![Hombre Shuar](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Hombre_Shuar.jpg)
The Shuar are an Indigenous people of
Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...
and
Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal of the State
, other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal
, national_motto = "Fi ...
. They are members of the
Jivaroan peoples
The Jivaroan peoples are the indigenous peoples in the headwaters of the Marañon River and its tributaries, in northern Peru and eastern Ecuador. The tribes speak the Chicham languages.
Their traditional way of life relies on gardening, and ...
, who are
Amazonian tribes living at the headwaters of the
Marañón River
, name_etymology =
, image = Maranon.jpg
, image_size = 270
, image_caption = Valley of the Marañón between Chachapoyas ( Leimebamba) and Celendín
, map = Maranonrivermap.png
, map_size ...
.
Name
Shuar, in the
Shuar language
Shuar, which literally means "people", also known by such (now derogatory) terms as Chiwaro, Jibaro, Jivaro, or Xivaro, is an indigenous language spoken by the Shuar, Shuar people of Morona Santiago Province and Pastaza Province in the Ecuador ...
, means "people". The people who speak the Shuar language live in
tropical rainforest
Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season – all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm – and may also be referred to as ''lowland equatori ...
between the upper mountains of the
Andes
The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S ...
, and in the tropical rainforests and
savanna
A savanna or savannah is a mixed woodland-grassland (i.e. grassy woodland) ecosystem characterised by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to ...
s of the
Amazon
Amazon most often refers to:
* Amazons, a tribe of female warriors in Greek mythology
* Amazon rainforest, a rainforest covering most of the Amazon basin
* Amazon River, in South America
* Amazon (company), an American multinational technology c ...
ian lowlands, in
Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...
extending to
Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal of the State
, other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal
, national_motto = "Fi ...
. Shuar live in various places — thus, the ''muraiya'' (hill) Shuar are people who live in the foothills of the Andes; the ''achu'' (swamp-palm) shuar (or
Achuar
The Achuar are an Amazonian community of some 18,500 individuals along either side of the border in between Ecuador and Peru. As of the early 1970s, the Achuar were one of the last of the Jivaroan groups still generally unaffected by outside c ...
) are people who live in the wetter lowlands east of the Andes (Ecuador and Peru).
Shuar refer to Spanish-Speakers as ''apach'', and to non-Spanish and non-Shuar speakers as ''inkis''. Europeans and European Americans used to refer to Shuar as "''jívaros''" or "''jíbaros''"; this word probably derives from the 16th century Spanish spelling of ''shuar'' (see Gnerre 1973), but has taken other meanings including "savage"; outside of Ecuador, ''
jibaro'' has come to mean "rustic". The Shuar are popularly depicted in a wide variety of travelogue and adventure literature because of Western fascination with their former practice of
shrinking human heads (''tsantsa'').
Social organization and contacts with Europeans
From the time of first contact with Europeans in the 16th century, to the formation of the Shuar Federation in the 1950s and 1960s, Shuar were semi-
nomadic
A nomad is a member of a community without fixed habitation who regularly moves to and from the same areas. Such groups include hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads (owning livestock), tinkers and trader nomads. In the twentieth century, the popu ...
and lived in separate households dispersed in the rainforest, linked by the loosest of kin and political ties, and lacking corporate kin-groups or centralized or institutionalized political leadership.
The center of Shuar life was a relatively autonomous household consisting of a husband, his wives (usually two), unmarried sons, and daughters. Upon marriage sons would leave their natal household, and sons-in-law would move in (see
matrilocal residence
In social anthropology, matrilocal residence or matrilocality (also uxorilocal residence or uxorilocality) is the societal system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife's parents. Thus, the female offspring of a mother remain ...
). Men hunted and wove clothes; women gardened. In 1527, the Shuar defeated an incursion by the
Inca
The Inca Empire (also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire), called ''Tawantinsuyu'' by its subjects, (Quechua for the "Realm of the Four Parts", "four parts together" ) was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The admin ...
armies of
Huayna Capac
Huayna Capac (with many alternative transliterations; 1464/1468–1524) was the third Sapan Inka of the Inca Empire, born in Tumipampa sixth of the Hanan dynasty, and eleventh of the Inca civilization. Subjects commonly approached Sapa Inkas addi ...
.
When Shuar first made contact with Spaniards in the 16th century, they entered into peaceful trade relations. They violently resisted taxation, and drove Spaniards away in 1599.
