In
set theory
Set theory is the branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Although objects of any kind can be collected into a set, set theory, as a branch of mathematics, is mostly conce ...
, the complement of a
set
Set, The Set, SET or SETS may refer to:
Science, technology, and mathematics Mathematics
*Set (mathematics), a collection of elements
*Category of sets, the category whose objects and morphisms are sets and total functions, respectively
Electro ...
, often denoted by (or ), is the set of
elements not in .
When all sets in the
universe
The universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy. The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological description of the development of the universe. Acc ...
, i.e. all sets under consideration, are considered to be
members
Member may refer to:
* Military jury, referred to as "Members" in military jargon
* Element (mathematics), an object that belongs to a mathematical set
* In object-oriented programming, a member of a class
** Field (computer science), entries in ...
of a given set , the absolute complement of is the set of elements in that are not in .
The relative complement of with respect to a set , also termed the set difference of and , written
is the set of elements in that are not in .
Absolute complement
Definition
If is a set, then the absolute complement of (or simply the complement of ) is the set of elements not in (within a larger set that is implicitly defined). In other words, let be a set that contains all the elements under study; if there is no need to mention , either because it has been previously specified, or it is obvious and unique, then the absolute complement of is the relative complement of in :
Or formally:
The absolute complement of is usually denoted by Other notations include
[.]
Examples
* Assume that the universe is the set of
integer
An integer is the number zero (), a positive natural number (, , , etc.) or a negative integer with a minus sign (−1, −2, −3, etc.). The negative numbers are the additive inverses of the corresponding positive numbers. In the language ...
s. If is the set of odd numbers, then the complement of is the set of even numbers. If is the set of
multiples of 3, then the complement of is the set of numbers
congruent
Congruence may refer to:
Mathematics
* Congruence (geometry), being the same size and shape
* Congruence or congruence relation, in abstract algebra, an equivalence relation on an algebraic structure that is compatible with the structure
* In mod ...
to 1 or 2 modulo 3 (or, in simpler terms, the integers that are not multiples of 3).
* Assume that the universe is the
standard 52-card deck. If the set is the suit of spades, then the complement of is the
union
Union commonly refers to:
* Trade union, an organization of workers
* Union (set theory), in mathematics, a fundamental operation on sets
Union may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Music
* Union (band), an American rock group
** ''Un ...
of the suits of clubs, diamonds, and hearts. If the set is the union of the suits of clubs and diamonds, then the complement of is the union of the suits of hearts and spades.
Properties
Let and be two sets in a universe . The following identities capture important properties of absolute complements:
De Morgan's laws
In propositional logic and Boolean algebra, De Morgan's laws, also known as De Morgan's theorem, are a pair of transformation rules that are both valid rules of inference. They are named after Augustus De Morgan, a 19th-century British math ...
:
*
*
Complement laws:
*
*
*
*
*
*: (this follows from the equivalence of a conditional with its
contrapositive
In logic and mathematics, contraposition refers to the inference of going from a conditional statement into its logically equivalent contrapositive, and an associated proof method known as proof by contraposition. The contrapositive of a statem ...
).
Involution
Involution may refer to:
* Involute, a construction in the differential geometry of curves
* '' Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia'', a 1963 study of intensification of production through increased labour inpu ...
or double complement law:
*
Relationships between relative and absolute complements:
*
*
Relationship with a set difference:
*
The first two complement laws above show that if is a non-empty,
proper subset
In mathematics, set ''A'' is a subset of a set ''B'' if all elements of ''A'' are also elements of ''B''; ''B'' is then a superset of ''A''. It is possible for ''A'' and ''B'' to be equal; if they are unequal, then ''A'' is a proper subset of ...
of , then is a
partition
Partition may refer to:
Computing Hardware
* Disk partitioning, the division of a hard disk drive
* Memory partition, a subdivision of a computer's memory, usually for use by a single job
Software
* Partition (database), the division of a ...
of .
Relative complement
Definition
If and are sets, then the relative complement of in ,
[.] also termed the set difference of and ,
[.] is the set of elements in but not in .
![Relative compliment](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Relative_compliment.svg)
The relative complement of in is denoted
according to the
ISO 31-11 standard. It is sometimes written
but this notation is ambiguous, as in some contexts (for example,
Minkowski set operations in
functional analysis
Functional analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis, the core of which is formed by the study of vector spaces endowed with some kind of limit-related structure (e.g. Inner product space#Definition, inner product, Norm (mathematics)#Defini ...
) it can be interpreted as the set of all elements
where is taken from and from .
Formally:
Examples
*
*
* If
is the set of
real number
In mathematics, a real number is a number that can be used to measure a ''continuous'' one-dimensional quantity such as a distance, duration or temperature. Here, ''continuous'' means that values can have arbitrarily small variations. Every real ...
s and
is the set of
rational number
In mathematics, a rational number is a number that can be expressed as the quotient or fraction of two integers, a numerator and a non-zero denominator . For example, is a rational number, as is every integer (e.g. ). The set of all ration ...
s, then
is the set of
irrational number
In mathematics, the irrational numbers (from in- prefix assimilated to ir- (negative prefix, privative) + rational) are all the real numbers that are not rational numbers. That is, irrational numbers cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integ ...
s.
