Sir Francis Burnand

Sir Francis Cowley Burnand (29 November 1836 – 21 April 1917), usually known as F. C. Burnand, was an English comic writer and prolific playwright, best known today as the librettist of Arthur Sullivan's opera ''Cox and Box''.

The son of a prosperous family, he was educated at Eton and Cambridge and was expected to follow a conventional career in the law or in the church, but he concluded that his vocation was the theatre. From his schooldays he had written comic plays, and from 1860 until the end of the 19th century, he produced a series of more than 200 Victorian burlesques, farces, pantomimes and other stage works. His early successes included the burlesques ''Ixion'', ''or the Man at the Wheel'' (1863) and ''The Latest Edition of Black-Eyed Susan''; ''or'', ''the Little Bill that Was Taken Up'' (1866). Also in 1866, he adapted the popular farce '' Box and Cox'' as a comic opera, ''Cox and Box'', with music by Sullivan. The piece became a popular favourite and was later frequently used by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company as a curtain raiser; it remains regularly performed today.

By the 1870s, Burnand was generating a prodigious output of plays as well as comic pieces and illustrations for the humour magazine ''Punch''. Among his 55-stage works during the decade was another frequently revived hit, '' Betsy'' (1879). For ''Punch'', among other things, he wrote the popular column "Happy Thoughts", in which the narrator recorded the difficulties and distractions of everyday life. Also admired were his burlesques of other writers' works. Burnand was a contributor to ''Punch'' for 45 years and its editor from 1880 until 1906 and is credited with adding much to the popularity and prosperity of the magazine. His editorship of the original publication of ''The Diary of a Nobody'' by the brothers George and Weedon Grossmith was a high point of his tenure in 1888–89. Many of his articles were collected and published in book form. His stage successes in the 1890s included his English-language versions of two Edmond Audran operettas, titled ''La Cigale'' and ''Miss Decima'' (both in 1891). His last works included collaborations on pantomimes of ''Cinderella'' (1905) and ''Aladdin'' (1909).

Known generally for his genial wit and good humour, Burnand was nevertheless intensely envious of his contemporary W. S. Gilbert but was unable to emulate his rival's success as a comic opera librettist. In other forms of theatre Burnand was outstandingly successful, with his works receiving London runs of up to 550 performances and extensive tours in the British provinces and the US. He published several humorous books and memoirs and was knighted in 1902 for his work on ''Punch''.

Life and career

Early years

Burnand was born in central London, the only child of Francis Burnand and his first wife Emma, ''née'' Cowley, who died when her son was eight days old.Stedman, Jane W
"Burnand, Sir Francis Cowley (1836–1917)"
''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, September 2004, accessed 8 June 2014, Burnand senior, a stockbroker, was descended from an old Savoyard family, prominent in the silk trade; his wife was a descendant of the poet and dramatist Hannah Cowley.

Burnand was educated at Eton, where, aged fifteen, he wrote a farce, ''Guy Fawkes Day'', played at Cookesley's house, and subsequently at the Theatre Royal, Worthing."Burnand, Sir Francis Cowley"
''Who Was Who'', online edition, Oxford University Press, 2014, accessed 7 July 2014 While at Eton, he submitted some illustrations to the comic weekly magazine, ''Punch'', one or two of which were published. In 1854 he went to Trinity College, Cambridge, where as an undergraduate he sought the approval of the Vice-Chancellor, Edwin Guest, of the establishment of a Cambridge University Amateur Dramatic Club, with a performance of '' Box and Cox''. Guest and his colleagues refused their consent, but Burnand went ahead without it. The members of the club performed a triple bill under stage names to avoid retribution from the university. The club prospered (and continues to the present day); Burnand acted and wrote plays under the name Tom Pierce.

