Lay summary: In the Andes region of South America, where the species is indigenous, some close relatives of the potato are cultivated.
Potatoes were introduced to Europe from the Americas by the Spanish in the second half of the 16th century. Today they are a staple food
A staple food, food staple, or simply a staple, is a food that is eaten often and in such quantities that it constitutes a dominant portion of a standard diet for a given person or group of people, supplying a large fraction of energy needs and ...
in many parts of the world and an integral part of much of the world's food supply. , potatoes were the world's fourth-largest food crop after maize (corn), wheat, and rice. Following millennia of selective breeding, there are now over 5,000 different types of potatoes. Over 99% of potatoes presently cultivated worldwide descend from varieties that originated in the lowlands of south-central Chile. The importance of the potato as a food source and culinary ingredient varies by region and is still changing. It remains an essential crop in Europe, especially Northern and Eastern Europe, where per capita production is still the highest in the world, while the most rapid expansion in production since 2000 has occurred in southern
Southern may refer to:
Businesses
* China Southern Airlines, airline based in Guangzhou, China
* Southern Airways, defunct US airline
* Southern Air, air cargo transportation company based in Norwalk, Connecticut, US
* Southern Airways Express, M ...
and eastern Asia
East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both Geography, geographical and culture, ethno-cultural terms. The modern State (polity), states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. ...
, with China and India leading the world in overall production .
Like the tomato, the potato is a nightshade in the genus ''Solanum'', and the vegetative and fruiting parts of the potato contain the toxin solanine
Solanine is a glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family within the genus ''Solanum'', such as the potato (''Solanum tuberosum''), the tomato (''Solanum lycopersicum''), and the eggplant (''Solanum melongena''). It can occu ...
which is dangerous for human consumption. Normal potato tubers that have been grown and stored properly produce glycoalkaloids
Glycoalkaloids are a family of chemical compounds derived from alkaloids to which sugar groups are appended. Several are potentially toxic, most notably the poisons commonly found in the plant species ''Solanum dulcamara'' (bittersweet nightshade) ...
in amounts small enough to be negligible to human health, but, if green sections of the plant (namely sprouts and skins) are exposed to light, the tuber can accumulate a high enough concentration of glycoalkaloids to affect human health. The discovery of acrylamide
Acrylamide (or acrylic amide) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH2=CHC(O)NH2. It is a white odorless solid, soluble in water and several organic solvents. From the chemistry perspective, acrylamide is a vinyl-substituted primary ...
s in starchy foods in 2002 led to international health concerns, but subsequent high-quality evidence showed acrylamide is not likely to cause cancer in humans.
Etymology
The English word ''potato'' comes from Spanish (the name used in Spain). TheRoyal Spanish Academy
The Royal Spanish Academy ( es, Real Academia Española, generally abbreviated as RAE) is Spain's official royal institution with a mission to ensure the stability of the Spanish language. It is based in Madrid, Spain, and is affiliated with ...
says the Spanish word is a hybrid of the Taíno ('sweet potato
The sweet potato or sweetpotato (''Ipomoea batatas'') is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the Convolvulus, bindweed or morning glory family (biology), family, Convolvulaceae. Its large, starchy, sweet-tasting tuberous roots are used as a r ...
') and the Quechua ('potato'). The name originally referred to the sweet potato
The sweet potato or sweetpotato (''Ipomoea batatas'') is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the Convolvulus, bindweed or morning glory family (biology), family, Convolvulaceae. Its large, starchy, sweet-tasting tuberous roots are used as a r ...
although the two plants are not closely related. The 16th-century English herbalist John Gerard referred to sweet potatoes as ''common potatoes'', and used the terms ''bastard potatoes'' and ''Virginia potatoes'' for the species now known as potato. In many of the chronicles detailing agriculture and plants, no distinction is made between the two. Potatoes are occasionally referred to as ''Irish potatoes'' or ''white potatoes'' in the United States, to distinguish them from sweet potatoes.
The name ''spud'' for a potato comes from the digging of soil (or a hole) prior to the planting of potatoes. The word has an unknown origin and was originally () used as a term for a short knife or dagger, probably related to the Latin , a word root meaning "sword"; compare Spanish , English "spade", and '' spadroon''. It subsequently transferred over to a variety of digging tools. Around 1845, the name transferred to the tuber itself, the first record of this usage being in New Zealand English
New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created.
New or NEW may refer to:
Music
* New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz
Albums and EPs
* ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013
* ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, ...
. The origin of the word ''spud'' has erroneously been attributed to an 18th-century activist group dedicated to keeping the potato out of Britain, calling itself the Society for the Prevention of Unwholesome Diet. It was Mario Pei's 1949 ''The Story of Language'' that can be blamed for the word's false origin
False or falsehood may refer to:
*False (logic), the negation of truth in classical logic
*Lie or falsehood, a type of deception in the form of an untruthful statement
*false (Unix), a Unix command
* ''False'' (album), a 1992 album by Gorefest
*Ma ...
. Pei wrote "the potato, for its part, was in disrepute some centuries ago. Some Englishmen who did not fancy potatoes formed a Society for the Prevention of Unwholesome Diet. The initials of the main words in this title gave rise to spud." Like many other claimed pre-20th century acronymic origins, this is false, and there is no evidence that a Society for the Prevention of Unwholesome Diet ever existed.
At least seven languages—Afrikaans, Dutch, French, (West) Frisian, Hebrew, Persian and some variants of German—are known to use a term for "potato" that translates roughly (or literally) into English as "earth apple" or "ground apple".
Biology
Taxonomic synonyms
{{collapsible list, * ''Battata tuberosa'' {{small, (L. Hill) * ''Larnax sylvarum'' subsp. ''novogranatensis'' {{small, (N.W.Sawyer) * ''Lycopersicon tuberosum'' {{small, (L. Mill.) * ''Parmentiera edulis'' {{small, (Raf.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' {{small, (Juz. & Bukasov) * ''Solanum andigenum'' convar. ''acutifolium'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' convar. ''adpressipilosum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''alccai-huarmi'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''ancacc-maquin'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''arcuatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' subsp. ''argentinicum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' subsp. ''australiperuvianum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' subsp. ''aya-papa'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''aymaranum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''basiscopum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''bifidum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''bolivianum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' subsp. ''bolivianum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' convar. ''brachistylum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' convar. ''brevicalyces'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''brevicalyx'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' convar. ''brevipilosum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''caesium'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''caiceda'' {{small, (Bukasov) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''carhua'' {{small, (Vargas) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''ccompetillo'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''ccompis'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''ccusi'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' subsp. ''centraliperuvianum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''cevallosii'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''chalcoense'' {{small, (Bukasov) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''chimaco'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''ckello-huaccoto'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''coeruleum'' {{small, (Lechn. ex Bukasov) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''colombianum'' {{small, (Bukasov) * ''Solanum andigenum'' subsp. ''colombianum'' {{small, ((Bukasov) Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''conicicolumnatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''cryptostylum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' convar. ''curtibaccatum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''cuzcoense'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''digitotuberosum'' {{small, (Vargas) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''dilatatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''discolor'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' subsp. ''ecuatorianum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' convar. ''elongatibaccatum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''elongatipedicellatum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''globosum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''grauense'' {{small, (Vargas) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''guatemalense'' {{small, (Bukasov) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''hederiforme'' {{small, (Bukasov) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''herrerae'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''huaca-layra'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''huairuru'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''huallata'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''huaman-uma'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''imilla'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''incrassatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''juninum'' {{small, (Bukasov) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''lanciacuminatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''lapazense'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''latius'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''lecke-umo'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''lilacinoflorum'' {{small, (Bukasov) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''lisarassa'' {{small, (Bukasov) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''llutuc-runtum'' {{small, (Lechn. ex Bukasov) * ''Solanum andigenum'' convar. ''longiacuminatum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''longibaccatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' convar. ''macron'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''magnicorollatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''mexicanum'' {{small, (Bukasov) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''microstigma'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' convar. ''microstigmatum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''nodosum'' {{small, (Bukasov) * ''Solanum andigenum'' convar. ''nudiculum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' convar. ''obtusiacuminatum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''ovatibaccatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''pacus'' {{small, (Lechn. ex Bukasov) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''pallidum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''platyantherum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''pomacanchicum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''ppacc-nacha'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''ppaqui'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' convar. ''puca-mata'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''quechuanum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''sihuanum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''socco-huaccoto'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' convar. ''stenon'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' var. ''stenophyllum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''sunchchu'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' subsp. ''tarmense'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''tenue'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''tiahuanacense'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' convar. ''titicacense'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''tocanum'' {{small, (Bukasov) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''tolucanum'' {{small, (Bukasov) * ''Solanum andigenum'' f. ''uncuna'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum apurimacense'' {{small, (Vargas) * ''Solanum aracatscha'' {{small, (Besser) * ''Solanum aracc-papa'' {{small, (Juz. ex Rybin) * ''Solanum ascasabii'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum boyacense'' {{small, (Juz. & Bukasov) * ''Solanum caniarense'' {{small, (Juz. & Bukasov) * ''Solanum cardenasii'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum cayeuxi'' {{small, (Berthault) * ''Solanum chariense'' {{small, (A.Chev.) * ''Solanum chaucha'' {{small, (Juz. & Bukasov) * ''Solanum chaucha'' var. ''ccoe-sulla'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum chaucha'' var. ''ckati'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum chaucha'' var. ''khoyllu'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum chaucha'' var. ''puca-suitu'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum chaucha'' f. ''purpureum'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum chaucha'' f. ''roseum'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum chaucha'' var. ''surimana'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum chiloense'' {{small, ((A.DC.) Berthault) * ''Solanum chilotanum'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum chilotanum'' var. ''angustifurcatum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum chilotanum'' f. ''magnicorollatum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum chilotanum'' f. ''parvicorollatum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum chilotanum'' var. ''talukdarii'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum chocclo'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum churuspi'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum coeruleiflorum'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum cultum'' {{small, ((A.DC.) Berthault) * ''Solanum diemii'' {{small, (E.Brucher) * ''Solanum dubium'' {{small, (E.H.L.Krause) * ''Solanum erlansonii'' {{small, (Anon.) * ''Solanum esculentum'' {{small, (Neck.) * ''Solanum estradea'' {{small, (L.E.López) * ''Solanum goniocalyx'' {{small, (Juz. & Bukasov) * ''Solanum goniocalyx'' var. ''caeruleum'' {{small, (Vargas) * ''Solanum herrerae'' {{small, (Juz.) * ''Solanum hygrothermicum'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum kesselbrenneri'' {{small, (Juz. & Bukasov) * ''Solanum leptostigma'' {{small, (Juz.) * ''Solanum leptostigma'' {{small, (Juz. ex Bukasov) * ''Solanum macmillanii'' {{small, (Bukasov) * ''Solanum maglia'' var. ''chubutense'' {{small, (Bitter) * ''Solanum maglia'' var. ''guaytecarum'' {{small, (Bitter) * ''Solanum mamilliferum'' {{small, (Juz. & Bukasov) * ''Solanum molinae'' {{small, (Juz.) * ''Solanum oceanicum'' {{small, (Brücher) * ''Solanum ochoanum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum paramoense'' {{small, (Bitter ex Pittier) * ''Solanum parmentieri'' {{small, (Molina ex Walp.) * ''Solanum parvicorollatum'' {{small, (Lechn.) * ''Solanum phureja'' {{small, (Juz. & Bukasov) * ''Solanum phureja'' var. ''caeruleum'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum phureja'' var. ''erlansonii'' {{small, ((Bukasov & Lechnovitch) Ochoa) * ''Solanum phureja'' subsp. ''estradae'' {{small, ((L.E.López) Hawkes) * ''Solanum phureja'' var. ''flavum'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum phureja'' subsp. ''hygrothermicum'' {{small, ((Ochoa) Hawkes) * ''Solanum phureja'' var. ''janck'o-phureja'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum phureja'' var. ''macmillanii'' {{small, ((Bukasov & Lechnovitch) Ochoa) * ''Solanum phureja'' f. ''orbiculatum'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum phureja'' var. ''pujeri'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum phureja'' var. ''rubroroseum'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum phureja'' var. ''sanguineum'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum phureja'' f. ''sayhuanimayo'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum phureja'' f. ''timusi'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum phureja'' f. ''viuda'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum riobambense'' {{small, (Juz. & Bukasov) * ''Solanum rybinii'' {{small, (Juz. & Bukasov) * ''Solanum rybinii'' var. ''bogotense'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum rybinii'' var. ''boyacense'' {{small, ((Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes) * ''Solanum rybinii'' var. ''pastoense'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum