The Simuliini is a

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...

black flies A black fly or blackfly (sometimes called a buffalo gnat, turkey gnat, or white socks) is any member of the family Simuliidae of the Culicomorpha infraorder. It is related to the Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, and Thaumaleidae. Over 2,200 speci ...

that contains over 2,000 species, with more than 1,800 in the genus ''

Simulium ''Simulium'' is a genus of black flies, which may transmit diseases such as onchocerciasis (river blindness). It is a large genus with several hundred species, and 41 subgenera. The flies are pool feeders. Their saliva, which contains antico ...

''. There are 19 living

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

, and three genera only known from

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of th ...

fossils.

Living genera

* ''

Araucnephia ''Araucnephia'' is a genus of South American black flies from Chile and Argentina. There are only 2 known species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodivers ...

'' Wygodzinsky & Coscarón, 1973 * ''

Araucnephioides ''Araucnephioides'' is a genus of black flies from Chile. There is only one known species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often ...

'' Wygodzinsky & Coscarón, 1973 * ''

Austrosimulium ''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of 31 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and ''Novaustrosimulium'' which are exclusivel ...

'' Tonnoir, 1925 * ''

Cnephia ''Cnephia'' is a genus of 9 species of black flies. They are distributed in scattered locations across the Northern Hemisphere, from Ukraine to Eastern Siberia, and some parts of North America North America is a continent in the North ...

'' Enderlein, 1921 * ''

Cnesia ''Cnesia'' is a genus of 4 species of black flies. They are distributed in Argentina and Chile. Species *'' C. dissimilis'' (Edwards, 1931) *'' C. gynandrum'' (Edwards Edwards may refer to: People * Edwards (surname) * Edwards family, a promin ...

'' Enderlein, 1934 * '' Cnesiamima'' Wygodzinsky & Coscarón, 1973 * '' Crozetia'' Davies, 1965 * '' Ectemnia'' Enderlein, 1930 * ''

Gigantodax ''Gigantodax'' is a genus of 68 species of black flies distributed along the Andes from Mexico to Tierra del Fuego in Argentina.

'' Enderlein, 1925 * '' Greniera (animal), Greniera'' Doby & David, 1959 * '' Lutzsimulium'' D’Andretta & D’Andretta, 1947 * '' Metacnephia'' Crosskey, 1969 * '' Paracnephia'' Rubtsov, 1962 * '' Paraustrosimulium'' Wygodzinsky & Coscarón, 1962 * ''

Pedrowygomyia ''Pedrowygomyia'' is a genus of neotropical simuliid flies erected in 1998 from the ''Gigantodax cortesi'' species group of the 1925 genus ''Gigantodax'' after a Cladistics, cladistics analysis of the species groups recognized in the genus indic ...

'' Coscarón & Miranda-Esquivel, 1998 * ''

'' Latreille, 1802 * '' Stegopterna'' Enderlein, 1930 * '' Sulcicnephia'' Rubtsov, 1971 * '' Tlalocomyia'' Wygodzinsky & Díaz Nájera, 1970

Fossil genera

* '' Archicnephia'' Currie & Grimaldi, 2000 * '' Baisomyia'' Kalugina, 1991 * '' Gydarina'' Kalugina, 1991

Literature cited

Simuliidae Insect vectors of human pathogens Nematocera tribes {{Chironomoidea-stub