Satyanatha Tirtha (also known as Satyanatha Yati) (

Sanskrit Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...

:सत्यनाथा तीर्थ); IAST:Śrī Satyanātha Tīrtha) (1648 – 1674), also called ''Abhinava Vyasaraja'', was a

Hindu Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...

philosopher, scholar,

theologian Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the ...

logician Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the science of deductively valid inferences or of logical truths. It is a formal science investigating how conclusions follow from premises ...

and dialectician belonging to the Dvaita order of

Vedanta ''Vedanta'' (; sa, वेदान्त, ), also ''Uttara Mīmāṃsā'', is one of the six (''āstika'') schools of Hindu philosophy. Literally meaning "end of the Vedas", Vedanta reflects ideas that emerged from, or were aligned with, t ...

. He served as the twentieth

pontiff A pontiff (from Latin ''pontifex'') was, in Roman antiquity, a member of the most illustrious of the colleges of priests of the Roman religion, the College of Pontiffs."Pontifex". "Oxford English Dictionary", March 2007 The term "pontiff" was la ...

Uttaradi Math Shri Uttaradi Math (IAST:''Śrī Uttarādi Maṭha'') (also known as Uttaradi Peetha), is one of the main monasteries (matha) founded by Madhvacharya with Padmanabha Tirtha as its head to preserve and propagate Dvaita Vedanta (Tattvavada) outs ...

from 1660 to 1673. He was a fiery and prolific writer and very ambitious of the glory of

Dvaita Vedanta Dvaita Vedanta (); (originally known as Tattvavada; IAST:Tattvavāda), is a sub-school in the Vedanta tradition of Hindu philosophy. The term Tattvavada literally means "arguments from a realist viewpoint". The Tattvavada (Dvaita) Vedanta su ...

. He is considered to be one of the stalwarts in the history of the Dvaita school of thought, on account of his sound elucidations of the works of

Madhvacharya Madhvacharya (; ; CE 1199-1278 or CE 1238–1317), sometimes anglicised as Madhva Acharya, and also known as Purna Prajna () and Ānanda Tīrtha, was an Indian philosopher, theologian and the chief proponent of the '' Dvaita'' (dualism) sch ...

Jayatirtha Sri Jayatirtha (), ''also known as'' Teekacharya () (1345 - 1388), was a Hindu philosopher, dialectician, polemicist and the sixth pontiff of Madhvacharya Peetha from (1365 – 1388). He is considered to be one of the most important seers in ...

and

Vyasatirtha Vyāsatīrtha (. 1460 – 1539), also called ''Vyasaraja'' or ''Chandrikacharya'', was a Hindu philosopher, scholar, polemicist, commentator and poet belonging to the Madhwacharya's Dvaita order of Vedanta. As the patron saint of the Vija ...

. Three of his polemically themed doxographical works ('' Abhinavamruta'', '' Abhinava Chandrika'' and '' Abhinava Tarkatandava'') are reminiscent of "Vyasatraya" (the three eyes of the man-lion of Madhva Siddhāntha). His

refutation In argumentation, an objection is a reason arguing against a premise, argument, or conclusion. Definitions of objection vary in whether an objection is always an argument (or counterargument) or may include other moves such as questioning. An ...

work '' Abhinava Gada'' is a devastating criticism of Appayya's ''Madhvamathamukhamardhana''. His independent treatise '' Abhinava Chandrika'' is considered a brilliant work relating to the '' Brahma Sūtras'', being a commentary on Jayatirtha's ''Tattvaprakashika''. His work '' Abhinava Tarka Tandava'' refuted the works of rival systems, especially those of

Prabhākara Prabhākara (active c. 6th century) was an Indian philosopher-grammarian in the Mīmāṃsā tradition of Kerala. Probable date Hariswamin's commentary on Shatapatha Brahmana which dates to 638 CE discusses the doctrine of Prabhākara's fol ...

of Mimamsa,

Ramanuja Ramanuja ( Middle Tamil: Rāmāṉujam; Classical Sanskrit: Rāmanuja; 1017 CE – 1137 CE; ; ), also known as Ramanujacharya, was an Indian Hindu philosopher, guru and a social reformer. He is noted to be one of the most important exponents ...

Visistadvaita Vishishtadvaita (IAST '; sa, विशिष्टाद्वैत) is one of the most popular schools of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. Vedanta literally means the in depth meaning ''of the Vedas.'' ''Vishisht Advaita'' (literall ...