rybinii'' var. ''popayanum'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum sabinei'' {{small, ((A.DC.) Berthault) * ''Solanum sanmartinense'' {{small, (Brücher) * ''Solanum sendigena'' {{small, (Juz. & Bukasov) * ''Solanum sinense'' {{small, (Blanco) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' {{small, (Juz. & Bukasov) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''alcay-imilla'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''canasense'' {{small, (Vargas) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''canastilla'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''catari-papa'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''ccami'' {{small, ((Bukasov) Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' var. ''ccami'' {{small, (Bukasov) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' var. ''chapina'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''chilcas'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''chincherae'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''chojllu'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''cochicallo'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''cohuasa'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''cuchipacon'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' var. ''cyaneum'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''eucaliptae'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' subsp. ''goniocalyx'' {{small, ((Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''huallata-chinchi'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''huamanpa-uman'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''huanuchi'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' var. ''huicu'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''kamara'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''kantillero'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' var. ''keccrana'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''kehuillo'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''koso-nahui'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' var. ''megalocalyx'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''negrum'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''orcco-amajaya'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''pallidum'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' var. ''peruanum'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''phinu'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''phitu-huayacas'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''piticana'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' var. ''pitiquilla'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''pitoca'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' var. ''poccoya'' {{small, (Vargas) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''puca'' {{small, (Vargas) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' var. ''puca-lunca'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' var. ''putis'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''roseum'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''tiele'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''yana-cculi'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum stenotomum'' f. ''yuracc'' {{small, (Vargas) * ''Solanum subandigenum'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum sylvestre'' {{small, (Audib. ex Dunal) * ''Solanum tarmense'' {{small, (Bukasov) * ''Solanum tascalense'' {{small, (Brücher) * ''Solanum tenuifilamentum'' {{small, (Juz. & Bukasov) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''acuminatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''aethiopicum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''alaudinum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''album'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''alkka-imilla'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''alkka-silla'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''amajaya'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' subsp. ''andigenum'' {{small, ((Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''anglicum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''araucanum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''auriculatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''azul-runa'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''batatinum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''bertuchii'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''borsdorfianum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''brachyceras'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''brachykalukon'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''brevipapillosum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''brevipilosum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''bufoninum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''californicum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''camota'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''cepinum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''chaped'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''chiar-lelekkoya'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''chiar-pala'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' subsp. ''chiloense'' {{small, ((A.DC.) L.I.Kostina) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''chiloense'' {{small, (A.DC.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''chilotanum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''chojo-sajama'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''chubutense'' {{small, ((Bitter) Hawkes) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''conicum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''conocarpum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''contortum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''coraila'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''cordiforme'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''corsicanum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''crassifilamentum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''crassipedicellatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''cucumerinum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''cultum'' * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''drakeanum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''elegans'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''elongatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''elongatum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''enode'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''erythroceras'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''fragariinum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''guaytecarum'' {{small, ((Bitter) Hawkes) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''hassicum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''helenanum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''hispanicum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''holsaticum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''huaca-zapato'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''huichinkka'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''indianum'' {{small, (Lechn. ex Bukasov) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''infectum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''isla-imilla'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''jancck'o-kkoyllu'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''janck'o-chockella'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''janck'o-pala'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''julianum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''kaunitzii'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''kunurana'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''laram-lelekkoya'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''latum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''laurentianum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''lelekkoya'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''leonhardianum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''mahuinhue'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''malcachu'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''melanoceras'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''menapianum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''merceri'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''milagro'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''montticum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''multibaccatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''murukewillu'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''nigrum'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''nobile'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''norfolcicum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''nucinum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''oculosum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''ovatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''overita'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''palatinatum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''pecorum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''peruvianum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''pichuna'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''pillicuma'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''platyceras'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''polemoniifolium'' {{small, (J.Rémy) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''praecox'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''praedicandum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''pulo'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''putscheanum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''recurvatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''reniforme'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''rockii'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''rossicum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''rubrisuturatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''rugiorum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''runa'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''sabinei'' {{small, (A.DC.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''saccharatum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''salamandrinum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''sani-imilla'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''schnittspahnii'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''sebastianum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''sesquimensale'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''sicha'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''sipancachi'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''strobilinum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''surico'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''taraco'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''tener'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''tenuipedicellatum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''thalassinum'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''tinctorium'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''tinguipaya'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''ulmense'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''versicolor'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''villaroella'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''viride'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''vuchefeldicum'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''vulgare'' {{small, (Macloskie) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''vulgare'' {{small, (Hook.f.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''wila-huaycku'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''wila-imilla'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''wila-k'oyu'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''wila-monda'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''wila-pala'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''xanthoceras'' {{small, (Alef.) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' f. ''yurac-taraco'' {{small, (Ochoa) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' var. ''yutuense'' {{small, (Bukasov & Lechn.) * ''Solanum utile'' {{small, (Klotzsch) * ''Solanum yabari'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum yabari'' var. ''cuzcoense'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum yabari'' var. ''pepino'' {{small, (Hawkes) * ''Solanum zykinii'' {{small, (Lechn.)Description
Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that grow about {{cvt, 60, cm, in high, depending on variety, with the leaves dying back after flowering, fruiting and tuber formation. They bear white, pink, red, blue, or purple flowers with yellow stamen
The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10
Morphology and terminology
A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filame ...
s. Potatoes are mostly cross-pollinated by insects such as bumblebees, which carry pollen from other potato plants, though a substantial amount of self-fertilizing occurs as well. Tubers form in response to decreasing day length, although this tendency has been minimized in commercial varieties.
After flowering, potato plants produce small green fruits
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering.
Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particula ...
that resemble green cherry tomatoes, each containing about 300 seeds. Like all parts of the plant except the tubers, the fruit contain the toxic alkaloid solanine
Solanine is a glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family within the genus ''Solanum'', such as the potato (''Solanum tuberosum''), the tomato (''Solanum lycopersicum''), and the eggplant (''Solanum melongena''). It can occu ...
and are therefore unsuitable for consumption. All new potato varieties are grown from seeds, also called "true potato seed", "TPS" or "botanical seed" to distinguish it from seed tubers. New varieties grown from seed can be propagated vegetatively by planting tubers, pieces of tubers cut to include at least one or two eyes, or cuttings, a practice used in greenhouses for the production of healthy seed tubers. Plants propagated from tubers are clones of the parent, whereas those propagated from seed produce a range of different varieties.
Potatoes, both ''S. tuberosum'' and most of its wild relatives, are self-incompatible: they bear no useful fruit when self-pollinated. This trait is problematic for crop breeding, as all sexually-produced plants must be hybrids. The gene responsible for its trait as well as mutations to disable it are now known. Self-compatibility has successfully been introduced both to diploid potatoes (including a special line of ''S. tuberosum'') by CRISPR-Cas9
Cas9 (CRISPR associated protein 9, formerly called Cas5, Csn1, or Csx12) is a 160 kilodalton protein which plays a vital role in the immunological defense of certain bacteria against DNA viruses and plasmids, and is heavily utilized in genetic ...
. Plants having a 'Sli' gene produce pollen which is compatible to its own parent and plants with similar S genes.{{cite journal, last1=Hosaka, first1=Kazuyoshi, last2=Hanneman, first2=Robert E. Jr., title=Genetics of self-compatibility in a self-incompatible wild diploid potato species ''Solanum chacoense''. 1. Detection of an S locus inhibitor (Sli) gene , journal=Euphytica
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
Originally founded in 1842 in ...
, publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
Originally founded in 1842 i ...
, volume=99, issue=3, year=1998, issn=0014-2336, doi=10.1023/a:1018353613431, pages=191–197, s2cid=40678039 , url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1018353613431 This gene was recently cloned by Wageningen University and Solynta in 2021, which would allow for faster and more focused breeding.{{cite journal, last1=Eggers, first1=Ernst-Jan, last2=Burgt, first2=van der, last3=Heusden, first3=van, last4=W., first4=Sjaak A., last5=Vries, first5=de, last6=E., first6=Michiel, last7=Visser, first7=Richard G. F., last8=Bachem, first8=Christian W. B., last9=Lindhout, first9=Pim, title=Neofunctionalisation of the Sli gene leads to self-compatibility and facilitates precision breeding in potato, journal= Nature Communications, volume=12, issue=1, date=2021-07-06, page=4141 , issn=2041-1723, doi=10.1038/s41467-021-24267-6, pmid=34230471 , pmc=8260583 , bibcode=2021NatCo..12.4141E
This study...
{{cite journal, last1=Ma, first1=Ling, last2=Zhang, first2=Chunzhi, last3=Zhang, first3=Bo, last4=Tang, first4=Fei, last5=Li, first5=Futing, last6=Liao, first6=Qinggang, last7=Tang, first7=Die, last8=Peng, first8=Zhen, last9=Jia, first9=Yuxin, last10=Gao, first10=Meng, last11=Guo, first11=Han, last12=Zhang, first12=Jinzhe, last13=Luo, first13=Xuming, last14=Yang, first14=Huiqin, last15=Gao, first15=Dongli, last16=Lucas, first16=William J., last17=Li, first17=Canhui, last18=Huang, first18=Sanwen, last19=Shang, first19=Yi, title=A nonS-locus F-box gene breaks self-incompatibility in diploid potatoes, journal= Nature Communications, publisher= Nature Portfolio, volume=12, issue=1, date=2021-07-06, page=4142 , issn=2041-1723, doi=10.1038/s41467-021-24266-7, pmid=34230469 , pmc=8260799 , bibcode=2021NatCo..12.4142M
...is cited by this review:
{{ Cite journal
, language = en
, year = 2022
, volume = 69
, publisher = Elsevier Ltd.
Elsevier () is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. Its products include journals such as ''The Lancet'', ''Cell'', the ScienceDirect collection of electronic journals, '' Trends'', th ...
