Serge Moscovici

Serge Moscovici (June 14, 1925 in Brăila, Romania as ''Srul Herş Moscovici'' – November 15, 2014 in Paris) was a Romanian-born French social psychologist, director of the '' Laboratoire Européen de Psychologie Sociale'' ("European Laboratory of Social Psychology"), which he co-founded in 1974 at the ''Maison des sciences de l'homme'' in Paris. He was a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts and Officer of the ''Légion d'honneur'', as well as a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Moscovici's son, Pierre Moscovici, was European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs, Taxation and Customs.

Biography

Born in Brăila to parents who were grain merchants, Lavinia Betea
"Moscovici, victima regimului Antonescu"
, in '' Jurnalul Naţional'', October 24, 2004 (retrieved June 17, 2007) His uncle was Ilie Moscovici, a leading Romanian socialist. Moscovici frequently relocated, together with his father, spending time in Cahul, Galaţi, and Bucharest. (Later he would indicate that his stay in Basarabia had contributed to his image of a homeland.) From an early age Moscovici suffered the effects of anti-semitic discrimination: in 1938, he was expelled from a Bucharest high school on the basis of newly-issued anti-semitic legislation.''Serge Moscovici. Repères bio-bibliographiques''
, at the Institut de Psychologie (retrieved June 17, 2007) In later years he commented on the impact of the Iron Guard, and expressed criticism for intellectuals associated with it ( Emil Cioran and Mircea Eliade).

Moscovici trained as a mechanic at the Bucharest vocational school ''Ciocanul''. Faced with an ideological choice between Zionism and communism, he opted for the latter, and, in 1939, joined the then-illegal Romanian Communist Party, being introduced by a clandestine activist whom he knew by the pseudonym ''Kappa''.

During World War II Moscovici witnessed the Iron Guard-instigated Bucharest Pogrom in January 1941. Later the Ion Antonescu régime interned him in a forced-labor camp, where, together with other persons of his age, he worked on construction teams until freed by the Soviet Red Army in 1944. During those years he taught himself French and educated himself by reading philosophical works (including those of Baruch Spinoza and René Descartes).

Subsequently, Moscovici travelled extensively, notably visiting Palestine, Germany and Austria. During the late stages of World War II he met Isidore Isou, the founder of lettrism, with whom he founded the artistic and literary review ''Da'' towards the end of 1944 (''Da'' was quickly censored). Refusing promotion on the basis of political affiliation at a time when the Communist Party participated in Romania's governments, he became instead a welder in the large Bucharest factory owned by Nicolae Malaxa.

Initially welcoming Soviet occupation, Moscovici grew increasingly disillusioned with communist politics, and noted the incidence of anti-Semitism among Red Army soldiers. As the communist regime was taking over and the Cold War started, he helped Zionist dissidents cross the border illegally. For this, he was involved in a 1947 trial held in Timișoara, and decided to leave Romania definitively. Choosing clandestine immigration, he arrived in France a year later, having passed through Hungary and Austria, and having spent time in a refugee camp in Italy.

In Paris, helped by a refugee fund, he studied psychology at the Sorbonne while employed by an industrial enterprise. At the time, Moscovici became close to Paris-based writers, including the Romanian-born Jewish Paul Celan and . Isaac Chiva
"Pogromul de la Iaşi"
in ''Observator Cultural'' (retrieved June 17, 2007) In reference to himself, Celan, and Moscovici, Chiva later recalled:

"For us, people on the Left, but who had fled communism, the first period in Paris, in a capital where the intellectual environments were developing under full-scale Stalinist enthusiasm, was very harsh. We were caught between a rock and a hard place: on one side, the French university environment who saw us as «fascists». ..On the other, the Romanian exiles, most of all the nationalist students, when not outright on the far right, who did not shy away from denouncing us as communist «moles» in the pay of Bucharest or Moscow."

In 1955, he married Marie Bromberg who he met at the Institute de Psychologie. They had two sons, Pierre and Denis.

In 1961, he completed His doctoral thesis (''La psychanalyse, son image et son public''). It was directed by the psychoanalyst Daniel Lagache and explored the social representations of psychoanalysis in France. Moscovici also studied epistemology and history of sciences with philosopher Alexandre Koyré.

During the 1960s Princeton University's Institute for Advanced Study invited him to the United States; he worked at Stanford University and at Yale before returning to Paris to teach at the '' École pratique des hautes études''. He served as a visiting professor at the New School in New York City, at the Rousseau Institute in Geneva, as well as at the ''Université catholique de Louvain'' and at the University of Cambridge.

By 1968, together with Brice Lalonde and others, he became involved in green politics, and ran in elections for the office of Mayor of Paris for what later became '' Les Verts''.

He died in Paris in 2014.

Research

His research focus was on group psychology and he began his career by investigating the way knowledge is reformulated as groups take hold of it, distorting it from its original form. His theory of social representations is now widespread in understanding this process of cultural '' Chinese whispers''. Influenced by Gabriel Tarde, he later criticized American research into majority influence (conformity) and instead investigated the effects of minority influence, where the opinions of a small group influence those of a larger one. He also researched the dynamics of group decisions and consensus-forming.

Social representations

Moscovici developed the theory of social representations which he defined as:

"a system of values, ideas and practices with a twofold function: first to establish an order which will enable individuals to orient themselves in their material and social world and to master it; and secondly to enable communication to take place among the members of a community by providing them with a code for social exchange and a code for naming and classifying unambiguously the various aspects of their world and their individual and group history".