Colonization and missionization in the 20th century have led Shuar to reorganize themselves into nucleated settlements called ''centros''. Centros initially facilitated evangelization by Catholic missionaries but also became a means to defend Shuar land claims against those of non-indigenous settlers. In 1964 representatives of Shuar centros formed a political Federation to represent their interests to the Ecuadorian state, non-governmental organizations, and transnational corporations.
''Tsantsa'', the shrunken heads
![Cabeza reducida Jíbaro (M](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Cabeza_reducida_J%C3%ADbaro_%28M._Am%C3%A9rica%2C_Madrid%29_01.jpg)
In the 19th century ''muraiya Shuar'' became famous among Europeans and Euro-Americans for their elaborate process of shrinking the heads of slain
Achuar
The Achuar are an Amazonian community of some 18,500 individuals along either side of the border in between Ecuador and Peru. As of the early 1970s, the Achuar were one of the last of the Jivaroan groups still generally unaffected by outside c ...
. Although non-Shuar characterized these
shrunken heads
A shrunken head is a severed and specially prepared human head that is used for trophy, ritual, or trade purposes.
Headhunting has occurred in many regions of the world, but the practice of headshrinking has only been documented in the northwest ...
(''tsantsa'') as
trophies of warfare, Shuar insisted that they were not interested in the heads themselves and did not value them as trophies. Instead, they sought the ''muisak'', or
soul
In many religious and philosophical traditions, there is a belief that a soul is "the immaterial aspect or essence of a human being".
Etymology
The Modern English noun ''soul'' is derived from Old English ''sāwol, sāwel''. The earliest attes ...
of the victim, which was contained in and by the shrunken head. Shuar men believed that control of the ''muisak'' would enable them to control their wives' and daughters' labor.
[Bennett Ross, Jane. 1984 "Effects of Contact on Revenge Hostilities Among the Achuara Jívaro", in Warfare Culture, and Environment, ed. R.B. Ferguson, Orlando: Academic Press.][Steel, Daniel 1999 "Trade Goods and Jívaro Warfare: The Shuar 1850–1957, and the Achuar, 1940–1978," in Ethnohistory 46(4): 745-776.]
Since women cultivated
manioc
''Manihot esculenta'', commonly called cassava (), manioc, or yuca (among numerous regional names), is a woody shrub of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, native to South America. Although a perennial plant, cassava is extensively cultivated a ...
and made ''
chicha'' (manioc beer), which together provided the bulk of
calories
The calorie is a unit of energy. For historical reasons, two main definitions of "calorie" are in wide use. The large calorie, food calorie, or kilogram calorie was originally defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of on ...
and
carbohydrates in the Shuar diet, women's labor was crucial to Shuar biological and social life. In the late 19th century and early 20th century Europeans and Euro-Americans began trading manufactured goods, including shotguns, asking in return for shrunken heads. The result was an increase in local warfare, including
head hunting
Headhunting is the practice of hunting a human and collecting the severed head after killing the victim, although sometimes more portable body parts (such as ear, nose or scalp) are taken instead as trophies. Headhunting was practiced in hi ...
, that has contributed to the perception of the Shuar as violent.
In 1961
Edmundo Bielawski Edmund Bielawski (or Edmundo Bielawski) was a Polish explorer and documentary film maker. Ryszard Badowski, SPÓR O ŹRÓDŁA AMAZONKI', Wiedza i Życie In 1961 during an expedition to American Cordillera, searching for the beginning of the Amaz ...
made the only footage showing what appears to be their head-shrinking process.
Adulthood rituals
![A’shuar-Canelos tunique MHNT](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/A%E2%80%99shuar-Canelos_tunique_MHNT.ETH.AC.1708_.jpg)
Prior to missionization in the 1940s and 1950s Shuar
culture
Culture () is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.Tyl ...
functioned to organize and promote a warrior society. Boys of about eight years would be taken by their fathers or uncles on a three- to five-day journey to a nearby waterfall, during which time the boy would drink only
tobacco
Tobacco is the common name of several plants in the genus '' Nicotiana'' of the family Solanaceae, and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these plants. More than 70 species of tobacco are known, but the ...
water. At some point the child would be given ''maikua'' (''
Datura arborea'',
Solanaceae
The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and orn ...
), in the hope that he would then see momentary visions, or ''arútam''. These visions were believed to be produced by a ''wakaní'' or ancestral spirit.