, first4 = Kentaro
, first3 = Kanae
, first2 = Katharina
, first1 = Takashi
, last4 = Shimizu
, last3 = Masuda
, last2 = Jung
, last1 = Akagi
, pages = 102255
, journal = Current Opinion in Plant Biology
, issn = 1369-5266
, title = Polyploidy before and after domestication of crop species
, pmid = 35870416
, s2cid = 250962663
, doi = 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102255
Diploid
Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectively ...
hybrid potato breeding is a recent area of potato genetics supported by the finding that homozygous fixation of donor alleles is possible.{{cite journal, last1=Lindhout, first1=Pim, last2=Meijer, first2=Dennis, last3=Schotte, first3=Theo, last4=Hutten, first4=Ronald C. B., last5=Visser, first5=Richard G. F., last6=van Eck, first6=Herman J., title=Towards F1 Hybrid Seed Potato Breeding, journal= Potato Research, publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
Originally founded in 1842 i ...
, volume=54, issue=4, year=2011, issn=0014-3065, doi=10.1007/s11540-011-9196-z, pages=301–312, s2cid=39719359
Genetics
There are about 5,000 potato varieties worldwide. Three thousand of them are found in the Andes alone, mainly in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, and Colombia. They belong to eight or nine species, depending on the taxonomic school. Apart from the 5,000 cultivated varieties, there are about 200 wild species and subspecies, many of which can be cross-bred with cultivated varieties. Cross-breeding has been done repeatedly to transfer resistances to certain pests and diseases from the gene pool of wild species to the gene pool of cultivated potato species.
The major species grown worldwide is ''Solanum tuberosum'' (a tetraploid with 48 chromosomes), and modern varieties of this species are the most widely cultivated. There are also four diploid species (with 24 chromosomes): ''S.{{nbspstenotomum'', ''S.{{nbspphureja'', ''S.{{nbspgoniocalyx'', and ''S.{{nbspajanhuiri''. There are two triploid species (with 36 chromosomes): ''S.{{nbspchaucha'' and ''S.{{nbspjuzepczukii''. There is one pentaploid cultivated species (with 60 chromosomes): ''S.{{nbspcurtilobum''. There are two major subspecies of ''Solanum tuberosum'': ''andigena'', or Andean; and ''tuberosum'', or Chilean. The Andean potato is adapted to the short-day conditions prevalent in the mountainous equatorial and tropical regions where it originated; the Chilean potato, however, native to the Chiloé Archipelago, is adapted to the long-day conditions prevalent in the higher latitude region of southern Chile.{{cite journal, url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-34582007000300011 , title=Molecular description and similarity relationships among native germplasm potatoes (''Solanum tuberosum'' ssp. ''tuberosum'' L.) using morphological data and AFLP markers , journal=Electronic Journal of Biotechnology
Electronic may refer to:
*Electronics, the science of how to control electric energy in semiconductor
* ''Electronics'' (magazine), a defunct American trade journal
* Electronic storage, the storage of data using an electronic device
* Electronic ...
, volume=10 , issue=3 , pages=436–443 , access-date=6 December 2009, doi=10.2225/vol10-issue3-fulltext-14 , date=July 2007 , last1=Anabalón Rodríguez , first1=Leonardo , last2=Morales Ulloa , first2=Daniza , last3=Solano Solis , first3=Jaime , hdl=10925/320 , hdl-access=free
The International Potato Center, based in Lima, Peru
Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of t ...
, holds 4,870 types of potato germplasm, most of which are traditional landrace cultivars. The international Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium announced in 2009 that they had achieved a draft sequence of the potato genome, containing 12 chromosomes and 860 million base pairs, making it a medium-sized plant genome. More than 99 percent of all current varieties of potatoes currently grown are direct descendants of a subspecies that once grew in the lowlands of south-central Chile.{{cite web , url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080129160727.htm , title=Using DNA, Scientists Hunt For The Roots Of The Modern Potato , author=Story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by University of Wisconsin–Madison , publisher=ScienceDaily (with information from a report originally appearing in the American Journal of Botany) , date=4 February 2008 , access-date=27 August 2011 Nonetheless, genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species affirms that all potato subspecies derive from a single origin in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme Northwestern Bolivia
, image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg
, flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center
, flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...
(from a species in the ''Solanum brevicaule'' complex).
Most modern potatoes grown in North America arrived through European settlement and not independently from the South American sources, although at least one wild potato species, '' Solanum fendleri'', naturally ranges from Peru into Texas, where it is used in breeding for resistance to a nematode
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-Parasitism, parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhab ...
species that attacks cultivated potatoes. A secondary center of genetic variability of the potato is Mexico, where important wild species that have been used extensively in modern breeding are found, such as the hexaploid '' Solanum demissum'', as a source of resistance to the devastating late blight disease.{{Cite journal, title=Potato and tomato late blight caused by ''Phytophthora infestans'': An overview of pathology and resistance breeding , last1=Nowicki, first1=Marcin, date=17 August 2011, doi= 10.1094/PDIS-05-11-0458, pmid=30731850, last2=Foolad, first2=Majid R., last3=Nowakowska, first3=Marzena, last4=Kozik , first4=Elzbieta U., journal= Plant Disease, publisher= American Phytopathological Society (APS), volume=96, issue=1, pages=4–17, display-authors=etal, doi-access=free Another relative native to this region, ''Solanum bulbocastanum
''Solanum bulbocastanum'', the ornamental nightshade, is a plant in the family Solanaceae, native to Mexico and parts of the U.S. Southwest. It is closely related to the potato and, as it has evolved strong resistance to all known varieties of p ...
'', has been used to genetically engineer the potato to resist potato blight.
Varieties
{{further, List of potato cultivars There are close to 4,000 varieties of potatoes, each of which has specific agricultural or culinary attributes. Around 80 varieties are commercially available in the UK. In general, varieties are categorized into a few main groups based on common characteristics, such as russet potatoes (rough brown skin), red potatoes, white potatoes, yellow potatoes (also called Yukon potatoes) and purple potatoes.
For culinary purposes, varieties are often differentiated by their waxiness: floury or mealy ''baking'' potatoes have more starch
Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants for energy storage. Worldwide, it is the most common carbohydrate in human diets ...
(20–22%) than waxy ''boiling'' potatoes (16–18%). The distinction may also arise from variation in the comparative ratio of two different potato starch compounds: amylose and amylopectin. Amylose, a long-chain molecule, diffuses from the starch granule when cooked in water, and lends itself to dishes where the potato is mashed. Varieties that contain a slightly higher amylopectin content, which is a highly branched molecule, help the potato retain its shape after being boiled in water. Potatoes that are good for making potato chips or potato crisps are sometimes called "chipping potatoes", which means they meet the basic requirements of similar varietal characteristics, being firm, fairly clean, and fairly well-shaped.
Immature potatoes may be sold fresh from the field as "creamer" or "new" potatoes{{anchor, creamer potatoes, new potatoes and are particularly valued for their taste. They are typically small in size and tender, with a loose skin, and flesh containing a lower level of starch
Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants for energy storage. Worldwide, it is the most common carbohydrate in human diets ...
than other potatoes. In the United States they are generally either a Yukon Gold potato
Yukon Gold is a large cultivar of potato most distinctly characterized by its thin, smooth, eye-free skin and yellow-tinged flesh. This potato was developed in the 1960s by Garnet ("Gary") Johnston in Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, with the hel ...
or a red potato, called gold creamers or red creamers respectively.{{cite web, url=http://www.recipetips.com/glossary-term/t--35863/creamer-potato.asp, title=Creamer Potato, publisher=recipetips.com, access-date=18 July 2008 In the UK, the Jersey Royal
The Jersey Royal is the marketing name of a type of potato grown in Jersey which has a Protected Designation of Origin. The potatoes are of the variety known as International Kidney and are typically grown as a new potato.
History
In around 1 ...
is a famous type of new potato. They are distinct from "baby", "salad" or " fingerling" potatoes, which are small and tend to have waxy flesh, but are grown to maturity and can be stored for months before being sold.
The European Cultivated Potato Database
{{Use Canadian English, date=April 2021
The European Cultivated Potato Database (ECPD) is an online collaborative database of potato variety descriptions. The information that it contains can be searched by variety name, or by selecting one or m ...
(ECPD) is an online collaborative database of potato variety descriptions that is updated and maintained by the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency within the framework of the European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic Resources Networks (ECP/GR)—which is run by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute
Bioversity International is a global research-for-development organization that delivers scientific evidence, management practices and policy options to use and safeguard agricultural biodiversity to attain global food security, food and nutrition ...
(IPGRI).
Pigmentation
Dozens of potato cultivars have been selectively bred
Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant mal ...
specifically for their skin or, more commonly, flesh color, including gold, red, and blue varieties that contain varying amounts of phytochemical
Phytochemicals are chemical compounds produced by plants, generally to help them resist fungi, bacteria and plant virus infections, and also consumption by insects and other animals. The name comes . Some phytochemicals have been used as poisons ...
s, including carotenoids for gold/yellow or polyphenols for red or blue cultivars.{{cite journal, last1=Hirsch , first1=C.N., last2=Hirsch, first2=C.D., last3=Felcher, first3=K, last4=Coombs, first4=J, last5=Zarka, first5=D, last6=Van Deynze, first6=A, last7=De Jong, first7=W, last8=Veilleux , first8=R.E. , last9=Jansky, first9=S, year=2013, title=Retrospective View of North American Potato (''Solanum tuberosum'' L.) Breeding in the 20th and 21st Centuries, journal= G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics , volume=3, issue=6, pages=1003–13, doi=10.1534/g3.113.005595, pmc=3689798, last10=Bethke, first10=P, last11=Douches, first11=D.S. , last12=Buell, first12=C.R., pmid=23589519 Carotenoid compounds include provitamin A A provitamin is a substance that may be converted within the body to a vitamin. The term previtamin is a synonym.
The term "provitamin" is used when it is desirable to label a substance with little or no vitamin activity, but which can be converted ...
alpha-carotene and beta-carotene, which are converted to the essential nutrient
A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excret ...
, vitamin A, during digestion. Anthocyanin
Anthocyanins (), also called anthocyans, are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, blue, or black. In 1835, the German pharmacist Ludwig Clamor Marquart gave the name Anthokyan to a chemical compo ...
s mainly responsible for red or blue pigmentation in potato cultivars do not have nutritional significance, but are used for visual variety and consumer appeal. In 2010, potatoes were bioengineered
Biological engineering or
bioengineering is the application of principles of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable, tangible, economically-viable products. Biological engineering employs knowledge and expertise from a number o ...
specifically for these pigmentation traits.
Genetically engineered potatoes
{{Main, Genetically engineered potato Genetic research has produced several genetically modified varieties. 'New Leaf', owned byMonsanto Company
The Monsanto Company () was an American agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation founded in 1901 and headquartered in Creve Coeur, Missouri. Monsanto's best known product is Roundup (herbicide), Roundup, a glyphosate-based herbic ...
, incorporates genes from ''Bacillus thuringiensis
''Bacillus thuringiensis'' (or Bt) is a gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, the most commonly used biological pesticide worldwide. ''B. thuringiensis'' also occurs naturally in the gut of caterpillars of various types of moths and butterflie ...
'', which confers resistance to the Colorado potato beetle; 'New Leaf Plus' and 'New Leaf Y', approved by US regulatory agencies during the 1990s, also include resistance to viruses. McDonald's, Burger King
Burger King (BK) is an American-based multinational chain store, chain of hamburger fast food restaurants. Headquartered in Miami-Dade County, Florida, the company was founded in 1953 as Insta-Burger King, a Jacksonville, Florida–based res ...