Burnand graduated in 1858. His family had expected that he would study for the bar, but the Burnands held the right to appoint the incumbent of a Church of England parish that became vacant, and it was agreed that he should train for the priesthood.Milne, A. A
"Burnand, Sir Francis Cowley (1836–1917)"
''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' Archive, Oxford University Press, 1927, accessed 8 June 2014 He enrolled at Cuddesdon theological college, where his studies of divinity led him to leave the Anglican church and become a Roman Catholic. This caused a breach between Burnand and his father, but the estrangement did not last long. To the disappointment of Cardinal Manning, leader of the English Catholics, Burnand announced that his vocation was not for the church but for the theatre. Father and son were reconciled, and Burnand returned to his original plan of reading for the bar at Lincoln's Inn."Death of Sir Francis Burnand", ''The Times'', 23 April 1917, p. 11

1860s: start of writing career

In February 1860 Burnand had his first piece performed in the West End, ''Dido the Celebrated Widow'', a musical burlesque of ''Dido and Aeneas'', played at the St James's Theatre.Nicoll, p. 288 The following month he married an actress, Cecilia Victoria Ranoe (1841–1870), daughter of James Ranoe, a clerk; the couple had five sons and two daughters. He was called to the bar in 1862, and practised for a short time, but his main interest was in writing. In the early 1860s he wrote several farces in partnership with Montagu Williams, and edited the short-lived journal ''The Glow-Worm''. He then joined the staff of ''Fun'', edited by H. J. Byron. He parted company with Byron when the magazine rejected his proposed 1863 literary burlesque of a Reynolds serial, entitled ''Mokeanna, or the White Witness''. He showed his manuscript to Mark Lemon, editor of ''Punch'', who accepted it for publication; Burnand remained a ''Punch'' writer for the rest of his career.

''Dido'' was followed by ''The Îles of St Tropez'' (1860), ''Fair Rosamond'' (1862) and ''The Deal Boatman'' (1863), among many others.Parker, p. 84 His most memorable early success was another musical burlesque, ''Ixion, or the Man at the Wheel'' (1863), starring Lydia Thompson in the title role, which found audiences on both sides of the Atlantic. By this time Burnand was a skilled negotiator with theatre managements, and he was among the first authors to insist on profit-sharing instead of fixed royalties. For ''Ixion'' this brought him a total of around £3,000. Other notable early works included an opéra bouffe, ''Windsor Castle'' (1865), with music by Frank Musgrave, and more pun-filled burlesques, including ''Helen, or, Taken from the Greek'', and ''Guy Fawkes, or The Ugly Mug and the Couple of Spoons'', both in 1866. Later in 1866 Burnand had a huge success with the burlesque ''The Latest Edition of Black-Eyed Susan; or, the Little Bill that Was Taken Up'', parodying the three-act melodrama by Douglas Jerrold, ''Black-Eyed Susan'';"''The Morning Post''"
''Black-Eyed Susan; or, the Little Bill that Was Taken Up'', review in ''The Morning Post'', digitized by The British Library (2013), p. 51 the show ran for 400 nights at the Royalty Theatre, was played for years provincially and in the US, and was twice revived in London.

In 1866, Burnand adapted the popular farce ''Box and Cox'' as a comic opera, ''Cox and Box'', with music by the young composer Arthur Sullivan. The piece was written for a private performance but was repeated and given its first public performance at the Adelphi Theatre in 1867. The reviewer for ''Fun'' was W. S. Gilbert, who wrote

''Cox and Box'' became a popular favourite and was frequently revived. It was the only work not by Gilbert in the regular repertory of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company during the 20th century and is the only work of Burnand's still frequently staged.Fredric Woodbridge Wilson
"Burnand, Sir Francis Cowley"
Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, accessed 8 July 2014 Its success encouraged its authors to write the two-act opera, ''The Contrabandista'' (1867), revised and expanded as ''The Chieftain'' (1894), but it did not achieve much popularity in either version.

More burlesques followed in 1868, including ''Fowl Play, or, A Story of Chicken Hazard'' and ''The Rise and Fall of Richard III, or, A New Front to an Old Dicky''. In 1869, Burnand wrote ''The Turn of the Tide'', which was a success at the Queen's Theatre, and six other stage works during the course of the year.

1870s: prolific author

Burnand's wife Cecilia died in 1870 at age 28, leaving him with seven small children. In 1874 Burnand married her widowed sister, Rosina (d. 1924), who was also an actress. It was at that time illegal in England for a man to marry his dead wife's sister, although such marriages made outside British jurisdiction were recognised as valid; accordingly the wedding ceremony was performed in continental Europe. There were two sons and four daughters of this marriage.