If the boy was brave enough he could touch the ''arútam'', and acquire the ''arútam wakaní''. This would make the boy very strong, and possession of several ''arútam wakaní'' would make the boy invincible. Shuar, however, believed that they could easily lose their ''arútam wakaní'', and thus repeated this ritual several times.
A Shuar warrior who had lived to kill many people was called a ''kakáram''. Shuar believed that if a person in possession of an ''arútam wakaní'' died a peaceful death, they would give birth to a new ''wakaní''; if someone in possession of an ''arútam wakaní'' were killed, they would give birth to a ''muísak''.
Illness and shamanism
Shuar generally do not believe in natural death, although they recognize that certain epidemics such as measles and scarlet fever are diseases introduced through contact with Europeans or Euro-Americans. They fought primarily with spears and shotguns, but—like many other groups in the region—also believed that they could be killed by ''
tsentsak
Tsentsak are invisible pathogenic projectiles or magical darts utilized in indigenous and mestizo shamanic practices for the purposes of sorcery and healing throughout much the Amazon Basin. Anthropologists identify them as objects referenced in e ...
'', invisible darts.
Any unexplained death was attributed to such ''tsentsak''. Although tsentsak are animate, they do not act on their own.
Shaman
Shamanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman) interacting with what they believe to be a spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance. The goal of this is usually to direct spirits or spiritu ...
s (in Shuar, ''uwishin'') are people who possess and control ''tsentsak''. To possess ''tsentsak'' they must purchase them from other shamans; Shuar believe that the most powerful shamans are
Quichua
Kichwa (, , also Spanish ) is a Quechuan language that includes all Quechua varieties of Ecuador and Colombia (''Inga''), as well as extensions into Peru. It has an estimated half million speakers.
The most widely spoken dialects are Chimborazo ...
-speakers, who live to the north and east.
To control ''tsentsak'', Shuar must ingest ''natem'' (''
Ayahuasca
AyahuascaPronounced as in the UK and in the US. Also occasionally known in English as ''ayaguasca'' (Spanish-derived), ''aioasca'' (Brazilian Portuguese-derived), or as ''yagé'', pronounced or . Etymologically, all forms but ''yagé'' descen ...
''). Many Shuar believe that illness is caused when someone hires a shaman to shoot ''tsentsak'' into the body of an enemy. This attack occurs in secret and few if any shamans admit to doing this. If someone takes ill they may go to a shaman for diagnosis and treatment.
They have many plants that they use for common everyday illnesses. Most people know these plants and how to prepare and use them. Occasionally, an older woman will be asked for advice or help especially with fertility control, childbirth and new infants. ''Piripiri'' (Cyperus species) are used for a variety of ailments.
Shuar and the Ecuadorian state
The discovery of
oil
An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is hydrophobic (does not mix with water) & lipophilic (mixes with other oils). Oils are usually flammable and surface active. Most oils are unsaturated ...
in the upper Amazon has motivated Ecuadorian and Peruvian interest in the region. In the 20th century Ecuadorian Shuar and Peruvian groups like the Achuar have had significantly different histories.
![Shuar in Parque de Logroño](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Shuar_in_Parque_de_Logro%C3%B1o.JPG)
There are at least 40,000 Shuar, 5,000 ''Achuars'' and 700 ''Shiwiars'' in Ecuador.
At the end of the 19th century
Catholic
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
Jesuit
, image = Ihs-logo.svg
, image_size = 175px
, caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits
, abbreviation = SJ
, nickname = Jesuits
, formation =
, founders ...
s re-established missions among the Shuar, and poor and landless Euro-Ecuadorians from the
highlands
Highland is a broad term for areas of higher elevation, such as a mountain range or mountainous plateau.
Highland, Highlands, or The Highlands, may also refer to:
Places Albania
* Dukagjin Highlands
Armenia
* Armenian Highlands
Australia
*Sou ...
(''colonos'') began to settle among Shuar. Shuar entered into peaceful trade relations, exchanged land for manufactured goods, and began sending their children to mission boarding schools to learn Spanish. In 1935 the Ecuadorian government created a Shuar reserve, in part to regulate Euro-Ecuadorian access to land, and gave
Salesian
, image = File:Stemma big.png
, image_size = 150px
, caption = Coat of arms
, abbreviation = SDB
, formation =
, founder = John Bosco
, founding_location = Valdocco, Turin ...
(Catholic) missionaries charge over the reserve.