, and Gangesha Upadhyaya,

Raghunatha Siromani Raghunatha Shiromani ( bn, রঘুনাথ শিরোমণি, IAST: Raghunātha Śiromaṇi) () was an Indian philosopher and logician. He was the head ( The Chancellor ) of the Ancient Mithila University also known as Mithila Vidyapeet ...

of the Nyaya school, on the same lines as Vyasatirtha's ''Tarka Tandava''.

Indologist Indology, also known as South Asian studies, is the academic study of the history and cultures, languages, and literature of the Indian subcontinent, and as such is a subset of Asian studies. The term ''Indology'' (in German, ''Indologie'') is ...

B.N.K.Sharma wrote, "His energy and determination to crush out the rivalry of

Monism Monism attributes oneness or singleness (Greek: μόνος) to a concept e.g., existence. Various kinds of monism can be distinguished: * Priority monism states that all existing things go back to a source that is distinct from them; e.g., i ...

is reflected even in the choice of the titles of some of his works, four of which go by the name "Paraśus" (the Axe)". Born into a family of scholars, Satyanatha Tirtha studied the six orthodox schools of

Hinduism Hinduism () is an Indian religion or '' dharma'', a religious and universal order or way of life by which followers abide. As a religion, it is the world's third-largest, with over 1.2–1.35 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global p ...

and subsequently, the philosophy of Dvaita under Satyanidhi Tirtha of Uttaradi Math, eventually succeeding him as the pontiff. B.N.K.Sharma wrote, "Satyanatha Tirtha made a bold pronouncement that women and Shudras are eligible for Aparokshajnana exclusively through shravana of

Tantra Tantra (; sa, तन्त्र, lit=loom, weave, warp) are the esoteric traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism that developed on the Indian subcontinent from the middle of the 1st millennium CE onwards. The term ''tantra'', in the Indian ...

". Sharma also wrote, "Satyanatha holds the memory of Vyasatirtha in warm admiration and refers him reverentially as ''Vyāsatīrthasrimaccaranah''". He composed 12 works, consisting of commentaries on the works of Madhva, Jayatirtha and Vyasatirtha, and several independent treatises criticizing the tenets of contemporary schools, especially

Advaita ''Advaita Vedanta'' (; sa, अद्वैत वेदान्त, ) is a Hindu sādhanā, a path of spiritual discipline and experience, and the oldest extant tradition of the orthodox Hindu school Vedānta. The term ''Advaita'' (l ...

, while simultaneously elaborating upon the Dvaita thought. His dialectical skill and logical acumen is often compared with that of Vyasatirtha.

Historical sources

Information about Satyanatha Tirtha is derived from

hagiographies A hagiography (; ) is a biography of a saint or an ecclesiastical leader, as well as, by extension, an adulatory and idealized biography of a founder, saint, monk, nun or icon in any of the world's religions. Early Christian hagiographies might ...

: ' by (a disciple of Satyabhinava Tirtha); ''Konkanabyudaya'' of Sagara Ramacharya and ''Sri Satyanatha Tirtharu'' (a biography in

Kannada Kannada (; ಕನ್ನಡ, ), originally romanised Canarese, is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka in southwestern India, with minorities in all neighbouring states. It has around 47 million native s ...

) by S.K. Badrinath.

B.N.K.Sharma wrote, "His victorious career formed the subject of a eulogy by Chalāri Saṁkarṣaṇacārya, in his ''Satyanatha Mahatmya Ratnakara''". ''Satyanatha Abhyudaya'' consists of eleven

canto The canto () is a principal form of division in medieval and modern long poetry. Etymology and equivalent terms The word ''canto'' is derived from the Italian word for "song" or "singing", which comes from the Latin ''cantus'', "song", from the ...

s and two

manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand – or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten – as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in ...

s of this work are noticed by

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) ** Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...