, Frito-Lay, and Procter & Gamble announced they would not use genetically modified potatoes, and Monsanto published its intent to discontinue the line in March 2001.
Potato starch contains two types of glucan
A glucan is a polysaccharide derived from D-glucose, linked by glycosidic bonds. Glucans are noted in two forms: alpha glucans and beta glucans. Many beta-glucans are medically important. They represent a drug target for antifungal medications of ...
, amylose and amylopectin, the latter of which is most industrially useful. Waxy potato varieties produce waxy potato starch, which is almost entirely amylopectin, with little or no amylose. BASF developed the Amflora potato, which was modified to express antisense RNA
Antisense RNA (asRNA), also referred to as antisense transcript, natural antisense transcript (NAT) or antisense oligonucleotide, is a single stranded RNA that is complementary to a protein coding messenger RNA (mRNA) with which it hybridizes, and ...
to inactivate the gene for granule bound starch synthase, an enzyme which catalyzes the formation of amylose. Amflora potatoes therefore produce starch consisting almost entirely of amylopectin, and are thus more useful for the starch industry. In 2010, the European Commission cleared the way for 'Amflora' to be grown in the European Union for industrial purposes only—not for food. Nevertheless, under EU rules, individual countries have the right to decide whether they will allow this potato to be grown on their territory. Commercial planting of 'Amflora' was expected in the Czech Republic and Germany in the spring of 2010, and Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...
and the Netherlands in subsequent years. Another GM potato variety developed by BASF is 'Fortuna' which was made resistant to late blight by adding two resistance genes, {{ Visible anchor, blb1 and {{ Visible anchor, blb2, which originate from the Mexican wild potato ''Solanum bulbocastanum''.{{ Clarify, date=December 2022, reason=Is this the same as #Rpi-blb1 below? If so these two should be next to each other, so this should be moved to that section or vice versa. In October 2011 BASF requested cultivation and marketing approval as a feed and food from the EFSA. In 2012, GMO development in Europe was stopped by BASF. In November 2014, the USDA approved a genetically modified potato developed by J.R. Simplot Company, which contains genetic modifications that prevent bruising and produce less acrylamide
Acrylamide (or acrylic amide) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH2=CHC(O)NH2. It is a white odorless solid, soluble in water and several organic solvents. From the chemistry perspective, acrylamide is a vinyl-substituted primary ...
when fried than conventional potatoes; the modifications do not cause new proteins to be made, but rather prevent proteins from being made via RNA interference.
Genetically modified varieties have met public resistance in the United States and in the European Union.{{cite news , title=A genetically modified potato, not for eating, is stirring some opposition in Europe
, work= The New York Times , url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/24/business/worldbusiness/24spuds.html
, access-date=15 November 2008 , first=Elisabeth , last=Rosenthal , date=24 July 2007
Biosynthesis of starch
Sucrose is a product of photosynthesis. Ferreira ''et al.'' (2010) found that the genes for starchbiosynthesis
Biosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined to form macromolecules. ...
start to be transcribed at the same time as sucrose synthase
In enzymology, a sucrose synthase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
:NDP-glucose + D-fructose NDP + sucrose
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are NDP-glucose and D-fructose, whereas its two products are NDP and suc ...
activity begins. This transcription – including starch synthase
In enzymology, a starch synthase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
:ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n \rightleftharpoons ADP + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n+1
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ADP-glucose and a chain ...
– also shows a diurnal rhythm, correlating with the sucrose supply arriving from the leaves.{{cite journal , last1=Zierer , first1=Wolfgang , last2=Rüscher , first2=David , last3=Sonnewald , first3=Uwe , last4=Sonnewald , first4=Sophia , title=Tuber and Tuberous Root Development , journal= Annual Review of Plant Biology , publisher= Annual Reviews , volume=72 , issue=1 , date=2021-06-17 , issn=1543-5008 , doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-084456 , pages=551–580, pmid=33788583 , s2cid=232482246
History
{{Main, History of the potato The potato was first domesticated in the region of modern-day southern Peru and northwesternBolivia
, image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg
, flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center
, flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...
by pre-Columbian farmers, around Lake Titicaca. It has since spread around the world and become a staple crop in many countries.
The earliest archaeologically verified potato tuber remains have been found at the coastal site of Ancon (central Peru), dating to 2500 BC. The most widely cultivated variety, ''Solanum tuberosum tuberosum
The potato is a starchy food, a tuber of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'' and is a root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae.
Wild potato species can be found from the southern United S ...
'', is indigenous to the Chiloé Archipelago, and has been cultivated by the local indigenous people since before the Spanish conquest.
According to conservative estimates, the introduction of the potato was responsible for a quarter of the growth in Old World
The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe , after Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia, which were previously thought of by the ...
population and urbanization between 1700 and 1900. In the Altiplano, potatoes provided the principal energy source for the Inca civilization, its predecessors, and its Spanish successor. Following the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spanish introduced the potato to Europe in the second half of the 16th century, part of the Columbian exchange
The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, commodities, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) in ...
. The staple was subsequently conveyed by European (possibly including Russian) mariners to territories and ports throughout the world, especially their colonies.{{cite book , last=Sauer , first=Jonathan , title=Historical Geography of Crop Plants : a Select Roster , publisher=CRC Press
The CRC Press, LLC is an American publishing group that specializes in producing technical books. Many of their books relate to engineering, science and mathematics. Their scope also includes books on business, forensics and information tec ...
, publication-place=Boca Raton, FL
Boca Raton ( ; es, Boca Ratón, link=no, ) is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. It was first incorporated on August 2, 1924, as "Bocaratone," and then incorporated as "Boca Raton" in 1925. The population was 97,422 in the ...
, year=2017 , isbn=978-0-203-75190-9 , oclc=1014382952 , page=320 {{isbn, 9780849389016 {{isbn, 9781351440622 {{isbn, 9781351440615 {{isbn, 9781351440639 {{isbn, 9780367449872 The potato was slow to be adopted by European and colonial farmers, but after 1750 it became an important food staple and field crop and played a major role in the European 19th century population boom. However, lack of genetic diversity, due to the very limited number of varieties initially introduced, left the crop vulnerable to disease. In 1845, a plant disease known as late blight, caused by the fungus-like oomycete '' Phytophthora infestans'', spread rapidly through the poorer communities of western Ireland as well as parts of the Scottish Highlands, resulting in the crop failures that led to the Great Irish Famine
The Great Famine ( ga, an Gorta Mór ), also known within Ireland as the Great Hunger or simply the Famine and outside Ireland as the Irish Potato Famine, was a period of starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1852 that constituted a ...
. However, thousands of varieties still persist in the Andes , where over 100 cultivars might be found in a single valley, and a dozen or more might be maintained by a single agricultural household.
Production
{{main, List of countries by potato production {, class="wikitable floatright" style="float:right; clear:left; width:18em;" , - ! colspan=2, Potato production – 2020 , - ! style="background:#ddf; width:75%;", Country ! style="background:#ddf; width:25%;", Production (millions of tonnes) , - , style="text-align: center;" , {{CHN , , style="text-align: center;" , 78.2 , - , style="text-align: center;" , {{IND , , style="text-align: center;" , 51.3 , - , style="text-align: center;" , {{RUS , , style="text-align: center;" , 22.5 , - , style="text-align: center;" , {{UKR , , style="text-align: center;" , 19.6 , - , style="text-align: center;" , {{USA , , style="text-align: center;" , 18.8 , - , style="text-align: center;" , World , , style="text-align: center;" , 359.1 , - , colspan=2 style="text-align: center;" , Source:FAOSTAT
The Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) website disseminates statistical data collected and maintained by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). FAOSTAT data are provided as a time-series from 1961 in mo ...
of the United Nations{{cite web, url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL, title=Potato production in 2020 Region/World/Production Quantity/Crops from pick lists, publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT), date=2022, access-date=7 January 2022
In 2020, world production of potatoes was 359 million tonnes, led by China with 22% of the total (table). Other major producers were India, Russia, Ukraine and the United States. It remains an essential crop in Europe (especially northern and eastern Europe), where per capita production is still the highest in the world, but the most rapid expansion over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia.
Nutrition
According to the United States Department of Agriculture, a typical raw potato is 79% water, 17%carbohydrates
In organic chemistry, a carbohydrate () is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where ''m'' may or may ...
(88% is starch
Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants for energy storage. Worldwide, it is the most common carbohydrate in human diets ...
), 2% protein, and contains negligible fat (see table). In a {{convert, 100, g, oz, frac=2, adj=on portion, raw potato provides {{convert, 322, kJ, kcal, abbr=off of food energy and is a rich source of vitamin B6 and vitamin C (23% and 24% of the Daily Value, respectively), with no other vitamins or minerals in significant amount (see table). The potato is rarely eaten raw because raw potato starch is poorly digested by humans. When a potato is baked, its contents of vitamin B6 and vitamin C decline notably, while there is little significant change in the amount of other nutrients.
Potatoes are often broadly classified as having a high glycemic index (GI) and so are often excluded from the diets of individuals trying to follow a low-GI diet. The GI of potatoes can vary considerably depending on the cultivar, growing conditions and storage, preparation methods (by cooking method, whether it is eaten hot or cold, whether it is mashed or cubed or consumed whole), and accompanying foods consumed (especially the addition of various high-fat or high-protein toppings). Consuming reheated or pre-cooked and cooled potatoes may yield a lower GI effect due to the formation of resistant starch.{{cite journal, vauthors=Fernandes G, Velangi A, Wolever TM , year=2005, title=Glycemic index of potatoes commonly consumed in North America, journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association
The ''Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics'' is the monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics published by Elsevier. It covers research in nutritional science, medical nutrition therapy, publ ...
, volume=105, pages=557–62, doi=10.1016/j.jada.2005.01.003, pmid=15800557, issue=4
In the UK, potatoes are not considered by the National Health Service (NHS) as counting or contributing towards the recommended daily five portions of fruit and vegetables, the 5-A-Day program.
Comparison to other staple foods
This table shows the nutrient content of potatoes next to other major staple foods, each one measured in its respective raw state on a dry weight basis to account for their different water contents, even though staple foods are not commonly eaten raw and are usually sprouted or cooked before eating. In sprouted and cooked form, the relative nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of each of these grains (or other foods) may be different from the values in this table. Each nutrient (every row) has the highest number highlighted to show the staple food with the greatest amount in a dry {{convert, 100, g portion. {{Comparison of major staple foods
Toxicity
Potatoes contain toxic compounds known as glycoalkaloids, of which the most prevalent are solanine
Solanine is a glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family within the genus ''Solanum'', such as the potato (''Solanum tuberosum''), the tomato (''Solanum lycopersicum''), and the eggplant (''Solanum melongena''). It can occu ...
and chaconine
α-Chaconine is a steroidal glycoalkaloid that occurs in plants of the family Solanaceae. It is a natural toxicant produced in green potatoes and gives the potato a bitter taste. Tubers produce this glycoalkaloid in response to stress, providing ...
. Solanine is found in other plants in the same family, Solanaceae
The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and orn ...
, which includes such plants as deadly nightshade (''Atropa belladonna
''Atropa belladonna'', commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade, is a toxic perennial herbaceous plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae, which also includes tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (aubergine). It is native to Europe, North ...