Throughout the 1870s, Burnand maintained a prodigious output. For the stage he wrote 55 pieces, ranging from burlesques to pantomimes, farces and extravaganzas.Nicoll, pp. 289–291 He was the sole author of most of them, but worked on a few with Thomas German Reed, J. L. Molloy, Henry Pottinger Stephens and even with H. J. Byron. His stage pieces of the 1870s included ''Poll and Partner Joe'' (1871), ''Penelope Anne'' (1871; a sequel to ''Cox and Box''), ''The Miller and His Man'' (1873; "a Christmas drawing room extravaganza" with songs by Sullivan), ''Artful Cards'' (1877), ''Proof'' (1878), ''Dora and Diplunacy'' (1878, a burlesque of Clement Scott's ''Diplomacy'', an adaptation of Sardou's ''Dora''), ''The Forty Thieves'' (1878; a charity collaboration among four playwrights, including Byron and Gilbert), ''Our Club'' (1878) and another frequently revived hit, '' Betsy'' (1879). He provided a burlesque of ''Robbing Roy'' to the Gaiety Theatre in 1879. Burnand's prolific writing came at some cost in quality. A biographer wrote that he "was a facile and slapdash writer. False rhymes and awkward rhythms occur frequently in his verse, and his favourite devices included puns, topical references and slang."

Burnand also translated or adapted for the London stage several French operettas by Offenbach, Edmond Audran, Charles Lecocq and Robert Planquette. At the same time as his busy theatrical career, he was a member of the staff of ''Punch'' under Lemon and his successors, Shirley Brooks and Tom Taylor, writing a regular stream of genial articles. His best-known work for the magazine was the column "Happy Thoughts", in which the narrator recorded the difficulties and distractions of everyday life. A. A. Milne considered it "one of the most popular series which has ever appeared in ''Punch''"; alongside it, he rated as Burnand's best comic contributions his burlesques of other writers, such as "The New History of Sandford and Merton" (1872) and "Strapmore" by "Weeder" (1878).

1880s: editor of ''Punch''

The third editor of ''Punch'', Tom Taylor, died in July 1880; the proprietors of the magazine appointed Burnand to succeed him. In Milne's view the magazine's reputation increased considerably under Burnand:

A later biographer, Jane Stedman, writes, "His predecessor, Tom Taylor, had allowed the paper to become heavy, but Burnand's rackety leadership brightened it." Burnand, who declared himself "hostile to no man's religion", banned ''Punchs previous anti-Catholicism, although he was unable to prevent some antisemitic jokes.

One of Burnand's biggest successes, both in ''Punch'' and on stage, was satire of the aesthetic movement. His play '' The Colonel'' (1881), based on ''The Serious Family'', a play by Morris Barnett, ran for 550 performances and toured extensively. It made so much money for the actor-manager Edgar Bruce that he was able to build the Prince of Wales Theatre. Burnand rushed ''The Colonel'' into production to make sure that it opened several months before Gilbert and Sullivan's similarly themed comic opera, ''Patience'', but ''Patience'' ran even longer than ''The Colonel''. Oscar Wilde, no fan of Burnand's farces, wrote, in anticipation of seeing ''Patience'': "With Gilbert and Sullivan I am sure we will have something better than the dull farce of ''The Colonel''". For the Gaiety Theatre, Burnand wrote a burlesque of '' The Tempest'' entitled ''Ariel'' in October 1883, with music by Meyer Lutz, starring Nellie Farren and Arthur Williams. ''The Times'' complained of the "flatness and insipidity" of Burnand's text and of his vulgarising the original. ''The Observer'' was less censorious, finding the piece moderately amusing, and correctly predicting that it would run successfully until it had to make way for the annual Gaiety pantomime at Christmas.

In 1884, Burnand wrote ''Paw Claudian'', a burlesque of the 1883 costume (Byzantine) drama ''Claudian'' by Henry Herman and W. G. Wills, presented at Toole's Theatre starring J. L. Toole. The same year, he wrote a burlesque of ''Black-Eyed Susan'', called ''Black Eyed See-Usan'', for the Alhambra Theatre. Burnand wrote several musical works around 1889 and 1890 with the composer Edward Solomon, including '' Pickwick'', which was revived in 1894. ''Pickwick'' was recorded by Retrospect Opera in 2016, together with George Grossmith's ''Cups and Saucers''. Other stage pieces included adaptations for Augustin Daly in New York.

