The semicollared hawk (''Microspizias collaris'') is a rare
bird of prey
Birds of prey or predatory birds, also known as raptors, are hypercarnivorous bird species that actively hunt and feed on other vertebrates (mainly mammals, reptiles and other smaller birds). In addition to speed and strength, these predat ...
species in the family
Accipitridae
The Accipitridae is one of the three families within the order Accipitriformes, and is a family of small to large birds with strongly hooked bills and variable morphology based on diet. They feed on a range of prey items from insects to medium-s ...
. It is found in
Colombia,
Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ' ...
,
Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal of the State
, other_symbol_type = National seal
, national_motto = "Firm and Happy f ...
, and
Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...
. Its natural
habitat
In ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species habitat can be seen as the physical ...
is subtropical or tropical moist
montane forest
Montane ecosystems are found on the slopes of mountains. The alpine climate in these regions strongly affects the ecosystem because temperatures fall as elevation increases, causing the ecosystem to stratify. This stratification is a crucial ...
s. It is potentially being affected by
habitat loss
Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species. The organisms that previously inhabited the site are displaced or dead, thereby ...
.
Taxonomy
Formerly placed in the genus ''Accipiter'', it is the
sister species
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree.
Definition
The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram:
Taxon A and ...
of the
tiny hawk
The tiny hawk (''Microspizias superciliosus'') is a small diurnal bird of prey found in or near forests, primarily humid, throughout much of the Neotropics. It is primarily a bird-eater, and is known to prey on hummingbirds.
Taxonomy
The tiny ...
(''M. superciliosus''). The latter was thought to be the only species in ''Accipiter'' yet studied which has a large
procoracoid . The ''collaris-superciliosus''
superspecies also differs from the typical sparrowhawks in other respects of its
anatomy
Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having it ...
and as regards
DNA sequence. Consequently, the old genus ''
Hieraspiza'' may be more appropriate for them. In 2021, a phylogenetic study found it and the semicollared hawk to form a distinct group from the rest of ''Accipiter'', that is sister to ''
Kaupifalco''. For this reason, both were reclassified into the new genus ''
Microspizias
''Microspizias'' is a genus of bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It contains the following species:
* Tiny hawk (''Microspizias superciliosus'')
* Semicollared hawk (''Microspizias collaris'')
Both species were formerly classified in the ...
''.
It was formerly thought that the ''Accipiter collaris'' formed a superspecies with "''A." superciliosus'', but it was recently shown that ''A. superciliosus'' might not belong in the ''Accipiter'' genus. This called into question the traits of defining features of the ''Accipiter'' genus, putting ''Accipiter collaris'' and other species previously thought to be in the ''Accipiter'' genus in an unknown position.
Its current genus name, “''Accipiter''”, is
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
for “hawk”,
its species name, “''collaris''”, is Latin for “collar”, or “neckband”
Description
This is a small, rare
hawk that lives in forests in mid elevations. It has black upperparts and a white band on the back of its neck. Its underparts are white, and it can have blotches on its sides. Young semi-collared hawks are more brownish. It usually stays in the forest and preys on smaller birds, occasionally soaring.
When calling to others, semicollared hawks create a high-pitched, almost whistle-like, sound. In addition, some semicollared hawks have been heard singing songs that consist of the repetition of a mid-pitch ''vvt-vvt'' sound. These songs also contain a series of four quick high-pitched calls that successively get higher.
Distribution and habitat
This species is known to be non-migratory.
Colombia
The semicollared hawk is seen (although rarely) in the 600-1800m range in wet and humid forests, but seen more often in the Pacific slope in
Antioquia, Valle, and Cauca, in the central Andes in Tolima and Cauca, in the eastern Andes in
Norte de Santander
North Santander (Spanish: Norte de Santander) () is a department of Northeastern Colombia. It is in the north of the country, bordering Venezuela. Its capital is Cúcuta, one of the country's major cities.
North Santander is bordered by Vene ...
,
Santa Marta Mountains, and on the eastern slope of the eastern
Andes
The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S ...
in western Meta.
Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ' ...
They are highly unlikely to live within the subtropical areas on the slopes of the Andes. Recorded from around 1,500-2,200 m, the semicollared hawk is only situated in western Napo and
Zamora-Chinchipe on the eastern slope and
Pichincha on the western slope. One has been spotted in Otanga, in northwestern Ecuador, at 1,900 m. This is neighboring the Mindo-Tandayapa area, where most other records of semi collared hawks have occurred.
Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...
Between 1,300-1,800 m in the humid montane forests in the Andes of
Táchira
Táchira State ( es, Estado Táchira, ) is one of the 24 states of Venezuela. The state capital is San Cristóbal.
Táchira State covers a total surface area of and as of the 2011 census, had a population of 1,168,908. At the end of the 19t ...
, northwest
Barinas, and
Mérida, there have only been two claims of spotting this species. The semicollared hawk is extremely scarce in this region.
Behavior
Diet
There is very little information on the feeding behavior of the semi-collared hawk, but In northern Colombia, a male was found with
passerine
A passerine () is any bird of the order Passeriformes (; from Latin 'sparrow' and '-shaped'), which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds, passerines are distinguished from other orders of birds by th ...
feathers in its stomach. Another semicollared hawk was found chasing
Dusky Bush Tanagers at Otanga in the western slopes of the Andes in northwestern Ecuador. These suggest that this species mainly, or only, feeds on birds.
Breeding
The
generation
A generation refers to all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively. It can also be described as, "the average period, generally considered to be about 20–30 years, during which children are born and gr ...
length (average age before parenthood) of this species is 5.1 years.
Predation and threats
Primarily due to
agricultural expansion
Agricultural expansion describes the growth of agricultural land (arable land, pastures, etc.) especially in the 20th and 21st centuries.
The agricultural expansion is often explained as a direct consequence of the global increase in food and en ...
,
forestry
Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands. ...
has declined. While this does not seem to currently affect the population, it may present a threat in the future.
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q114521
semicollared hawk
Birds of the Colombian Andes
Birds of the Venezuelan Andes
Birds of the Ecuadorian Andes
Birds of the Northern Andes
semicollared hawk
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxa named by Philip Sclater