''), henbane ('' Hyoscyamus niger'') and tobacco ('' Nicotiana spp.''), as well as the food plants eggplant
Eggplant ( US, Canada), aubergine ( UK, Ireland) or brinjal (Indian subcontinent, Singapore, Malaysia, South Africa) is a plant species in the nightshade family Solanaceae. ''Solanum melongena'' is grown worldwide for its edible fruit.
Mos ...
and tomato. These compounds, which protect the potato plant from its predators, are generally concentrated in its leaves, flowers, sprouts, and fruits (in contrast to the tubers). In a summary of several studies, the glycoalkaloid content was highest in the flowers and sprouts and lowest in the tuber flesh. (The glycoalkaloid content was, in order from highest to lowest: flowers, sprouts, leaves, tuber skin, roots, berries, peel kin plus outer cortex of tuber flesh __NOTOC__
Kin usually refers to kinship and family.
Kin or KIN may also refer to:
Culture and religion
*Otherkin, people who identify as not entirely human
*Kinism, a white supremacist religious movement
* Kinh, the majority ethnic group of V ...
stems, and tuber flesh).
Exposure to light, physical damage, and age increase glycoalkaloid content within the tuber.{{cite web, url=http://www.csiro.au/resources/green-potatoes, title=Greening of potatoes, year=2005 , publisher=Food Science Australia, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125205141/http://www.csiro.au/resources/green-potatoes, archive-date=25 November 2011, url-status=dead, access-date=15 November 2008 Cooking at high temperatures—over {{cvt, 170, °C, °F—partly destroys these compounds. The concentration of glycoalkaloids in wild potatoes is sufficient to produce toxic effects in humans. Glycoalkaloid poisoning may cause headaches, diarrhea, cramps, and, in severe cases, coma and death. However, poisoning from cultivated potato varieties is very rare. Light exposure causes greening from chlorophyll
Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Its name is derived from the Greek words , ("pale green") and , ("leaf"). Chlorophyll allow plants to a ...
synthesis, giving a visual clue as to which areas of the tuber may have become more toxic. However, this does not provide a definitive guide, as greening and glycoalkaloid accumulation can occur independently of each other.
Different potato varieties contain different levels of glycoalkaloids. The Lenape
The Lenape (, , or Lenape , del, Lënapeyok) also called the Leni Lenape, Lenni Lenape and Delaware people, are an indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands, who live in the United States and Canada. Their historical territory includ ...
variety was released in 1967 but was withdrawn in 1970 as it contained high levels of glycoalkaloids.{{cite web, url=https://boingboing.net/2013/03/25/the-case-of-the-poison-potato.html, title=The case of the poison potato, publisher=boingboing.net, author=Marggie Koerth-Baker, date=25 March 2013, access-date=8 November 2015, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108070908/http://boingboing.net/2013/03/25/the-case-of-the-poison-potato.html, archive-date=8 November 2015, url-status=dead Since then, breeders developing new varieties test for this, and sometimes have to discard an otherwise promising cultivar. Breeders try to keep glycoalkaloid levels below {{cvt, 200, mg/kg (200 ppmw). However, when these commercial varieties turn green, they can still approach solanine
Solanine is a glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family within the genus ''Solanum'', such as the potato (''Solanum tuberosum''), the tomato (''Solanum lycopersicum''), and the eggplant (''Solanum melongena''). It can occu ...
concentrations of {{cvt, 1000, mg/kg (1000 ppmw). In normal potatoes, analysis has shown solanine levels may be as little as 3.5% of the breeders' maximum, with {{cvt, 7–187, mg/kg being found. While a normal potato tuber has {{cvt, 12–20, mg/kg of glycoalkaloid content, a green potato tuber contains {{cvt, 250–280, mg/kg and its skin has {{cvt, 1500–2200, mg/kg.
{{anchor, Growth, Cultivation
Growth and cultivation
{{anchor, Seed potatoSeed potatoes
Potatoes are generally grown from ''seed potatoes'', tubers specifically grown to be free from disease and to provide consistent and healthy plants. To be disease free, the areas where seed potatoes are grown are selected with care. In the US, this restricts production of seed potatoes to only 15 states out of all 50 states where potatoes are grown. These locations are selected for their cold, hard winters that kill pests and summers with long sunshine hours for optimum growth. In the UK, most seed potatoes originate in Scotland, in areas where westerly winds reduce aphid attack and the spread of potato virus pathogens. Potatoes can also be grown from true seeds.Phases of growth
Potato growth can be divided into five phases. During the first phase, sprouts emerge from the seed potatoes and root growth begins. During the second, photosynthesis begins as the plant develops leaves and branches above-ground andstolon
In biology, stolons (from Latin '' stolō'', genitive ''stolōnis'' – "branch"), also known as runners, are horizontal connections between organisms. They may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton; typically, animal stolons are external s ...
s develop from lower leaf axil
A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, st ...
s on the below-ground stem. In the third phase the tips of the stolons swell forming new tubers and the shoots continue to grow and flowers typically develop soon after. Tuber bulking occurs during the fourth phase, when the plant begins investing the majority of its resources in its newly formed tubers. At this phase, several factors are critical to a good yield: optimal soil moisture
Soil moisture is the water content of the soil. It can be expressed in terms of volume or weight. Soil moisture measurement can be based on ''in situ'' probes (e.g., capacitance probes, neutron probes) or remote sensing methods.
Water that enters ...
and temperature, soil nutrient availability and balance, and resistance to pest attacks. The fifth phase is the maturation of the tubers: the leaves and stems senesce and the tuber skins harden.{{cite journal, last1=Jefferies, first1=R. A., last2=Lawson, first2=H. M., title=A key for the stages of development of potato (''Solanum tuberosum''), journal=Annals of Applied Biology
The Association of Applied Biologists (AAB) is a United Kingdom biological science learned society. From its foundation in 1904 until 1934, the institution was the Association of Economic Biologists. It publishes research and holds conferences in ...
, volume=119, issue=2, year=1991, pages=387–399, issn=0003-4746, doi=10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb04879.x
Challenges
New tubers may start growing at the surface of the soil. Since exposure to light leads to an undesirable greening of the skins and the development of solanine
Solanine is a glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family within the genus ''Solanum'', such as the potato (''Solanum tuberosum''), the tomato (''Solanum lycopersicum''), and the eggplant (''Solanum melongena''). It can occu ...
as a protection from the sun's rays, growers cover surface tubers. Commercial growers cover them by piling additional soil around the base of the plant as it grows (called "hilling" up, or in British English "earthing up"). An alternative method, used by home gardeners and smaller-scale growers, involves covering the growing area with mulches such as straw or plastic sheets.{{cite web, url=http://suffolk-lamp.cit.cornell.edu/assets/Horticulture-Leaflets/Growing-Potatoes-in-the-Home-Garden.pdf, publisher= Cornell University Extension Service library Extension service may refer to:
* Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES), a USDA office
* Agricultural extension services, educational services offered to farmers and other growers
* Church extension service ...
, title=Growing Potatoes in the Home Garden, access-date=27 June 2010
Correct potato husbandry can be an arduous task in some circumstances. Good ground preparation, harrowing
In agriculture, a harrow is a farm implement used for surface tillage. It is used after ploughing for breaking up and smoothing out the surface of the soil. The purpose of harrowing is to break up clods and to provide a soil structure, call ...
, plowing, and rolling are always needed, along with a little grace from the weather and a good source of water. Three successive plowings, with associated harrowing and rolling, are desirable before planting. Eliminating all root-weeds is desirable in potato cultivation. In general, the potatoes themselves are grown from the eyes of another potato and not from seed. Home gardeners often plant a piece of potato with two or three eyes in a hill of mounded soil. Commercial growers plant potatoes as a row crop using seed tubers, young plants or microtubers and may mound the entire row. Seed potato crops are rogued in some countries to eliminate diseased plants or those of a different variety from the seed crop.
Potatoes are sensitive to heavy frost
Frost is a thin layer of ice on a solid surface, which forms from water vapor in an above-freezing atmosphere coming in contact with a solid surface whose temperature is below freezing, and resulting in a phase change from water vapor (a gas) ...
s, which damage them in the ground. Even cold weather makes potatoes more susceptible to bruising and possibly later rotting, which can quickly ruin a large stored crop.
Pests and disease
{{Main, List of potato diseases The historically significant '' Phytophthora infestans'' (late blight) remains an ongoing problem in Europe and the United States. Other potato diseases include '' Rhizoctonia'', '' Sclerotinia'', black leg, powdery mildew, powdery scab and leafroll virus.
Insects that commonly transmit potato diseases or damage the plants include the Colorado potato beetle, the potato tuber moth
''Phthorimaea operculella'', also known as the potato tuber moth or tobacco splitworm, is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is an oligophagous insect that feeds on the plant family Solanaceae and is especially known for being a major pest of ...
, the green peach aphid ('' Myzus persicae''), the potato aphid
''Macrosiphum euphorbiae'', the potato aphid, is a sap-sucking pest insect in the family Aphididae. It infests potatoes and a number of other commercially important crops.
Distribution
''Macrosiphum euphorbiae'' originated in North America but ...
, '' Tuta absoluta'', beet leafhopper
The beet leafhopper (''Circulifer tenellus''), also sometimes known as ''Neoaliturus tenellus'', is a species of leafhopper which belongs to the family Cicadellidae in the order Hemiptera.
Morphology
A lot of morphological diversity has be ...
s, thrips, and mites
Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods). Mites span two large orders of arachnids, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari, but genetic analysis does not show clear evid ...
. The potato cyst nematode is a microscopic worm that feeds on the roots, thus causing the potato plants to wilt. Since its eggs can survive in the soil for several years, crop rotation is recommended.
According to an Environmental Working Group analysis of USDA and FDA pesticide residue tests performed from 2000 through 2008, 84% of the 2,216 tested potato samples contained detectable traces of at least one pesticide. A total of 36 unique pesticides were detected on potatoes over the 2,216 samples, though no individual sample contained more than 6 unique pesticide traces, and the average was 1.29 detectable unique pesticide traces per sample. The average quantity of all pesticide traces found in the 2,216 samples was 1.602 ppm. While this was a very low value of pesticide residue, it was the highest amongst the 50 vegetables analyzed.
{{ Visible anchor, Rpi-blb1 is a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat
Resistance genes (R-Genes) are genes in plant genomes that convey plant disease resistance against pathogens by producing R proteins. The main class of R-genes consist of a nucleotide binding domain (NB) and a leucine rich repeat (LRR) do ...
(NB-LRR/NLR), an immunoreceptor
Non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors (NTRs), also called immunoreceptors or Src-family kinase-dependent receptors, are a group of cell surface receptors expressed by leukocytes that are important for cell migration and the recognition of ...
. It has been introgressed
Introgression, also known as introgressive hybridization, in genetics is the transfer of genetic material from one species into the gene pool of another by the repeated backcrossing of an interspecific hybrid with one of its parent species. Intr ...
from wild relatives (various '' Solanum'' spp.) into the common potato. Rpi-blb1 conveys resistance
Resistance may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Comics
* Either of two similarly named but otherwise unrelated comic book series, both published by Wildstorm:
** ''Resistance'' (comics), based on the video game of the same title
** ''T ...
to Late Blight (''P. infestans'').
