The School of Brentano was a group of philosophers and psychologists who studied with

Franz Brentano Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann Josef Brentano (; ; 16 January 1838 – 17 March 1917) was an influential German philosopher, psychologist, and former Catholic priest (withdrawn in 1873 due to the definition of papal infallibility in matters of F ...

and were essentially influenced by him. While it was never a school in the traditional sense, Brentano tried to maintain some cohesion in the school. However, two of his most famous students, Alexius Meinong and

Edmund Husserl , thesis1_title = Beiträge zur Variationsrechnung (Contributions to the Calculus of Variations) , thesis1_url = https://fedora.phaidra.univie.ac.at/fedora/get/o:58535/bdef:Book/view , thesis1_year = 1883 , thesis2_title ...

, ultimately moved radically beyond his theories.

Notable members

Among the School of Brentano are counted several founders of new schools and movements (place and period they studied with Brentano): *

Carl Stumpf Carl Stumpf (; 21 April 1848 – 25 December 1936) was a German philosopher, psychologist and musicologist. He is noted for founding the Berlin School of Experimental Psychology. He studied with Franz Brentano at the University of Würzburg bef ...

(

Würzburg Würzburg (; Main-Franconian: ) is a city in the region of Franconia in the north of the German state of Bavaria. Würzburg is the administrative seat of the ''Regierungsbezirk'' Lower Franconia. It spans the banks of the Main River. Würzburg is ...

, 1866–1870), taught Aron Gurwitsch and became the head of the Berlin School (

Max Wertheimer Max Wertheimer (April 15, 1880 – October 12, 1943) was an Austro-Hungarian psychologist who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, along with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler. He is known for his book, ''Productive Thinking'', and f ...

, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler) *

(

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, 1884–1886), founded the

phenomenological Phenomenology may refer to: Art * Phenomenology (architecture), based on the experience of building materials and their sensory properties Philosophy * Phenomenology (philosophy), a branch of philosophy which studies subjective experiences and a ...

movement, influencing: **

Munich phenomenology Munich phenomenology (also Munich phenomenological school) is the philosophical orientation of a group of philosophers and psychologists that studied and worked in Munich at the turn of the twentieth century. Their views are grouped under the names ...

(

Johannes Daubert Johannes is a Medieval Latin form of the personal name that usually appears as "John" in English language contexts. It is a variant of the Greek and Classical Latin variants (Ιωάννης, ''Ioannes''), itself derived from the Hebrew name '' Yeh ...

, Adolf Reinach) **

existential phenomenology Existential phenomenology encompasses a wide range of thinkers who take up the view that philosophy must begin from experience like phenomenology, but argues for the temporality of personal existence as the framework for analysis of the human condi ...

(

Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology), a French playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and litera ...

, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and

Martin Heidegger Martin Heidegger (; ; 26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher who is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. He is among the most important and influential philosophers of the 20th centur ...

) * Alexius Meinong (

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, 1875–1878), was the head of the

Graz School The Graz School (german: Grazer Schule), also Meinong's School, of experimental psychology and object theory was headed by Alexius Meinong, who was professor and Chair of Philosophy at the University of Graz where he founded the Graz Psychological ...

, and he influenced among others

Stephan Witasek Stephan Witasek (1870-1915) was an Austrian philosopher noted for his contribution to the development of the Graz School. He is cited as the most talented psychologist of the school and was groomed as Alexius Meinong's successor. Witasek is noted ...

Alois Höfler Alois Höfler (April 6, 1853 – February 26, 1922) was an Austrian philosopher and university professor of education in Prague and Vienna. He was seen by the logical positivist Otto Neurath as an important link between Bernard Bolzano's work a ...

Vittorio Benussi Vittorio Benussi (17 January 1878 – 24 November 1927) was an Austrian-Italian psychologist. Life and career Vittorio Benussi was an Austrian-Italian psychologist born on 17 January 1878 in Trieste. Antonelli (2018) describes him as an unkno ...

Christian von Ehrenfels Christian von Ehrenfels (also ''Maria Christian Julius Leopold Freiherr von Ehrenfels''; 20 June 1859 – 8 September 1932) was an Austrian philosopher, and is known as one of the founders and precursors of Gestalt psychology. Christian von Eh ...

, credited with the introduction of the notion of ''Gestalt'', which led to the establishment of Gestalt psychology *

Kazimierz Twardowski Kazimierz Jerzy Skrzypna-Twardowski (20 October 1866 – 11 February 1938) was a Polish philosopher, psychologist, logician, and rector of the Lwów University. He was initially affiliated with Alexius Meinong's Graz School of object theory. Lif ...

(Vienna, 1885–1889), became father of the Lwów–Warsaw school of logic (

Jan Łukasiewicz Jan Łukasiewicz (; 21 December 1878 – 13 February 1956) was a Polish logician and philosopher who is best known for Polish notation and Łukasiewicz logic His work centred on philosophical logic, mathematical logic and history of logic. He ...