Theodor Aufrecht Simon Theodor Aufrecht (7 January 1822 – 3 April 1907) was a German Indologist and comparative linguist. He was the first Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology at the University of Edinburgh, and subsequently spent two decades as Profe ...

which he quoted in his book ''Catalogus Catalogorum''. B.N.K. Sharma opined the ''Satyanatha Abhyudaya'' is same as ''Satyanatha Mahatmya Ratnakara'' that was quoted in the ''Konkanabyudaya'' of Sagara Ramacharya. In ''Konkanabyudaya'' the author cited numerous

Smritis ''Smriti'' ( sa, स्मृति, IAST: '), literally "that which is remembered" are a body of Hindu texts usually attributed to an author, traditionally written down, in contrast to Śrutis (the Vedic literature) considered authorless, th ...

and letters patent and bulls issued by Keladi rulers and

pontiffs A pontiff (from Latin ''pontifex'') was, in Roman antiquity, a member of the most illustrious of the colleges of priests of the Roman religion, the College of Pontiffs."Pontifex". "Oxford English Dictionary", March 2007 The term "pontiff" was late ...

of some of the mutts at

Udupi Udupi (alternate spelling Udipi; also known as Odipu) is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. Udupi is situated about north of the educational, commercial and industrial hub of Mangalore and about west of state capital Bangalore by road. ...

and of Satyabhinava Tirtha , Satyanatha Tirtha and others. The ' of is another work which eulogises Satyanatha Tirtha.

Biography

B.N.K. Sharma says, Satyanatha Tirtha was originally named Narasimhacharya. He was born into an

Deshastha Madhva Brahmin Deshastha Brahmin is a Hindu Brahmin subcaste mainly from the Indian state of Maharashtra and northern area of the state of Karnataka. Other than these states, according to authors K. S. Singh, Gregory Naik and Pran Nath Chopra, Deshastha B ...

family of scholars in 1648 in

Miraj Miraj (Pronunciation: iɾəd͡z ) is a city in Sangli District and also in Maharashtra, India, that was founded in the early 10th century. It was an important jagir of the Adil Shahi court of Bijapur. Shivaji Maharaj stayed in Miraj for ...

, now in the southern part of Maharashtra. His father's name was Krishnacharya and his mother's name was Rukmini Bai. Author S. K. Badrinath gives Satyanatha Tirtha's former name as Raghunathacharya in his biography on Satyanatha Tirtha. Before becoming pontiff of the monastic institution

, he was known by three names after taking

Sannyasa ''Sannyasa'' (Sanskrit: संन्यास; IAST: ), sometimes spelled Sanyasa (सन्न्यास) or Sanyasi (for the person), is life of renunciation and the fourth stage within the Hindu system of four life stages known as '' A ...

. He was first ordained Sannyasa as an ordinary ascetic with the name Vidyanatha Tirtha by Krishnadwaipayana Tirtha (the disciple of

Vedavyasa Tirtha Vedavyasa Tirtha was a Hindu philosopher, scholar and saint. He served as the pontiff of Shri Uttaradi Math from 1595-1619. He was the 15th in succession from Madhvacharya Madhvacharya (; ; CE 1199-1278 or CE 1238–1317), sometimes an ...

), for second time he was named Ranganatha Tirtha by Dandaparivritti of Vedanidhi Tirtha and finally for the third time by Satyanidhi Tirtha, with the name Satyanatha Tirtha. In 1660 he took the seat of Uttaradi Math as the peetadhipathi, taking the name Satyanatha Tirtha. According to the account in Sagara Ramacharya's ', Satyanatha Tirtha visited

Benares Varanasi (; ; also Banaras or Benares (; ), and Kashi.) is a city on the Ganges river in northern India that has a central place in the traditions of pilgrimage, death, and mourning in the Hindu world. * * * * The city has a syncretic tra ...

at a time when

Mughal emperor The Mughal emperors ( fa, , Pādishāhān) were the supreme heads of state of the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. The Mughal rulers styled t ...

Aurangazeb was harassing the

Hindus Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...

there, and Satyanatha himself seems to have suffered persecution and to have been helped out of a difficult situation by the high priest of

Gaud Saraswat Brahmin Gaud Saraswat Brahmins (GSB) (also Goud or Gawd) are a Hindu Brahmin community of the north. The Konkani speaking Gaud Saraswat of Goa and southern India claim to be descendents of these Gaud Saraswat Brahmins of the north that migrated to ...

s. The same work says that he was a contemporary of

Keladi Chennamma Keladi Chennamma was the queen of Keladi Kingdom in Karnataka. She took birth in the household of a man called Siddappa Shetty, who was a native merchant in the region of Kundapur, Karnataka. She was from the Lingayatha community. Chennamma marr ...