{{ Cite journal
, language = en
, year = 2022
, volume = 66
, issue = 5
, department = Review
, publisher = Portland Press Limited (Biochemical Society
The Biochemical Society is a learned society in the United Kingdom in the field of biochemistry, including all the cellular and molecular biosciences.
Structure
It currently has around 7000 members, two-thirds in the UK. It is affiliated with th ...
)
, first2 = Doil
, first1 = Soohyun
, last2 = Choi
, last1 = Oh
, pages = 435–445
, journal = Essays in Biochemistry
An essay is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the author's own argument, but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of a letter, a paper, an article, a pamphlet, and a short story. Essays have been sub-classified as formal ...
, title = Receptor-mediated nonhost resistance in plants
, doi = 10.1042/EBC20210080
, pmid = 35388900
, s2cid = 247999992
, id = {{ORCID, 0000-0002-4366-3627
{{ Clarify, date=December 2022, reason=Is this the same as #blb1 above? If so these two should be next to each other, so this should be moved to that section or vice versa.
Harvest
At harvest time, gardeners usually dig up potatoes with a long-handled, three-prong "grape" (or graip), i.e., a spading fork, or a potato hook, which is similar to the graip but with tines at a 90 ° angle to the handle. In larger plots, the plow is the fastest implement for unearthing potatoes. Commercial harvesting is typically done with large potato harvester Potato harvesters are machines that harvest potatoes. They work by lifting the potatoes from the bed using a share. Soil and crop are transferred onto a series of webs where the loose soil is sieved out. The potatoes are moved towards the back of t ...
s, which scoop up the plant and surrounding earth. This is transported up an apron chain consisting of steel links several feet wide, which separates some of the dirt. The chain deposits into an area where further separation occurs. Different designs use different systems at this point. The most complex designs use vine choppers and shakers, along with a blower system to separate the potatoes from the plant. The result is then usually run past workers who continue to sort out plant material, stones, and rotten potatoes before the potatoes are continuously delivered to a wagon or truck. Further inspection and separation occurs when the potatoes are unloaded from the field vehicles and put into storage.
Potatoes are usually cured after harvest to improve skin-set. Skin-set is the process by which the skin of the potato becomes resistant to skinning damage. Potato tubers may be susceptible to skinning at harvest and suffer skinning damage during harvest and handling operations. Curing allows the skin to fully set and any wounds to heal. Wound-healing prevents infection and water-loss from the tubers during storage. Curing is normally done at relatively warm temperatures ({{convert, 50, to, 60, °F, °C, order=flip, disp=or) with high humidity and good gas-exchange if at all possible.
Storage
Storage facilities need to be carefully designed to keep the potatoes alive and slow the natural process of sprouting which involves the breakdown of starch. It is crucial that the storage area be dark, ventilated well, and, for long-term storage, maintained at temperatures near {{convert, 4, C, F. For short-term storage, temperatures of about {{convert, 7, to, 10, °C, °F are preferred.Potato storage, value Preservation: {{cite web , first = Pawanexh , last = Kohli , year = 2009 , title = Potato storage and value Preservation: The Basics , url = http://crosstree.info/Documents/POTATO_STORAGE.pdf , publisher = CrossTree techno-visors , access-date = 12 July 2009 , archive-date = 6 August 2020 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200806192307/http://www.crosstree.info/Documents/POTATO_STORAGE.pdf , url-status = dead
Temperatures below {{convert, 4, °C, °F convert the starch in potatoes into sugar, which alters their taste and cooking qualities and leads to higher acrylamide
Acrylamide (or acrylic amide) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH2=CHC(O)NH2. It is a white odorless solid, soluble in water and several organic solvents. From the chemistry perspective, acrylamide is a vinyl-substituted primary ...
levels in the cooked product, especially in deep-fried dishes. The discovery of acrylamides in starchy foods in 2002 has led to international health concerns.{{cn, date=October 2022 It is not likely that the acrylamides in burnt or well-cooked food causes cancer in humans.{{cite web , url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/cancer-myths/can-eating-burnt-foods-cause-cancer , publisher=Cancer Research UK , title=Can eating burnt foods cause cancer? , date=15 October 2021
Chemicals are used to suppress sprouting of tubers during storage. Chlorpropham
Chlorpropham or CIPC is a plant growth regulator and herbicide used as a sprout suppressant for grass weeds, alfalfa, lima and snap beans, blueberries, cane fruit, carrots, cranberries, ladino clover, garlic, seed grass, onions, spinach, sugar b ...
(CIPC) is the main chemical used, but toxicity concerns have led to it being banned in the EU.{{cite news , last1=Epp , first1=Melanie , title=The Worry with CIPC , url=https://european-seed.com/2021/04/the-worry-with-cipc/ , access-date=12 June 2021 , work=EuropeanSeed , date=2021-04-12 Alternatives are applying maleic hydrazide
Maleic hydrazide, often known by the brand name Fazor is a plant growth regulator that reduces growth through preventing cell division but not cell enlargement. It is applied to the foliage of potato, onion, garlic and carrot crops to prevent sprou ...
to the crop whilst it is still growing or the use of ethylene
Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula or . It is a colourless, flammable gas with a faint "sweet and musky" odour when pure. It is the simplest alkene (a hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds).
Ethylene i ...
, spearmint and orange oils and 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene.
Under optimum conditions in commercial warehouses, potatoes can be stored for up to 10–12 months. The commercial storage and retrieval of potatoes involves several phases: first ''drying'' surface moisture; ''wound healing'' at 85% to 95% relative humidity and temperatures below {{convert, 25, °C, °F; a staged ''cooling phase''; a ''holding'' phase; and a ''reconditioning'' phase, during which the tubers are slowly warmed. Mechanical ventilation is used at various points during the process to prevent condensation and the accumulation of carbon dioxide.
Yield
The world dedicated {{convert, 18.6, e6ha, e6acre, abbr=off to potato cultivation in 2010; the world average yield was {{convert, 17.4, t/ha, ST/acre, abbr=off. The United States was the most productive country, with a nationwide average yield of {{convert, 44.3, t/ha, ST/acre, abbr=off.{{cite web, title=FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2010 data , publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , year=2011 , url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114151638/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567 , archive-date=14 January 2013 United Kingdom was a close second. New Zealand farmers have demonstrated some of the best commercial yields in the world, ranging between 60 and 80 tonnes per hectare, some reporting yields of 88 tonnes of potatoes per hectare. There is a big gap among various countries between high and low yields, even with the same variety of potato. Average potato yields in developed economies ranges between {{ Convert, 38 and 44, MT/ha. China and India accounted for over a third of world's production in 2010, and had yields of {{convert, 14.7 and 19.9, MT/ha respectively. The yield gap between farms in developing economies and developed economies represents an opportunity loss of over {{ Convert, 400, e6MT, e6ST e6LT, abbr=off of potato, or an amount greater than 2010 world potato production. Potato crop yields are determined by factors such as the crop breed, seed age and quality, crop management practices and the plant environment. Improvements in one or more of these yield determinants, and a closure of the yield gap, can be a major boost to food supply and farmer incomes in the developing world. The food energy yield of potatoes—about {{convert, 9.2, e6kcal/acre, GJ/ha, abbr=off, order=flip—is higher than that of maize ({{convert, 7.5, e6kcal/acre, GJ/ha, abbr=unit, disp=or, order=flip), rice ({{convert, 7.4, e6kcal/acre, GJ/ha, abbr=unit, disp=or, order=flip), wheat ({{convert, 3, e6kcal/acre, GJ/ha, abbr=unit, disp=or, order=flip), orsoybeans
The soybean, soy bean, or soya bean (''Glycine max'') is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses.
Traditional unfermented food uses of soybeans include soy milk, from which tofu and ...
({{convert, 2.8, e6kcal/acre, GJ/ha, abbr=unit, disp=or, order=flip).{{cite book , first1=Audrey , last1=Ensminger , first2=M.E., last2=Ensminger, first3=James E., last3=Konlande, title=Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia , year=1994 , publisher=CTC Press , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMA9gYIj-C4C&pg=PA1104, isbn=978-0-8493-8981-8, page=1104
Climate change
{{Main, Climate change and potatoes Climate change is predicted to have significant effects on global potato production.{{cite journal, last=Haverkort, first=A. J., author2=Verhagen, A., title=Climate Change and Its Repercussions for the Potato Supply Chain, journal= Potato Research, date=October 2008, volume=51, issue=3–4, pages=223–237, doi=10.1007/s11540-008-9107-0, s2cid=22794078 Like many crops, potatoes are likely to be affected by changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, temperature and precipitation, as well as interactions between these factors. As well as affecting potatoes directly, climate change will also affect the distributions and populations of many potato diseases and pests.Uses
{{See also, List of potato dishes {{See also, Potato cooking
Potatoes are prepared in many ways: skin-on or peeled, whole or cut up, with seasonings or without. The only requirement involves cooking to swell the starch granules. Most potato dishes are served hot but some are first cooked, then served cold, notably potato salad and potato chips (crisps). Common dishes are: mashed potatoes, which are first boiled (usually peeled), and then mashed with milk or yogurt and butter; whole baked potatoes; boiled or steamed potatoes; French-fried potatoes or chips; cut into cubes and roasted
Roasting is a cooking method that uses dry heat where hot air covers the food, cooking it evenly on all sides with temperatures of at least from an open flame, oven, or other heat source. Roasting can enhance the flavor through caramelization ...
; scalloped, diced, or sliced and fried ( home fries); grated into small thin strips and fried ( hash browns); grated and formed into dumpling
Dumpling is a broad class of dishes that consist of pieces of dough (made from a variety of starch sources), oftentimes wrapped around a filling. The dough can be based on bread, flour, buckwheat or potatoes, and may be filled with meat, fi ...
s, Rösti or potato pancake
Potato pancakes are Frying, shallow-fried pancakes of grated or ground potato, matzo meal or flour and a binding ingredient such as Egg as food, egg or applesauce, often flavored with grated garlic or onion and seasoning. They may be topped with ...
s. Unlike many foods, potatoes can also be easily cooked in a microwave oven and still retain nearly all of their nutritional value, provided they are covered in ventilated plastic wrap to prevent moisture from escaping; this method produces a meal very similar to a steamed potato, while retaining the appearance of a conventionally baked potato. Potato chunks also commonly appear as a stew
A stew is a combination of solid food ingredients that have been cooked in liquid and served in the resultant gravy. A stew needs to have raw ingredients added to the gravy. Ingredients in a stew can include any combination of vegetables and ...
ingredient. Potatoes are boiled between 10 and 25 minutes, depending on size and type, to become soft.
Other than for eating
Potatoes are also used for purposes other than eating by humans, for example: * Potatoes are used to brew alcoholic beverages such as vodka,poitín
Poitín (), anglicized as poteen () or potcheen, is a traditional Irish distilled beverage (40–90% ABV). Former common names for Poitín were "Irish moonshine" and "mountain dew". It was traditionally distilled in a small pot still and the te ...
, or akvavit.
* They are also used as fodder
Fodder (), also called provender (), is any agriculture, agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, domestic rabbit, rabbits, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. "Fodder" refers particularly to food g ...
for livestock. Livestock-grade potatoes, considered too small and/or blemished to sell or market for human use but suitable for fodder use, have been called ''chats'' in some dialects. They may be stored in bins until use; they are sometimes ensiled.{{Citation , last=Halliday , first=Les , display-authors=etal , title=Ensiling Potatoes , work=Prince Edward Island Agriculture and Fisheries , date=2015 , url=http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/af_fact_ensipot.pdf , access-date=27 January 2018 , postscript=. Some farmers prefer to steam them rather than feed them raw and are equipped to do so efficiently.