, Stanisław Leśniewski, Tadeusz Kotarbiński,

Władysław Witwicki Władysław Witwicki (30 April 1878, Lubaczów – 21 December 1948, Konstancin-Jeziorna, Konstancin) was a Poles, Polish psychologist, philosopher, Translation, translator (mainly of Plato's works into Polish language, Polish), historian (of phi ...

, Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz and Alfred Tarski) *

Anton Marty Martin Anton Maurus Marty (; 18 October 18471 October 1914) was a Swiss-born Austrian philosopher and Catholic priest. He specialized in philosophy of language, philosophy of psychology and ontology. Biography Marty was a student and follower ...

(

, 1866–1870), developed a detailed theory of language with his disciple

Karl Bühler Karl Ludwig Bühler (27 May 1879 – 24 October 1963) was a German psychologist and linguist. In psychology he is known for his work in gestalt psychology, and he was one of the founders of the Würzburg School of psychology. In linguistics he i ...

, which influenced Reinach (who developed a theory of speech acts long before

John Austin John Austin may refer to: Arts and entertainment * John P. Austin (1906–1997), American set decorator *Johnny Austin (1910–1983), American musician * John Austin (author) (fl. 1940s), British novelist Military *John Austin (soldier) (1801� ...

), whose lectures were attended by

Franz Kafka Franz Kafka (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was a German-speaking Bohemian novelist and short-story writer, widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature. His work fuses elements of realism and the fantastic. It ...

Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud ( , ; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating psychopathology, pathologies explained as originatin ...

, founded

psychoanalysis PsychoanalysisFrom Greek: + . is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques"What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a body of knowledge. In what might b ...

Other students were: *

Benno Kerry Benno Kerry (né Kohn; 11 December 1858 – 20 May 1889) was an Austrian philosopher. Life Kerry was born as Benno KohnRollinger 1999, p. 125. in Vienna. He studied under Ernst Laas and Otto Liebmann at the University of Strassburg and from 18 ...

Tomáš Masaryk Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (7 March 185014 September 1937) was a Czechoslovak politician, statesman, sociologist, and philosopher. Until 1914, he advocated restructuring the Austro-Hungarian Empire into a federal state. With the help of t ...

* Rudolf Steiner Scholars such as

Roderick Chisholm Roderick Milton Chisholm (; November 27, 1916 – January 19, 1999) was an American philosopher known for his work on epistemology, metaphysics, free will, value theory, and the philosophy of perception. The ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ...

, George Edward Moore,

Gilbert Ryle Gilbert Ryle (19 August 1900 – 6 October 1976) was a British philosopher, principally known for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for which he coined the phrase "ghost in the machine." He was a representative of the generation of British ord ...

John Searle John Rogers Searle (; born July 31, 1932) is an American philosopher widely noted for contributions to the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, and social philosophy. He began teaching at UC Berkeley in 1959, and was Willis S. and Mario ...

, Barry Smith, Kevin Mulligan, Peter Simons and

Jan Woleński Jan Hertrich-Woleński (also known as Jan Woleński; born 21 September 1940) is a Polish philosopher specializing in the history of the Lwów–Warsaw school of logic and in analytic philosophy. He has spent most of his academic career at the J ...

have propagated Brentano's influence to analytic philosophy through their research, editions and publications. Through the works and teachings of his pupils the philosophy of Franz Brentano has been spread far and wide and indirectly influenced many if not most of the debates in

contemporary philosophy Contemporary philosophy is the present period in the history of Western philosophy beginning at the early 20th century with the increasing professionalization of the discipline and the rise of analytic and continental philosophy. The phrase "c ...

, cognitive science and philosophy of mind.

References

Bibliography

* ''The School of Franz Brentano'' (ed. L. Albertazzi, M. Libardi & R. Poli), Kluwer, Dordrecht 1996. * ''The Cambridge Companion to Brentano'' (ed. D. Jacquette), Cambridge University Press 2004. * Rollinger, Robin D., ''Husserl's Position in the School of Brentano'' Kluwer, Dordrecht 1999. * Rollinger, Robin D., ''Austrian Phenomenology: Brentano, Meinong, Husserl, and Others on Mind and Object'', Ontos-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2008. . * Barry Smith,
Austrian Philosophy: The Legacy of Franz Brentano
', Open Court Publishing Company Chicago and LaSalle, Illinois 1996. * Barry Smith -
Brentano and Kafka
' In: Axiomathes, 8 (1997), 83–104 * Ion Tanasescu & Victor Popescu (coord.), Gabriel Cercel & Cristian Ciocan (eds.),
The School of Brentano and Husserlian Phenomenology
', ''Studia Phaenomenologica'' vol. III, nr. 1-2 (2003), ISSN 1582-5647, {{ISBN, 973-50-0564-6. 19th-century philosophy Continental philosophy Philosophical schools and traditions History of psychology

Notable members

See also

References

Bibliography