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School Of Brentano
The School of Brentano was a group of philosophers and psychologists who studied with Franz Brentano and were essentially influenced by him. While it was never a school in the traditional sense, Brentano tried to maintain some cohesion in the school. However, two of his most famous students, Alexius Meinong and Edmund Husserl, ultimately moved radically beyond his theories. Notable members Among the School of Brentano are counted several founders of new schools and movements (place and period they studied with Brentano): *Carl Stumpf (Würzburg, 1866–1870), taught Aron Gurwitsch and became the head of the Berlin School of experimental psychology, Berlin School (Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler) *Edmund Husserl (Vienna, 1884–1886), founded the Phenomenology (philosophy), phenomenological movement, influencing: **Munich phenomenology (Johannes Daubert, Adolf Reinach) **existential phenomenology (Jean-Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Martin Heidegger) *Al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philosophers
A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term ''philosopher'' comes from the grc, φιλόσοφος, , translit=philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (6th century BCE).. In the classical sense, a philosopher was someone who lived according to a certain way of life, focusing upon resolving existential questions about the human condition; it was not necessary that they discoursed upon theories or commented upon authors. Those who most arduously committed themselves to this lifestyle would have been considered ''philosophers''. In a modern sense, a philosopher is an intellectual who contributes to one or more branches of philosophy, such as aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, philosophy of science, logic, metaphysics, social theory, philosophy of religion, and political philosophy. A philosopher may also be someone who has worked in the humanities or other sciences which o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Existential Phenomenology
Existential phenomenology encompasses a wide range of thinkers who take up the view that philosophy must begin from experience like phenomenology, but argues for the temporality of personal existence as the framework for analysis of the human condition. Overview In contrast with his former mentor Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger (in his ''Being and Time'') put ontology before epistemology and thought that phenomenology would have to be based on an observation and analysis of ''Dasein'' ("being-there"), human being, investigating the fundamental ontology of the ''Lebenswelt'' (lifeworld, Husserl's term) underlying all so-called regional ontologies of the special sciences. In Heidegger's philosophy, people are thrown into the world in a given situation, but they are also a project towards the future, possibility, freedom, wait, hope, anguish. In contrast with the philosopher Kierkegaard, Heidegger wanted to explore the problem of ''Dasein'' existentially ('), rather than existentiell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stanisław Leśniewski
Stanisław Leśniewski (30 March 1886 – 13 May 1939) was a Polish mathematician, philosopher and logician. Life He was born on 28 March 1886 at Serpukhov, near Moscow, to father Izydor, an engineer working on the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, and mother Helena (''née'' Palczewska). Leśniewski went to a high school in Irkutsk. Later he attended lectures by Hans Cornelius at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and lectures by Wacław Sierpiński at Lviv University. Leśniewski belonged to the first generation of the Lwów–Warsaw School of logic founded by Kazimierz Twardowski. Together with Alfred Tarski and Jan Łukasiewicz, he formed a trio which made the University of Warsaw, during the interbellum, perhaps the most important research center in the world for formal logic. His main contribution was the construction of three nested formal systems, to which he gave the Greek-derived names of protothetic, ontology, and mereology. ("Calculus of names" i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jan Łukasiewicz
Jan Łukasiewicz (; 21 December 1878 – 13 February 1956) was a Polish logician and philosopher who is best known for Polish notation and Łukasiewicz logic His work centred on philosophical logic, mathematical logic and history of logic. He thought innovatively about traditional propositional logic, the principle of non-contradiction and the law of excluded middle, offering one of the earliest systems of many-valued logic. Contemporary research on Aristotelian logic also builds on innovative works by Łukasiewicz, which applied methods from modern logic to the formalization of Aristotle's syllogistic. The Łukasiewicz approach was reinvigorated in the early 1970s in a series of papers by John Corcoran and Timothy Smiley that inform modern translations of ''Prior Analytics'' by Robin Smith in 1989 and Gisela Striker in 2009. Łukasiewicz is regarded as one of the most important historians of logic. Life He was born in Lemberg in Austria-Hungary (now Lviv, Ukraine; pl, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kazimierz Twardowski
Kazimierz Jerzy Skrzypna-Twardowski (20 October 1866 – 11 February 1938) was a Polish philosopher, psychologist, logician, and rector of the Lwów University. He was initially affiliated with Alexius Meinong's Graz School of object theory. Life Twardowski's family belonged to the Ogończyk coat of arms. Twardowski studied philosophy at the University of Vienna with Franz Brentano and Robert von Zimmermann. In 1891 he received his doctorate with his dissertation, ''Idee und Perzeption'' (''Idea and Perception''), and in 1894 he presented his habilitation thesis ''Zur Lehre vom Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellungen'' ('' On the Doctrine of the Content and Object of Presentations'') at Vienna. He originated many novel ideas related to metaphilosophy. He lectured at the University of Vienna in the years 1894–95. In 1895 was appointed professor at Lwów (Lemberg in Austrian Galicia, now Lviv in the Ukraine). An outstanding lecturer, he was also a rector of the Lwów University ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt-psychology, gestaltism, or configurationism is a school of psychology that emerged in the early twentieth century in Austria and Germany as a theory of perception that was a rejection of basic principles of Wilhelm Wundt's and Edward Titchener's elementalist and structuralist psychology.Mather, George (2006) Foundations of Perception, Psychology Pressch.1 p.32 As used in Gestalt psychology, the German word ''Gestalt'' ( , ; meaning "form") is interpreted as "pattern" or "configuration". Gestalt psychologists emphasize that organisms perceive entire patterns or configurations, not merely individual components. The view is sometimes summarized using the adage, "the whole is more than the sum of its parts." Gestalt psychology was founded on works by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka. Origin and history Max Wertheimer (1880–1943), Kurt Koffka (1886–1941), and Wolfgang Köhler (1887-1967) founded Gestalt psychology in the early 20th century. The domi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christian Von Ehrenfels
Christian von Ehrenfels (also ''Maria Christian Julius Leopold Freiherr von Ehrenfels''; 20 June 1859 – 8 September 1932) was an Austrian philosopher, and is known as one of the founders and precursors of Gestalt psychology. Christian von Ehrenfels was born on 20 June 1859 in Rodaun near Vienna and grew up at his father's castle Brunn am Walde in Lower Austria. He joined secondary school in Krems and first studied at the Hochschule für Bodenkultur in Vienna and then changed to the University of Vienna. There he studied philosophy, was a pupil of Franz Brentano and Alexius Meinong, promoted under supervision of Meinong, following him after his move to the Karl-Franzens-Universität (Graz), in 1885 on the topic of ''Größenrelationen und Zahlen. Eine psychologische Studie'' ("Relations of magnitude and numbers. A psychological study"). He obtained his habilitiation in 1888 in Vienna with the work ''Über Fühlen und Wollen'' ("On feeling and willing"). From 1896 to 1929 he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vittorio Benussi
Vittorio Benussi (17 January 1878 – 24 November 1927) was an Austrian-Italian psychologist. Life and career Vittorio Benussi was an Austrian-Italian psychologist born on 17 January 1878 in Trieste. Antonelli (2018) describes him as an unknown but important figure who lived a "rich, but tragic life,". At the age of 18, Benussi moved to Italy where he earned money by working at the library in the Graz School of Gestalt theory. Soon after, Benussi became an assistant in Alexius Meinong’s laboratory and decided to conduct his own psychological research. He studied alongside Meinong where he was introduced to object theory, crucial development toward gestalt theory. Benussi was also introduced to famous psychologist Franz Brentano’s theory of descriptive psychology during his time in Graz. Founded by Franz Brentano, act psychology places emphasis on how the mind functions as opposed to what it is made up of. As Edwin Boring notes, "When one sees a color, the color itself is no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alois Höfler
Alois Höfler (April 6, 1853 – February 26, 1922) was an Austrian philosopher and university professor of education in Prague and Vienna. He was seen by the logical positivist Otto Neurath as an important link between Bernard Bolzano's work and the Vienna Circle. Family Alois Höfler was born in Kirchdorf in Upper Austria. His father and mother died while he was in his early and middle teens. He and his two younger sisters were then raised by a second mother, Amalie Boheim. He had four sons with his wife Auguste Dornhöffer, including Otto Höfler. Career In the Fall of 1871, Höfler entered the University of Vienna where he studied mathematics and physics with Ludwig Boltzmann and Josef Stefan. After his teaching examination in 1876 at the age of 23, he taught in the Josefstädter- gymnasium and other gymnasiums (advanced secondary schools) in Vienna. He received his doctoral degree in 1885, under Meinong supervision in Graz, with a thesis titled ''Some La ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stephan Witasek
Stephan Witasek (1870-1915) was an Austrian philosopher noted for his contribution to the development of the Graz School. He is cited as the most talented psychologist of the school and was groomed as Alexius Meinong's successor. Witasek is noted for developing a theory of aesthetics within the Graz School's abstract object theory. Biography Witasek was born on May 17, 1870 in Vienna, Austria to Wenzel Johann Witasek and his wife Emilie nee Egery. His father was a chief railway inspector while his mother, the second wife of Wenzel, was a daughter of a Hungarian civil servant. Witasek was the eldest of their two sons. When his father retired, the family moved to Graz. He obtained a degree in philosophy at the University of Graz after completing his study on complexion theory. Witasek became a scholar, a career, which Rudolf Ameseder described as a meager life marked by hard work, poverty, and belated recognition. Although, he was known for serving as Meinong's private assistant f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graz School
The Graz School (german: Grazer Schule), also Meinong's School, of experimental psychology and object theory was headed by Alexius Meinong, who was professor and Chair of Philosophy at the University of Graz where he founded the Graz Psychological Institute (Grazer Psychologische Institut) in 1894. The Graz School's phenomenological psychology and philosophical semantics achieved important advances in philosophy and psychological science. History Meinong developed the Graz School with the assistance of his students Christian von Ehrenfels (founder of ''Gestalt'' psychology) and Alois Höfler. The growth of his theory, however, occurred later when he started teaching and conducted research at Graz where he received contributions from students who also later became his philosophical successors. Meinong and these proteges – particularly their work on phenomenological psychology and philosophical semantics – gained advances in all major areas of philosophy and psychological scienc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