Missionaries were largely successful in the
acculturation
Acculturation is a process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society. Acculturation is a process in which an individual adopts, acquires and ...
process, teaching Shuar Spanish, converting Shuar to
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.38 billion followers representing one-third of the global pop ...
, encouraging the Shuar to abandon warfare and the production of shrunken heads, encouraging Shuar to abandon the puberty rites through which Shuar acquired an ''arútam wakaní'', and encouraging Shuar to participate in the
market economy
A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand, where all suppliers and consumers ...
. They were largely but not completely successful in encouraging Shuar to abandon
polygyny
Polygyny (; from Neoclassical Greek πολυγυνία (); ) is the most common and accepted form of polygamy around the world, entailing the marriage of a man with several women.
Incidence
Polygyny is more widespread in Africa than in any o ...
for
monogamy
Monogamy ( ) is a form of dyadic relationship in which an individual has only one partner during their lifetime. Alternately, only one partner at any one time (serial monogamy) — as compared to the various forms of non-monogamy (e.g., polyga ...
. They were relatively unsuccessful in discouraging the practice of shamanism.
By the 1950s Shuar had lost a considerable amount of land to settlers. At this time they abandoned their semi-nomadic and dispersed settlement pattern and began to form nucleated settlements of five to thirty families, called ''centros'' (Spanish for "centers"). These ''centros'' facilitated missionary access to Shuar. They also provided a basis for Shuar petitions to the Ecuadorian government for land; in return Shuar promised to clear rainforest to convert to pasture, and the government provided loans for Shuar to purchase cattle which they would raise for market.
In the 1960s Salesian missionaries encouraged leaders of the ''centros'' to meet and form a new organization. In 1964 they formed the ''Federación Interprovincial de Centros Shuar-Achuar'' ("Interprovincial Federation of Shuar and Achuar Centros"; many ''Achuar'' live in Ecuador, although most live in Peru). The Federation is democratic and hierarchically organized, most of its leaders are salaried by the Ecuadorian state.
![Asambleísta Diana Atamaint (3860584752)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Asamble%C3%ADsta_Diana_Atamaint_%283860584752%29.jpg)
In 1969 the Federation signed an accord with the Ecuadorian government in which the Federation assumed administrative jurisdiction over the Shuar reserve. The Federation assumed the duties of educating children, administering civil registration and land-tenure, and promoting cattle-production and other programs meant to further incorporate Shuar into the market economy. Since that time the Federation has splintered into several groups, including a separate Achuar Federation, although the various groups maintain cordial relations.
Thanks to the work of the Federation, Shuar identity is very strong. Most Shuar also identify strongly to the Ecuadorian
nation-state
A nation state is a political unit where the state and nation are congruent. It is a more precise concept than "country", since a country does not need to have a predominant ethnic group.
A nation, in the sense of a common ethnicity, may inc ...
and have entered Ecuadorian electoral politics.
In the last few years, conflict emerged as result of mining projects in the provinces of Morona Santiago and Zamora Chinchipe
On 20 November 2018
Diana Atamaint, a shuar woman became the president of the .
Jungle Commands Group (Iwias)
![Iwias en Tena](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Iwias_en_Tena.jpg)
Many Shuar also serve in the
Ecuadorian Army
The Ecuadorian Army ( es, ''Ejército Ecuatoriano'', italic=unset) is the land component of the Ecuadorian Armed Forces. Its 160,500 soldiers are deployed in relation to its military doctrine. The contemporary Ecuadorian Army incorporates many jun ...
, and the Army has appropriated the perception of Shuar as "fierce warriors", forming elite "Iwia" units of Shuar soldiers (although all commissioned officers are non-Shuar). These units distinguished themselves in the 1995
Cenepa War
The Cenepa War (26 January – 28 February 1995), also known as the Alto Cenepa War, was a brief and localized military conflict between Ecuador and Peru, fought over control of an area in Peruvian territory (i.e. in the eastern side of the Cord ...
between Ecuador and Peru. The name Iwia means "Jungle Demon", it comes from the Shuar mythology: the Iwia is a feared demon that devours people.
According to its culture, young men become soldiers when they shrink the head of their enemies. The motto of IWIAS is "Never defeated", this marks his warrior history defeating intruders e.g. Incas lead by
Huayna Capac
Huayna Capac (with many alternative transliterations; 1464/1468–1524) was the third Sapan Inka of the Inca Empire, born in Tumipampa sixth of the Hanan dynasty, and eleventh of the Inca civilization. Subjects commonly approached Sapa Inkas addi ...