* Potato starch is used in the food industry as a thickener and binder for soups and sauces, in the textile industry as an adhesive, and for the manufacturing of papers and boards.{{cite book , title=Handbook of Potato Production, Improvement, and Postharvest , author1=Jai Gopal , author2=S.M. Paul Khurana , year=2006 , publisher= Haworth Press , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxy8pkP26NEC&pg=PA544, isbn=978-1-56022-272-9, page=544
* Potatoes are commonly used in plant research. The consistent parenchyma tissue, the clonal nature of the plant and the low metabolic activity make it an ideal model tissue for experiments on wound-response studies and electron transport.
* Potatoes have been delivered with personalized messages as a novelty. Potato delivery services include Potato Parcel and Mail A Spud.{{cite web, first1=Amy, last1=Atkins, url=http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/potato-parcel/Content?oid=3739387, title=Potato Parcel, work=Boise Weekly
''Boise Weekly'' is a newspaper in Boise, Idaho, United States. It was founded in 1992 by Andy and Debi Hedden-Nicely and Larry Regan.
It is owned by Adams Publishing Group's Western Division and is part of ''The Idaho Press''.
It has an unaudi ...
, publisher=Boise Weekly, date=16 March 2016, access-date=11 August 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808070630/http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/potato-parcel/Content?oid=3739387, archive-date=8 August 2016, url-status=dead
{{Anchor, Latin America
Latin America
Peruvian cuisine naturally contains the potato as a primary ingredient in many dishes, as around 3,000 varieties of this tuber are grown there.
Some of the more notable dishes include boiled potato as a base for several dishes or with ají-based sauces like in Papa a la Huancaína or ocopa, diced potato for its use in soups like in cau cau, or in Carapulca
Carapulcra, or carapulca, is an ancient Andean civilizations, Andean dish that has been prepared for centuries by both Quechua peoples and Aymara peoples. The original term for this dish in the Aymara language is , which means a stew made with ho ...
with dried potato (papa seca). Smashed condimented potato is used in causa Limeña and papa rellena
Papas rellenas (English: stuffed potatoes) are the most popular type of croquettes in Latin American regions such as Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Mexico, Chile, Colombia, and the Caribbean (more so the Dominican Republic, Cuba and Puerto Rico). Th ...
. French-fried potatoes are a typical ingredient in Peruvian stir-fries, including the classic dish lomo saltado.
Chuño
Chuño () is a freeze drying, freeze-dried potato product traditionally made by Quechua people, Quechua and Aymara people, Aymara communities of Bolivia and Peru, and is known in various countries of South America, including Bolivia, Peru, Chile a ...
is a freeze-dried potato product traditionally made by Quechua and Aymara communities of Peru and Bolivia
, image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg
, flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center
, flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...
, and is known in various countries of South America, including Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. In Chile's Chiloé Archipelago, potatoes are the main ingredient of many dishes, including milcaos, chapaleles, curanto
Curanto (from arn, kurantu 'stony') is a traditional Chilote method of cooking food using heated rocks buried in a earth oven that is covered with pangue leaves and turf. The fundamental components are seafood, potatoes, along with other traditi ...
and chochoca. In Ecuador, the potato, as well as being a staple with most dishes, is featured in the hearty ''locro de papas'', a thick soup of potato, squash, and cheese.
Europe
In the UK, potatoes form part of the traditional staple, fish and chips
Fish and chips is a popular hot dish consisting of fried fish in crispy batter, served with chips. The dish originated in England, where these two components had been introduced from separate immigrant cultures; it is not known who created t ...
. Roast potatoes are commonly served as part of a Sunday roast dinner and mashed potatoes form a major component of several other traditional dishes, such as shepherd's pie, bubble and squeak, and bangers and mash
Bangers and mash, also known as sausages and mash, is a traditional British dish, consisting of sausages served with mashed potatoes. It may consist of one of a variety of flavoured sausages made of pork, lamb, or beef (often specifically Cumber ...
. New potatoes may be cooked with mint and are often served with butter.
The Tattie scone
A tattie scone (tottie scone) or potato scone is a regional variant of the savoury griddle scone which is especially popular in Scotland. Many variations of the recipe exist. They generally include liberal quantities of boiled potatoes, butte ...
is a popular Scottish dish containing potatoes. Colcannon
Colcannon () is a traditional Irish dish of mashed potatoes with cabbage or kale.
Description
Colcannon is most commonly made with only four ingredients: potatoes, butter, milk and cabbage (or kale). Irish historian Patrick Weston Joyce defined ...
is a traditional Irish food made with mashed potato, shredded kale
Kale (), or leaf cabbage, belongs to a group of cabbage (''Brassica oleracea'') cultivars grown for their edible leaves, although some are used as ornamentals. Kale plants have green or purple leaves, and the central leaves do not form a head ...
or cabbage, and onion; champ
Champ is the short form of champion. It may also refer to:
People
* Champ (nickname)
* Champ (surname)
* Champ Butler (1926–1992), American singer
* Champ Lyons (born 1940), justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama from 1998 to 2011
* Champ Se ...
is a similar dish. Boxty pancakes are eaten throughout Ireland, although associated especially with the North, and in Irish diaspora communities; they are traditionally made with grated potatoes, soaked to loosen the starch and mixed with flour, buttermilk and baking powder. A variant eaten and sold in Lancashire, especially Liverpool, is made with cooked and mashed potatoes.
In the UK, game chips
Game chips are a traditional British accompaniment to roast gamebirds, such as pheasant, grouse, partridge and quail. They are thin slices of potato (sometimes dusted with flour; often crinkle-cut), deep-fried, and may be served hot or cold. Th ...
are a traditional accompaniment to roast gamebirds such as pheasant, grouse, partridge and quail.
Powdered cooked potato has been sold in the UK since the 1960s as Smash and is used as a food for camping and domestically.
Halushky are the national dish of many Slavic nations. Halušky dumplings are made from a batter consisting of flour and grated potatoes. ''Bryndzové halušky
Bryndzové halušky () is one of the national dishes in Slovakia. This meal consists of halušky (boiled lumps of potato dough similar in appearance to gnocchi) and bryndza (a soft sheep cheese), optionally sprinkled with cooked bits of smoked pork ...
'' are associated to Slovak cuisine in particular.
In Germany, Northern
Northern may refer to the following:
Geography
* North, a point in direction
* Northern Europe, the northern part or region of Europe
* Northern Highland, a region of Wisconsin, United States
* Northern Province, Sri Lanka
* Northern Range, a ra ...
(Finland, Latvia and especially Scandinavian countries), Eastern Europe (Russia, Belarus and Ukraine) and Poland, newly harvested, early ripening varieties are considered a special delicacy. Boiled whole and served un-peeled with dill, these "new potatoes" are traditionally consumed with Baltic herring
Atlantic herring (''Clupea harengus'') is a herring in the family Clupeidae. It is one of the most abundant fish species in the world. Atlantic herrings can be found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, congregating in large schools. They can ...
. Puddings made from grated potatoes (kugel
Kugel ( yi, קוגל , pronounced ) is a baked casserole, most commonly made from lokshen or Jewish egg noodles ( ) or potato. It is a traditional Ashkenazi Jewish dish, often served on Shabbat and Jewish holidays. American Jews also serve it ...
, kugelis, and potato babka) are popular items of Ashkenazi
Ashkenazi Jews ( ; he, יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכְּנַז, translit=Yehudei Ashkenaz, ; yi, אַשכּנזישע ייִדן, Ashkenazishe Yidn), also known as Ashkenazic Jews or ''Ashkenazim'',, Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: , singu ...
, Lithuanian cuisine, Lithuanian, and Belarusian cuisine, Belarusian cuisine.{{cite book, author1=von Bremzen, Anya, author2=Welchman, John, title=Please to the Table: The Russian Cookbook, publisher=Workman Publishing, location=New York, year=1990, page319–20
isbn=978-0-89480-845-6, url=https://archive.org/details/pleasetotablethe00vonb/page/319 German fries, German fried potatoes and various versions of Potato salad are part of German cuisine. Bauernfrühstück (literally ''farmer's breakfast'') is a warm German dish made from fried potatoes, Egg (food), eggs, ham and vegetables.
Cepelinai is the national dish of Lithuania. They are a type of dumpling
Dumpling is a broad class of dishes that consist of pieces of dough (made from a variety of starch sources), oftentimes wrapped around a filling. The dough can be based on bread, flour, buckwheat or potatoes, and may be filled with meat, fi ...
made from grated raw potatoes boiled in water and usually stuffed with Ground meat, minced meat, although sometimes dry cottage cheese (curd) or mushrooms are used instead.
In Western Europe, especially in Belgium, sliced potatoes are fried to create ''frieten'', the original French fried potatoes. ''Stamppot'', a traditional Dutch meal, is based on mashed potatoes mixed with vegetables.
In France, the most notable potato dish is the ''Hachis Parmentier'', named after Antoine-Augustin Parmentier, a French pharmacist, nutritionist, and agronomist who, in the late 18th century, was instrumental in the acceptance of the potato as an edible crop in the country. ''Pâté aux pommes de terre'' is a regional potato dish from the central Allier and Limousin (region), Limousin regions. ''Gratin dauphinois'', consisting of baked thinly sliced potatoes with cream or milk, and ''tartiflette'', with Reblochon cheese, are also widespread.
In the north of Italy, in particular, in the Friuli region of the northeast, potatoes serve to make a type of pasta called gnocchi. Similarly, cooked and mashed potatoes or potato flour can be used in the Knödel or dumpling
Dumpling is a broad class of dishes that consist of pieces of dough (made from a variety of starch sources), oftentimes wrapped around a filling. The dough can be based on bread, flour, buckwheat or potatoes, and may be filled with meat, fi ...
eaten with or added to meat dishes all over central and Eastern Europe, but especially in Bavaria and Luxembourg. Potatoes form one of the main ingredients in many soups such as the vichyssoise and Albanian potato and cabbage soup. In western Norway, komle is popular.
Potato pancakes are popular all over Central Europe, and are also known in Scandinavia, and in Jewish cuisine.
A traditional Canary Islands dish is Canarian wrinkly potatoes or ''papas arrugadas''. ''Tortilla de patatas'' (potato omelette) and ''patatas bravas'' (a dish of fried potatoes in a spicy tomato sauce) are near-universal constituent of Spanish tapas.
