Scissor-tail Flycatchers

The scissor-tailed flycatcher (''Tyrannus forficatus''), also known as the Texas bird-of-paradise and swallow-tailed flycatcher, is a long-tailed insectivorous bird of the genus ''Tyrannus'', whose members are collectively referred to as kingbirds. It is found in North and Central America.

Taxonomy

The scissor-tailed flycatcher was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's ''Systema Naturae''. He placed it with the flycatchers in the genus ''Muscicapa'' and coined the binomial name ''Muscicapa forficata''. The specific epithet is from Latin ''forfex'', ''forficis'' meaning "a pair of scissors". Gmelin based his description on "Le moucherolle à queue fourchue du Mexique" (French: "the Mexican swallow-tailed flycatcher") that had been described in 1778 by the French polymath Comte de Buffon from a specimen from Mexico and illustrated with a hand-coloured engraving by François-Nicolas Martinet. The scissor-tailed flycatcher is now one of 13 species placed in the kingbird genus ''Tyrannus'' that was introduced in 1799 by Bernard Germain de Lacépède. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

Within the genus ''Tyrannus'', the scissor-tailed flycatcher is most closely related to the western kingbird (''Tyrannus verticalis''). A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's websit
here
In eastern Arkansas and western Tennessee, there is a hybrid breeding zone where the scissor-tailed flycatcher and the western kingbird are sympatric and possibly compete for the same niche. Both these species have simultaneously expanded their breeding ranges eastward over the past 50 years.

Description

Adult birds have pale gray heads and upper parts, light underparts, salmon-pink flanks and undertail coverts, and dark gray wings. Axillars and patch on underwing coverts are red. Their extremely long, forked tails, which are black on top and white on the underside, are characteristic and unmistakable. At maturity, the male may be up to in length, while the female's tail is up to 30% shorter. The wingspan is and the weight is up to . Immature birds are duller in color and have shorter tails. A lot of these birds have been reported to be more than .

Breeding

They build a cup nest in isolated trees or shrubs, sometimes using artificial sites such as telephone poles near towns. The male performs a spectacular aerial display during courtship with his long tail forks streaming out behind him. Both parents feed the young. Like other kingbirds, they are very aggressive in defending their nest. Clutches contain three to six eggs.

Diet

In the summer, scissor-tailed flycatchers feed mainly on insects (grasshoppers, robber-flies, and dragonflies), which they may catch by waiting on a perch and then flying out to catch them in flight ( hawking). For additional food in the winter they will also eat some berries.

Distribution and habitat

Their breeding habitat is open shrubby country with scattered trees in the south-central states of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, western portions of Louisiana, Arkansas, and Missouri west to far eastern New Mexico and northeastern Mexico. Reported sightings record occasional stray visitors as far north as southern Canada and Upstate New York, as far east as Florida and Georgia, and in the West Indies. They migrate through Texas and eastern Mexico to their winter non-breeding range, from southern Mexico to Panama. Pre-migratory roosts and flocks flying south may contain as many as 1000 birds.

In culture

The scissor-tailed flycatcher is the state bird of Oklahoma, and is displayed in flight with tail feathers spread on the reverse of the Oklahoma Commemorative Quarter.

Professional soccer team FC Tulsa features a scissor-tailed flycatcher on their crest. The scissor-tailed flycatcher is also displayed in the background of the current license plate.

Gallery

File:Scissor-tailed_Flycatcher_RWD3.jpg, Scissor-tailed fly catcher at the National Aviary in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
File:Scissor-tailed Flycatcher at the National Aviary.jpg, At the National Aviary
File:Scissor-tailed_Flycatcher_RWD7.jpg, At the National Aviary
File:Tirano_tijereta_rosado.JPG, Near Tampico, Mexico

References

External links

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Scissor-tailed flycatcher - ''Tyrannus forficatus''
- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter


for El Salvador, Nicaragua, United States at bird-stamps.org
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Birds of Oklahoma: Scissor-tailed Flycatcher, Oklahoma's State Bird
(with link to image gallery)
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{{Taxonbar, from=Q1189983

scissor-tailed flycatcher
Native birds of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
Birds of the Rio Grande valleys
Birds of Mexico
Symbols of Oklahoma
scissor-tailed flycatcher
scissor-tailed flycatcher