.
in 1527.
EWIAS (''Escuela de Iwias Crnl. Gonzalo Barragán'') is the entity in charge of training indigenous people from the Amazon region. Located in
Shell
Shell may refer to:
Architecture and design
* Shell (structure), a thin structure
** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses
** Thin-shell structure
Science Biology
* Seashell, a hard o ...
,
Pastaza Province
Pastaza () is a province in the Oriente of Ecuador located in the eastern jungle. The capital is Puyo, founded on May 12, 1899 and which has 36,700 inhabitants. The city is now accessible by paved roads, a recent development; the main road from ...
, around 35 Iwia soldiers graduate from this school annually.
In popular culture
*In
James Rollins
James Paul Czajkowski (born August 20, 1961), better known by his pen name of James Rollins, is an American veterinarian and writer of action-adventure/ thriller, mystery, and techno-thriller novels who gave up his veterinary practice in Sacramen ...
' novel ''Amazonia'', Dr. Favre's Shuar mistress, Tshui, is described as a "witch" who concocts poisons, brews psychoactive tea, and maintains a large collection of shrunken heads. Her process of shrinking one such trophy, which she wears around her neck, is described in great detail.
*Luis Sepúlveda's 1989 novel ''
The Old Man Who Read Love Stories
''The Old Man Who Read Love Stories'' is a 2001 Australian adventure drama film directed by Rolf de Heer. It is based on the book of the same name by Luis Sepulveda.
Although the film premiered in 2001 it was not seen in cinemas until 2004. '' explores the Shuar people and their culture/traditions/beliefs as the main character is adopted/befriended by their people. The author was close friends with a Shuar union leader and built aspects of the story around the stories he told him about his way of life.
*In the film ''
Back from Eternity
''Back from Eternity'' is a 1956 American drama film about a planeload of people stranded in the South American jungle and subsequently menaced by headhunters. The film stars Robert Ryan, Rod Steiger, Anita Ekberg and Gene Barry. The film is a ...
'' (1956) the Shuar (called Jivaros in film) attack the stranded crew in an unnamed South American country.
See also
*
Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...
*
Jivaroan peoples
The Jivaroan peoples are the indigenous peoples in the headwaters of the Marañon River and its tributaries, in northern Peru and eastern Ecuador. The tribes speak the Chicham languages.
Their traditional way of life relies on gardening, and ...
References
*Gnerre, Maurizio (1973). "Sources of Spanish Jívaro", in ''Romance Philology'' 27(2): 203-204. Berkeley: University of California Press.
*Harner, Michael J. (1984). ''Jivaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls'' Berkeley: University of California Press.
*Karsten, Rafael (1935). ''The head-hunters of Western Amazonas: The life and culture of the Jibaro Indians of eastern Ecuador and Peru (
inska vetenskaps-societeten, HelsingforsCommentationes humanarum litterarum. VII. 1'' Washington, D.C. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletins. ASIN B00085ZPFM
*Mader, Elke (1999). ''Metamorfosis del poder: Persona, mito y visión en la sociedad Shuar y Achuar''. Abya-Yala.
*
Rubenstein, Steven (2006). "Circulation, Accumulation, and the Power of Shuar Shrunken Heads" in ''Cultural Anthropology'' 22(3): 357-399.
*Rubenstein, Steven (2002). ''Alejandro Tsakimp: A Shuar Healer in the Margins of History'' Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Google Books*Rubenstein, Steven (2001). "Colonialism, the Shuar Federation, and the Ecuadorian State," in ''Environment and Planning D: Society and Space'' 19(3): 263-293.
*Lowell, Karen (1994). "Ethnopharmacological Studies of Medicinal Plants, particularly Cyperus species, used by the Shuar Indians" Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois Health Science Center, Chicago, Illinois, 420 pp.
External links
Organizations: Shuar grassroot organisation in the Pastaza regionFundación para Desarrollo Comunitario de Pastaza (FUNDECOIPA). Sustainable development and conservation projects in the Pastaza region.
Ethnologue report on ShuarHead Hunting: History of the ShuarProject to support the Shuarinitiated by the shuar with German support. Besides most of th
i
translatedhere into the English language.
Photo gallery of Shuar & Jungles & Seed Art*
Study Spanish in the Shuar Territory
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shuar People
Jivaroan peoples
Indigenous peoples in Ecuador
Indigenous peoples in Peru
Indigenous peoples of the Amazon
Headhunting