Later years

In 1890, Burnand wrote ''Captain Therèse,'' followed later that year by a very successful English version of Audran's operetta, ''La cigale et la fourmi'' (the grasshopper and the ant) retitled ''La Cigale'', with additional music by Ivan Caryll. In 1891, he produced an English adaptation of Audran's '' Miss Helyett'', retitled as ''Miss Decima''. Burnand's ''The Saucy Sally'' premiered in 1892, and ''Mrs Ponderbury's Past'' played in 1895. He was knighted by King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace in 1902, for his work on ''Punch''.

Burnand's 1897 comic opera, '' His Majesty'', with music by Alexander Mackenzie, failed despite the contributions of the lyricist Adrian Ross and a Savoy Theatre cast including Ilka Pálmay, George Grossmith and Walter Passmore. The blame was generally held to be Burnand's. ''The Times'' commented, "Mr Burnand's experience as a librettist of comic opera, and Sir Alexander Mackenzie's inexperience in this class of composition might lead the public to expect a brilliant book weighed down by music of too serious and ambitious a type. The exact opposite is the case." Burnand's libretto was judged dull and confused, but Mackenzie's music was "marked by distinction as well as humour." Stedman comments that Burnand's conviction that he, not Gilbert, should have been Sullivan's main collaborator defied the facts: ''The Chieftain'', his rewrite of ''The Contrabandista'' with Sullivan, ran for only 97 performances in 1894, and ''His Majesty'' managed only 61 performances. Nevertheless, Burnand used his position as editor of ''Punch'' to print antagonistic reviews of the plays of Gilbert and refused to give the Gilbert and Sullivan operas reviews in the magazine.

Burnand's last stage works were a collaboration with J. Hickory Wood, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1905, on a pantomime of ''Cinderella'', and he was partly responsible for a pantomime of ''Aladdin'' for the same theatre in 1909. His later contributions to ''Punch'' became increasingly wordy and anecdotal, relying on far-fetched puns, but he was a good judge of talent, and under him the paper prospered. Stedman rates as a high point of his editorship the publication of ''The Diary of a Nobody'' by the brothers George and Weedon Grossmith, which was soon turned into book form and has never been out of print. He was reluctant to retire, but was persuaded to do so in 1906, and was succeeded by Owen Seaman. In 1908, Burnand became the editor of ''The Catholic Who's Who'', published by Burns & Oates.""Burns & Oates"
''The Universe'', 8 January 1909, accessed 17 July 2017

Burnand lived for much of his life in Ramsgate, Kent, on the south coast of England and was a member of the Garrick Club in London. He had a very large circle of friends and colleagues who included William Makepeace Thackeray, Mark Lemon and most writers, dramatists and actors of the day. George Grossmith wrote:

After a winter of bronchitis, Burnand died in 1917 at his home in Ramsgate, at the age of 80. He was buried in the cemetery at St Augustine's Abbey church in Ramsgate.

Books

Burnand's best-known book, ''Happy Thoughts'', was originally published in ''Punch'' in 1863–64 and frequently reprinted. This was followed by ''My Time and What I've Done with It'' (1874); ''Personal Reminiscences of the A.D.C., Cambridge,'' (1880); ''The Incomplete Angler'' (1887); ''Very Much Abroad'' (1890); ''Rather at Sea'' (1890); ''Quite at Home'' (1890); ''The Real Adventures of Robinson Crusoe'' (1893); ''Records and Reminiscences,'' (1904); and ''The Fox's Frolic: or, a day with the topsy turvy hunt'', illustrated by Harry B. Neilson (1917).

Notes and references

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Sources

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External links

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Profile of Burnand

F. C. Burnand letters and memoranda, 1873–1907
held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burnand, Francis
1836 births
1917 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Converts to Roman Catholicism
English humorists
English magazine editors
English opera librettists
Knights Bachelor
People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan
People educated at Eton College
People from Ramsgate
English male dramatists and playwrights
Punch (magazine) people
English male non-fiction writers