(queen of Keladi) and Aurangazeb. According to Sharma, it was presumably during this time that he visited Gaya and strengthened the hold of his mutt among the Gayapalas, who had been converted to Madhvism by his predecessor

Vidyadhisha Tirtha Shri Vidyadhisha Tirtha () (died 1631), was an Indian philosopher, scholar, theologian, saint and dialectician. He served as the sixteenth pontiff of Uttaradi Math from 1619 to 1631. He is considered to be one of the important stalwarts in th ...

. Satyanatha ordained sannyasa to Keshavacharya (the

Purvashrama Purvashrama ( sa, पूर्वाश्रम, ), is a term used with reference to Sanyasis. It refers to the ''ashrama'' (stage of life) of a Sannyasi, before he is initiated into Sannyasa (renunciation). The word is also used to address fam ...

name of Satyabhinava Tirtha) in 1673. In the same year Satyabhinava Tirtha succeeded Satyanatha Tirtha as the pontiff of Uttaradi Math. After Satyanatha Tirtha died in 1674, his mortal remains were enshrined in the mutt at Veeracholapuram, a village in

Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu (; , TN) is a state in southern India. It is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Chennai. Tamil Nadu is the home of the Tamil people, whose Tamil language ...

Works

Satyanatha Tirtha authored twelve works, consisting of

polemical Polemic () is contentious rhetoric intended to support a specific position by forthright claims and to undermine the opposing position. The practice of such argumentation is called ''polemics'', which are seen in arguments on controversial topics ...

tracts, commentaries on the works of

Madhva Madhvacharya (; ; CE 1199-1278 or CE 1238–1317), sometimes anglicised as Madhva Acharya, and also known as Purna Prajna () and Ānanda Tīrtha, was an Indian philosopher, theologian and the chief proponent of the ''Dvaita'' (dualism) schoo ...

, independent works and a few hymns. Except for a few notable works, many remain unprinted. The

s are preserved in mutts at Veeracholapuram,

Bangalore Bangalore (), List of renamed places in India, officially Bengaluru (), is the Capital city, capital and largest city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of more than and a metropolitan area, metropolitan population of a ...

and

Tirukoilur Tirukoilur also spelt as ''Tirukkoyilur'' or ''Tirukovilur'' is a city and the headquarters of Tirukoilur taluk in Kallakurichi District, Tamil Nadu, India. The town is located on the southern bank of Thenpennai River and famous for Ulagala ...

. Satyanatha wanted to emulate the example and philosophical work that had been accomplished by Vyasaraja. His work '' Abhinavamrita'' is a commentary on Jayatirtha's ''Pramana-Paddhati''. ''Pramana-Paddhati'' is an epistemological work that discusses

pramanas ''Pramana'' (Sanskrit: प्रमाण, ) literally means "proof" and "means of knowledge".Abhinavachandrika'' is composed on the same lines of Vyasatirtha's ''Tatparya Chandrika'', which is a commentary on Jayatirtha's ''Tattvaprakasika'', which apart from elucidating the concepts of the source text, criticises the allegations against Madhva raised by

Appaya Dikshita Appayya Dikshita ( IAST ', often "Dikshitar"), 1520–1593 CE, was a performer of yajñas as well as an expositor and practitioner of the Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy but with a focus on Shiva or Shiva Advaita. Life Appayy ...

and other grammarians. His work '' Abhinavatandava'' or '' Abhinavatarkatandava'' is polemical tract written on same lines of Vyasatirtha's ''Tarka Tandava''. Satyanatha Tirtha also wrote

glosses A gloss is a brief notation, especially a marginal one or an interlinear one, of the meaning of a word or wording in a text. It may be in the language of the text or in the reader's language if that is different. A collection of glosses is a ''g ...

on the three ''Khandanas'' of Madhva. His commentaries on Dasaprakaranas texts are called ''Parasu'', which is an indication of his intention to cut the opponents arguments to pieces. His works are referred as the ''Abhinava Granthas'' and ''Parashu Granthas''.

''Abhinava Chandrika''

'' Abhinava Chandrika'' is a commentary on ''Tattva Prakasika'' by Jayatirtha, which in turn is a commentary on Madhva's ''Brahma Sutra Bhashya'' (which is a ''

bhashya Bhashya () is a "commentary" or "exposition" of any primary or secondary text in ancient or medieval Indian literature. Common in Sanskrit literature, ''Bhashya'' is also found in other Indian languages. Bhashya are found in various fields, ranging ...