North America
In the US, potatoes have become one of the most widely consumed crops and thus have a variety of preparation methods and condiments. French fries and often hash browns are commonly found in typical American fast-food burger "joints" and cafeterias. One popular favourite involves a baked potato with cheddar cheese (or sour cream and chives) on top, and in New England "smashed potatoes" (a chunkier variation on mashed potatoes, retaining the peel) have a great popularity. Potato flakes are popular as an instant variety of mashed potatoes, which reconstitute into mashed potatoes by adding water, with butter or oil and salt to taste. A regional dish of Central New York, salt potatoes are bite-size new potatoes boiled in water saturated with salt then served with melted butter. At more formal dinners, a common practice includes taking small red potatoes, slicing them, and roasting them in an iron skillet. Among American Jews, the practice of eating latkes (fried potato pancakes) is common during the festival of Hanukkah. A traditional Acadian dish from New Brunswick is known as ''poutine râpée''. The Acadian poutine is a ball of grated and mashed potato, salted, sometimes filled with pork in the centre, and boiled. The result is a moist ball about the size of a baseball (ball), baseball. It is commonly eaten with salt and pepper or brown sugar. It is believed to have originated from the German ''Klöße'', prepared by early German settlers who lived among the Acadians. ''Poutine'', by contrast, is a hearty serving of French fries, fresh cheese curds and hot gravy. Tracing its origins to Quebec in the 1950s, it has become a widespread and popular dish throughout Canada. Potato grading for Idaho potatoes is performed in which No. 1 potatoes are the highest quality and No. 2 are rated as lower in quality due to their appearance (e.g. blemishes or bruises, pointy ends). Potato density assessment can be performed by floating them in brines.{{cite book , last=Sivasankar , first=B. , year=2002 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbxGHBUY0BcC&pg=PA175 , title=Food Processing and Preservation , publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. , pages=175–77 , isbn=81-203-2086-7 High-density potatoes are desirable in the production of dehydrated mashed potatoes, potato crisps and french fries.South Asia
In South Asia, the potato is a very popular traditional staple. In India, the most popular potato dishes are ''aloo ki sabzi'', batata vada, and samosa, which is spicy mashed potato mixed with a small amount of vegetable stuffed in conical dough, and deep fried. Potatoes are also a major ingredient as fast food items, such as aloo chaat, where they are deep fried and served with chutney. In Northern India, alu dum and alu paratha are a favourite part of the diet; the first is a spicy curry of boiled potato, the second is a type of stuffed chapati. A dish called masala dosa from South India is very notable all over India. It is a thin pancake of rice and legume, pulse batter rolled over spicy smashed potato and eaten with sambhar and chutney. Poori in south India in particular in Tamil Nadu is almost always taken with smashed potato masal. Other favourite dishes are alu tikki and pakoda items. Vada pav is a popular vegetarian fast food dish in Mumbai and other regions in the Maharashtra in India. Aloo posto (a curry with potatoes and poppy seeds) is immensely popular in East India, especially Bengal. Although potatoes are not native to India, it has become a vital part of food all over the country especially North Indian food preparations. In Tamil Nadu this tuber acquired a name based on its appearance 'urulai-k-kizhangu' (உருளைக் கிழங்கு) meaning cylindrical tuber. The Aloo gosht, Potato and meat curry, is one of the popular dishes in South Asia, especially in Pakistan.East Asia
In East Asia, particularly Southeast Asia, rice is by far the predominant starch crop, with potatoes a secondary crop, especially in China and Japan. However, it is used in northern China where rice is not easily grown, with a popular dish being {{lang, zh-Hans, 青椒土豆丝 (''qīng jiāo tǔ dòu sī''), made with green pepper, vinegar and thin slices of potato. In the winter, roadside sellers in northern China will also sell roasted potatoes. It is also occasionally seen in Korean and Thai cuisines.{{cite book , title=Charmaine Solomon's Encyclopedia of Asian Food , author=Solomon, Charmaine , year=1996 , publisher=William Heinemann Australia , location=Melbourne , isbn=978-0-85561-688-5, page=293Cultural significance
In art
The potato has been an essential crop in the Andes since the pre-Columbian Era. The Moche (culture), Moche culture from Northern Peru made ceramics from the earth, water, and fire. This pottery was a sacred substance, formed in significant shapes and used to represent important themes. Potatoes are represented anthropomorphically as well as naturally. During the late 19th century, numerous images of potato harvesting appeared in European art, including the works of Willem Witsen and Anton Mauve. Van Gogh's 1885 painting ''The Potato Eaters'' portrays a family eating potatoes. Van Gogh said he wanted to depict peasants as they really were. He deliberately chose coarse and ugly models, thinking that they would be natural and unspoiled in his finished work.{{cite web, url=http://www.vggallery.com/visitors/004.htm, title=The Potato Eaters by Vincent van Gogh, last=van Tilborgh, first=Louis , year=2009, work=The Vincent van Gogh Gallery, access-date=11 September 2009 Jean-François Millet's ''The Potato Harvest'' depicts peasants working in the plains between Barbizon and Chailly. It presents a theme representative of the peasants' struggle for survival. Millet's technique for this work incorporated paste-like pigments thickly applied over a coarsely textured canvas.In popular culture
Invented in 1949, and marketed and sold commercially by Hasbro in 1952, Mr. Potato Head is an American toy that consists of a plastic potato and attachable plastic parts, such as ears and eyes, to make a face. It was the first toy ever advertised on television.{{cite web, url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/moc/collections/toys/construction_toys/mr_potato_head/index.html, title=Mr Potato Head, website=Museum of Childhood , publisher=V&A Museum of Childhood, access-date=11 September 2009 In June, 1992 at the Muñoz Rivera Elementary School spelling bee in Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. Vice President Dan Quayle#Potatoe, Dan Quayle was handed a flash card that incorrectly spelled "potato" as "potatoe" and then prompted a 12-year-old student to change his correct spelling.{{cite news, url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/29/nyregion/politics-how-do-you-spell-regret-one-man-s-take-on-it.html, title=How Do You Spell Regret? One Man's Take on It, first=Mark, last=Fass, work=The New York Times, access-date=March 20, 2009, date=August 29, 2004, archive-date=March 23, 2009, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323093130/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/29/nyregion/politics-how-do-you-spell-regret-one-man-s-take-on-it.html, url-status=live This incident was the subject of widespread ridicule.See also
{{portal, Food * Climate change and potatoes * Irish potato candy * List of potato cultivars * List of potato dishes * List of potato museums * Loy (spade), a form of early spade used in Ireland for the cultivation of potatoes * New World crops * Potato batteryReferences
Citations
{{ReflistGeneral and cited sources
{{Refbegin, 2 * ''Economist''. "Llamas and mash"''The Economist'' 28 February 2008 online
* ''Economist''. "The potato: Spud we like", (leader
''The Economist'' 28 February 2008 online
* {{cite journal , last1 = Boomgaard , first1 = Peter , year = 2003 , title = In the Shadow of Rice: Roots and Tubers in Indonesian History, 1500–1950 , journal = Agricultural History , volume = 77 , issue = 4, pages = 582–610 , jstor=3744936 , doi=10.1525/ah.2003.77.4.582 * Hawkes, J.G. (1990). ''The Potato: Evolution, Biodiversity & Genetic Resources'', Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC * {{cite book , last1 = Lang , first1 = James , year = 1975 , title = Notes of a Potato Watcher , series = Texas A&M University Agriculture series , isbn = 978-1-58544-138-9 , url-access = registration , url = https://archive.org/details/notesofpotatowat0000lang * {{Cite journal , last=Langer , first=William L , title=American Foods and Europe's Population Growth 1750–1850 , journal = Journal of Social History , volume = 8 , issue = 2, pages = 51–66 , jstor=3786266 , doi=10.1353/jsh/8.2.51, year=1975 * McNeill, William H. "How the Potato Changed the World's History." ''Social Research'' (1999) 66#1 pp. 67–83. {{ISSN, 0037-783X Fulltext: Ebsco, by a leading historian * {{cite journal , author = McNeill William H , year = 1948 , title = The Introduction of the Potato into Ireland , journal = Journal of Modern History , volume = 21 , issue = 3, pages = 218–21 , jstor=1876068 , doi=10.1086/237272, s2cid = 145099646 * Ó Gráda, Cormac. ''Black '47 and Beyond: The Great Irish Famine in History, Economy, and Memory.'' (1999). 272 pp. * Ó Gráda, Cormac, Richard Paping, and Eric Vanhaute, eds. ''When the Potato Failed: Causes and Effects of the Last European Subsistence Crisis, 1845–1850.'' (2007). 342 pp. {{ISBN, 978-2-503-51985-2. 15 essays by scholars looking at Ireland and all of Europe * Reader, John. ''Propitious Esculent: The Potato in World History'' (2008), 315pp a standard scholarly history * Salaman, Redcliffe N. (1989). ''The History and Social Influence of the Potato'', Cambridge University Press (originally published in 1949; reprinted 1985 with new introduction and corrections by J.G. Hawkes). * Stevenson, W.R., Loria, R., Franc, G.D., and Weingartner, D.P. (2001) ''Compendium of Potato Diseases'', 2nd ed, Amer. Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. * Zuckerman, Larry. ''The Potato: How the Humble Spud Rescued the Western World.'' (1998). 304 pp. Douglas & McIntyre. {{ISBN, 0-86547-578-4. {{Refend
Further reading
* {{cite book , editor =Bohl, William H. , editor2 =Johnson, Steven B. , title =Commercial Potato Production in North America: The Potato Association of America Handbook , publisher =The Potato Association of America , series =Second Revision of American Potato Journal Supplement Volume 57 and USDA Handbook 267 , year =2010 , url =http://potatoassociation.org/documents/A_ProductionHandbook_Final_000.pdf , url-status=dead , archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120816144218/http://potatoassociation.org/documents/A_ProductionHandbook_Final_000.pdf , archive-date =16 August 2012 , df =dmy-all * {{Cite news , agency=Reuters , title='Humble' Potato Emerging as World's Next Food Source , work=column , location=Japan , page=20 , date=11 May 2008 * {{Cite journal , last1=Spooner , first1=David M., first2=Karen, last2=McLean, first3=Gavin, last3=Ramsay, first4=Robbie, last4=Waugh, first5=Glenn J., last5=Bryan, date=October 2005 , title=A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping , journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), publisher=National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (NAS), volume=102 , issue=41 , pages=14694–14699 , doi=10.1073/pnas.0507400102 , pmid=16203994 , pmc=1253605, bibcode=2005PNAS..10214694S, doi-access=freeThe World Potato Atlas
released by the International Potato Center in 2006 and regularly updated. Includes current chapters of 15 countries: ** South America: (English and Spanish): Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru ** Africa: Cameroon, Ethiopia, Kenya ** Eurasia: Armenia, Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan ** 38 others as brief "archive" chapters ** Further information links a
Other Materials
* World Geography of the Potato a
UGA.edu
released in 1993.
''Atlas of Wild Potatoes''
(2002), Systematic and Ecogeographic Studies on Crop Genepools 10, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), {{ISBN, 9789290435181 * Gauldie, Enid (1981). The Scottish Miller 1700–1900. Pub. John Donald. {{ISBN, 0-85976-067-7.
External links
''Solanum tuberosum'' (potato, papas): life cycle, tuber anatomy at GeoChemBio
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408035017/http://www.geochembio.com/biology/organisms/potato/ , date=8 April 2022 {{Potato cultivars, state=expanded {{Sister bar, d=Q10998, b=Cookbook:Potato, wikt=potato, c=Solanum tuberosum, species=Solanum tuberosum, auto=1 {{Agriculture country lists, state=collapsed {{Bioenergy {{Taxonbar, from=Q10998 {{Authority control Potatoes, Crops originating from Bolivia Crops originating from indigenous Americans Crops originating from Peru Crops originating from South America Cuisine of Northern Ireland Edible Solanaceae Flora of the Andes Irish cuisine Plants described in 1753 Root vegetables Solanum Staple foods Stoloniferous plants Tubers