Properties
Let , , and be three sets. The following
identities capture notable properties of relative complements:
:*
:*
:*
:*:with the important special case
demonstrating that intersection can be expressed using only the relative complement operation.
:*
:*
:*
:*
:*
:*
:* If
, then
.
:*
is equivalent to
.
Complementary relation
A
binary relation
In mathematics, a binary relation associates elements of one set, called the ''domain'', with elements of another set, called the ''codomain''. A binary relation over Set (mathematics), sets and is a new set of ordered pairs consisting of ele ...
is defined as a subset of a
product of sets
In mathematics, specifically set theory, the Cartesian product of two sets ''A'' and ''B'', denoted ''A''×''B'', is the set of all ordered pairs where ''a'' is in ''A'' and ''b'' is in ''B''. In terms of set-builder notation, that is
: A\ ...
The complementary relation
is the set complement of
in
The complement of relation
can be written
Here,
is often viewed as a
logical matrix
A logical matrix, binary matrix, relation matrix, Boolean matrix, or (0, 1) matrix is a matrix with entries from the Boolean domain Such a matrix can be used to represent a binary relation between a pair of finite sets.
Matrix representation ...
with rows representing the elements of
and columns elements of
The truth of
corresponds to 1 in row
column
Producing the complementary relation to
then corresponds to switching all 1s to 0s, and 0s to 1s for the logical matrix of the complement.
Together with
composition of relations
In the mathematics of binary relations, the composition of relations is the forming of a new binary relation from two given binary relations ''R'' and ''S''. In the calculus of relations, the composition of relations is called relative multiplica ...
and
converse relation
In mathematics, the converse relation, or transpose, of a binary relation is the relation that occurs when the order of the elements is switched in the relation. For example, the converse of the relation 'child of' is the relation 'parent& ...
s, complementary relations and the
algebra of sets are the elementary
operation
Operation or Operations may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity
* Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory
* ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Ma ...
s of the
calculus of relations
In mathematical logic, algebraic logic is the reasoning obtained by manipulating equations with free variables.
What is now usually called classical algebraic logic focuses on the identification and algebraic description of models appropriate for ...
.
LaTeX notation
In the
LaTeX
Latex is an emulsion (stable dispersion) of polymer microparticles in water. Latexes are found in nature, but synthetic latexes are common as well.
In nature, latex is found as a milky fluid found in 10% of all flowering plants (angiosperms ...
typesetting language, the command
\setminus
The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List is usually used for rendering a set difference symbol, which is similar to a
backslash
The backslash is a typographical mark used mainly in computing and mathematics. It is the mirror image of the common slash . It is a relatively recent mark, first documented in the 1930s.
History
, efforts to identify either the origin o ...
symbol. When rendered, the
\setminus
command looks identical to
\backslash
, except that it has a little more space in front and behind the slash, akin to the LaTeX sequence
\mathbin
. A variant
\smallsetminus
is available in the amssymb package. The symbol
(as opposed to
) is produced by
\complement
. (It corresponds to the Unicode symbol ∁.)
In programming languages
Some
programming language
A programming language is a system of notation for writing computer programs. Most programming languages are text-based formal languages, but they may also be graphical. They are a kind of computer language.
The description of a programming ...
s have
sets among their builtin
data structure
In computer science, a data structure is a data organization, management, and storage format that is usually chosen for efficient access to data. More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, a ...
s. Such a data structure behaves as a
finite set
In mathematics, particularly set theory, a finite set is a set that has a finite number of elements. Informally, a finite set is a set which one could in principle count and finish counting. For example,
:\
is a finite set with five elements. Th ...
, that is, it consists of a finite number of data that are not specifically ordered, and may thus be considered as the elements of a set. In some cases, the elements are not necessary distinct, and the data structure codes
multiset
In mathematics, a multiset (or bag, or mset) is a modification of the concept of a set that, unlike a set, allows for multiple instances for each of its elements. The number of instances given for each element is called the multiplicity of that e ...
s rather than sets. These programming languages have operators or functions for computing the complement and the set differences.
These operators may generally be applied also to data structures that are not really mathematical sets, such as
ordered lists or
arrays
An array is a systematic arrangement of similar objects, usually in rows and columns.
Things called an array include:
{{TOC right
Music
* In twelve-tone and serial composition, the presentation of simultaneous twelve-tone sets such that the ...
. It follows that some programming languages may have a function called
set_difference
, even if they do not have any data structure for sets.
See also
*
*
*
*
*
*
Notes
References
*
*
*
External links
*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Complement (set theory)
Basic concepts in set theory
Operations on sets