'' or a commentary on Badarayana's '' Brahma Sūtras''). It is his

magnum opus A masterpiece, ''magnum opus'' (), or ''chef-d’œuvre'' (; ; ) in modern use is a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or a work of outstanding creativity, ...

which runs to 12,500 stanzas. It is not in continuation of ''Tatparya Chandrika'' but an independent gloss, covering those portions (ch. I-II) commented upon by Vyasatirtha. Satyanatha refers in one of his introductory verses (no. 4) to

Padmanabha Tirtha Padmanabha Tirtha (attained Siddhi 1324) was a Dvaita philosopher, scholar and the disciple of Madhvacharya. Ascending the pontifical seat after Madhva, he served as the primary commentator of his works and in doing so, significantly elucidat ...

's ''Sattarkadipavali''. 'In contrast to Vyasatirtha's ''Tatparya Chandrika'', Satyanatha Tirtha here sets forth the Purvapaksha and

Siddhanta ''Siddhānta'' is a Sanskrit term denoting the established and accepted view of any particular school within Indian philosophy; literally "settled opinion or doctrine, dogma, axiom, received or admitted truth; any fixed or established or canonica ...

views under each adhikarņa (or chapter), and offer criticisms on the former in accordance with the views of his teacher Satyanidhi Tirtha. B.N.K Sharma wrote, "His dextrous way of explaining the example of "Ahikundala" by constructing the term "vísesha" used by Jayatirtha in ''Tattvaprakasika'' in his twin senses of "visesa" and "bheda" is a masterstroke of resourcefulness".

''Abhinava Gada''

'' Abhinava Gada'' ("The New Mace") is a polemical and expositional work in five chapters. It is a refutation work for the

theological Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the s ...

controversies provoked by

Appayya Dikshita Appayya Dikshita (IAST ', often "Dikshitar"), 1520–1593 CE, was a performer of yajñas as well as an expositor and practitioner of the Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy but with a focus on Shiva or Shiva Advaita. Life Appayya ...

by his work ''Madhvamatamukhamardanam'' and runs to 4,750 stanzas. American

historian A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the st ...

Anthony Grafton Anthony Thomas Grafton (born May 21, 1950) is an American historian of early modern Europe and the Henry Putnam University Professor of History at Princeton University, where he is also the Director the Program in European Cultural Studies. He i ...

and

classicist Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity. In the Western world, classics traditionally refers to the study of Classical Greek and Roman literature and their related original languages, Ancient Greek and Latin. Classics ...

Glenn W. Most Glenn Warren Most (born June 12, 1952 in Miami) is an Americans, American classicist and comparative literature, comparatist originating from the US, but also working in Germany and Italy. Most studied classics at Harvard from 1968 on and receiv ...

says, '' Abhinava-Gada'' is like a new mace which broke the heads of non-dualists like

. B.N.K. Sharma wrote, "Abhinava Gada is a devastating criticism of Appaya's '' Madhvamatamukhamardhanam''. He takes a bold stand on several points regarding interpretation of original texts he is commenting and anticipates fresh objections against the originals and knocks them down. He is fond of what he calls ''interpolations'' and ''corruptions'' in the texts and suggests his own emendations and justifies them with gusto".

''Abhinava Tandava''

'' Abhinava Tandava'' ("The New Dance of Logic") or ''Abhinava Tarkatandava'' is a polemical tract targeted towards the Nyaya school. It is a voluminous work and is considered a

dialectical Dialectic ( grc-gre, διαλεκτική, ''dialektikḗ''; related to dialogue; german: Dialektik), also known as the dialectical method, is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing ...

classic of Satyanatha Tirtha. It expounds the nature and constitution of the logical and epistemological categories of the Dvaita system and refutes those of rival systems, especially those of Nyaya-

Vaisheshika Vaisheshika or Vaiśeṣika ( sa, वैशेषिक) is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy (Vedic systems) from ancient India. In its early stages, the Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemolog ...

s, on the same lines of the original ''Tarka Tandava'' of Vyasatirtha. The work runs to 11,367 stanzas.