Minority influence

Moscovici claimed that majority influence in many ways was misleading – if the majority was indeed all-powerful, we would all end up thinking the same. Drawing attention to the works of Gabriel Tarde, he pointed to the fact that most major social movements have been started by individuals and small groups (e.g. Christianity, Buddhism, the Suffragette movement, Nazism, etc.) and that without an outspoken minority, we would have no innovation or social change.

The study he is most famous for, ''Influences of a consistent minority on the responses of a majority in a colour perception task'', is now seen as one of the defining investigations into the effects of minority influence:
*Aims: To investigate the process of innovation by looking at how a consistent minority affect the opinions of a larger group, possibly creating doubt and leading them to question and alter their views
*Procedures: Participants were first given an eye test to check that they were not colour blind. They were then placed in a group of four participants and two confederates. they were all shown 36 slides that were different shades of blue and asked to state the colour out loud. There were two groups in the experiment. In the first group the confederates were consistent and answered green for every slide. In the second group the confederates were inconsistent and answered green 24 times and blue 12 times.
*Findings: For 8.42% of the trials, participants agreed with the minority and said that the slides were green. Overall, 32% of the participants agreed at least once.
*Conclusions: The study suggested that minorities can indeed exert an effect over the opinion of a majority. Not to the same degree as majority influence, but the fact that almost a third of people agreed at least once is significant. However, this also leaves two thirds who never agreed. In a follow up experiment, Moscovici demonstrated that consistency was the key factor in minority influence; by instructing the stooges to be inconsistent, the effect fell off sharply.

Works

Social psychology

* ''La psychanalyse, son image et son public'', PUF, 1961/ new edition 1976 / ''Psychoanalysis. Its image, its public'', Polity Press, 2008
* ''Reconversion industrielle et changements sociaux. Un exemple: la chapellerie dans l'Aude'', Armand Colin, 1961
* ''L’expérience du mouvement. Jean-Baptiste Baliani, disciple et critique de Galilée'', Éditions Hermann, 1967
* ''Essai sur l’histoire humaine de la nature'', Groupe Flammarion, 1968/1977
* ''La société contre nature'', UGE-Seuil, 1972 / ''Society against nature: the emergence of human societies''. Hassocks, Harvester Press - Atlantic Highlands, N.J., Humanities Press, 1976
* ''Hommes domestiques et hommes sauvages'', Union Générale d’éditions, 1974
* ''Social influence and social change'', Academic Press, 1976
* ''Psychologie des minorités actives'', Presses Universitaires de France, 1979
* ''L'Age des foules: un traité historique de psychologie des masses, Fayard, 1981'' / ''The age of the crowd: a historical treatise on mass psychology''. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985
* ''Changing conceptions of conspiracy'' (with C.F. Graumann), New York: Springer, 1987
* ''La Machine à faire les dieux'', Fayard, 1988 / ''The invention of society: psychological explanations for social phenomena'', Cambridge, Polity Press, 1993
* ''Conflict and Consensus: General Theory of Collective Decisions'' (with Willem Doise; trans W.D.Hall) Sage Publications, 1994
* ''Social Representations: Explorations in Social Psychology'' (edited by Gerard Duveen), Polity Press, 2000
* ''The Making of Modern Social Psychology: The Hidden Story of How an International Social Science was Created'' (with Ivana Markova). Polity Press, 2006.
* ''Raison et cultures'' (edited by Nikos Kalampalikis). Editions de l'EHESS, 2012
* ''Le scandale de la pensée sociale'' (edited by Nikos Kalampalikis). Editions de l'EHESS, 2013

Ecology

* ''De la Nature. Pour penser l'écologie'', Métailié, 2002
* ''Réenchanter la nature'' (Interviews with Pascal Dibie), Aube, 2002

Autobiographies

* ''Chronique des années égarées: récit autobiographique'', Stock, 1997 / ''Cronica anilor risipiţi'' Romanian, Polirom, 1999
* ''Mon après-guerre à Paris: Chronique des années retrouvées'' (Texte établi, présenté et annoté par Alexandra Laignel-Lavastine) Grasset, 2019

Honours and Legacy

Honorary Degrees

* University of Geneva
* University of Glasgow
* University of Sussex
* University of Seville
* University of Brussels
* University of Bologna
* University of London
* University of Rome
* University of Mexico
* University of Pecs
* University of Lisbon
* Jönköping University
* University of Iasi (rejected)
* University of Brasilia
* University of Buenos Aires
* University of Evora

International Awards

* 1980 - ''In Media Res'' Prize of the Burda Foundation
* 1988 - European Amalfi Prize for Sociology and Social Sciences for ''La Machine à faire les dieux''
* 2000 - Ecologia Award
* 2003 - Balzan Prize
* 2007 - Wilhelm Wundt-William James Award by the American Psychological Foundation and the European Federation of Psychologists' Associations
* 2010 - Premio Nonino Master of His Time

Prizes

In commemoration of his elaborate and significant contribution to the world of psychology and society in general, several awards, medals, lectures have been established. Notable among these are:
* Serge Moscovici Medal awarded by the European Association of Social Psychology (EASP)
* "Serge Moscovici" Values-Based Leadership Award by the Aspen Institute Romania.

Network

A network has been established to continue his work:
* Réseau Mondial Serge Moscovici

Further reading

* Bonnes, M. (ed.), ''Moscovici, La Vita, il percorso intellettuale, i temi, le opere'', Milano, FrancoAngeli,