Legacy

Satyanatha Tirtha is considered to be one of the foremost stalwarts of Dvaita thought. He is revered for his philosophical and dialectical thought, and his role in spreading the school of Dvaita across the subcontinent, especially in

Bihar Bihar (; ) is a state in eastern India. It is the 2nd largest state by population in 2019, 12th largest by area of , and 14th largest by GDP in 2021. Bihar borders Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the northern part of West ...

. B.N.K. Sharma wrote: "A memorable personality in many ways, a fierce, very ambitious and prolific writer". Satyanatha Tirtha has been eulogised by Chalāri Saṁkarṣaṇacārya in his biographical works ''Satyanatha Abhyudaya'' and ''Satyanatha Mahatmya Ratnakara''.

and professor Dr. R. Nagaraja Sarma considered Satyanatha Tirtha, along with

Trivikrama Panditacharya Sri Trivikrama Panditacharya (1258 - 1320), was an Indian scholar and one of the disciples of Sri Madhvacharya, the great Dvaita philosopher. He composed the Vayu Stuti, one of the most famous Stotras in the Madhva tradition. Biography Sri ...

and Keshavacharya, prominent scholars who wrote expository and controversial works unrivalled for their brilliance and systematic treatment. Historian

Ramesh Chandra Majumdar Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (known as R. C. Majumdar; 4 December 1888 – 11 February 1980) was a historian and professor of Indian history. Majumdar is a noted historian of modern India. He was a former Sheriff of Kolkata. Early life and educati ...

wrote that Satyanatha Tirtha,

Vadiraja Tirtha Sri Vadiraja Teertharu (1480 – 1600) was a Dvaita philosopher, poet, traveller and mystic. A polymath of his time, he authored many works, often polemical, on Madhva theology and metaphysics. Additionally, he composed numerous poems and as ...

and

Raghavendra Tirtha Raghavendra Tirtha () (1595 – 1671) was a Hindu scholar, theologian and saint. He was also known as Sudha Parimalacharya (). His diverse oeuvre include commentaries on the works of Madhva, Jayatirtha and Vyasatirtha, interpretation of the ...

were the great scholars who enriched the literature of Dvaita considerably by their numerous contributions. Valerie Stoker considered Satyanatha Tirtha along with

Vijayendra Tirtha Vijayīndra Tīrtha ''(also known as Vijayendra Tīrtha)'' (1514 - 1595) was a Dvaita philosopher and dialectician. A prolific writer and an unrelenting polemicist, he is said to have authored 104 treatises expounding the principles of Dvaita ...

and

Narayanacharya Narayanacharya ( IAST:Nārāyaṇācārya; c. 1600 – c. 1660), was an Indian scholar and philosopher of Dvaita Vedānta tradition. He was the disciple of Vedavyasa Tirtha of Uttaradi Math and is the most celebrated name in the annals of the ...

as prominent Dvaita intellectuals, who responded to their rivals critiques throughout sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Spread of Dvaita

B.N.K. Sharma credited Satyanatha Tirtha with converting remaining Gayapalas and strengthening the hold of Madhva Siddhanta among the Gayawala Pandas of Gaya, who had been converted to Madhvism by his predecessor Vidyadhisha Tirtha.

Scholarly influence

Satyanatha Tirtha was significantly influenced by

and

, in that he borrowed from their style and method of enquiry. He exerted considerable influence on his successors.

Satyadhyana Tirtha Satyadhyana Tirtha () (24 December 1872 – 24 March 1942) was an Indian Hindu philosopher, scholar, yogi, mystic, theologian and saint. He was the 38th pontiff of Uttaradi Math and served the pontificate from 1911-1942. He was considered ...

's ''Chandrikamandana'' derives some of its aspects from '' Abhinava Chandrika''. Satyabhinava Tirtha's ''Durghata Bhavadipa'', an exhaustive commentary on the Madhva's ''Bhagvata Tatparya Nirnaya'', borrows some of its aspects from Satyanatha Tirtha's oeuvre.

Notes

References

Sources

* * * * * * * * * * * * (in

and English) * * * *

External links

Sri Satyanatha Tirtha
from https://www.uttaradimath.org/. {{Authority control Madhva religious leaders Hindu philosophers and theologians Dvaita Vedanta Uttaradi Math Dvaitin philosophers Scholars from Karnataka Scholars from Maharashtra 17th-century Indian philosophers Indian Hindu monks 1640s births 1670s deaths