Alberto Santos-Dumont (
Palmira, 20 July 1873 —
Guarujá
Guarujá (; ) is a municipality in the São Paulo state of Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Baixada Santista. The population is 322,750 (2020 est.) in an area of . This place name comes from the Tupi language, and means "narrow pat ...
, 23 July 1932) was a Brazilian
aeronaut
Aeronautics is the science or art involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of air flight–capable machines, and the techniques of operating aircraft and rockets within the atmosphere. The British Royal Aeronautical Society identifies ...
, sportsman, inventor, and one of the few people to have contributed significantly to the early development of both
lighter-than-air
A lifting gas or lighter-than-air gas is a gas that has a density lower than normal atmospheric gases and rises above them as a result. It is required for aerostats to create buoyancy, particularly in lighter-than-air aircraft, which include fre ...
and
heavier-than-air
An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines. C ...
aircraft. The heir of a wealthy family of coffee producers, he dedicated himself to aeronautical study and experimentation in Paris, where he spent most of his adult life. He designed, built, and flew the first powered
airship
An airship or dirigible balloon is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate through the air under its own power. Aerostats gain their lift from a lifting gas that is less dense than the surrounding air.
In early ...
s and won the
Deutsch Prize in 1901, when he flew around the
Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower ( ; french: links=yes, tour Eiffel ) is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower.
Locally nicknamed "'' ...
in his airship
No. 6
''No. 6'' is a Japanese novel series written by Atsuko Asano and published by Kodansha in nine volumes between October 2003 and June 2011. A manga adaptation drawn by Hinoki Kino was serialized in Kodansha's ''Aria'' magazine from January 201 ...
, becoming one of the most famous people in the world in the early 20th century.
Santos-Dumont then progressed to powered heavier-than-air machines and on 23 October 1906 flew about 60 metres at a height of two to three metres with the fixed-wing 14-bis
The ''14-bis'' (french: Quatorze-bis), (), also known as ("bird of prey" in French), was a pioneer era, canard-style biplane designed and built by Brazilian aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont. In 1906, near Paris, the ''14-bis'' made a m ...
(also dubbed the ''Oiseau de Proie''—"bird of prey") at the Bagatelle Gamefield
The Bagatelle Gamefield (French ''Plaine de Jeux de Bagatelle'') is a public recreation area for practicing various sports and leisure activities, among them football, rugby and cricket.
Located in the vicinity of the Bagatelle Park, in the r ...
in Paris, taking off unassisted by an external launch system. On 12 November in front of a crowd, he flew 220 metres at a height of six metres. These were the first heavier-than-air flights certified by the Aeroclub of France, the first such flights officially witnessed by an aeronautics recordkeeping body, and the first of their kind recognised by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
The (; FAI; en, World Air Sports Federation) is the world governing body for air sports, and also stewards definitions regarding human spaceflight. It was founded on 14 October 1905, and is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland. It maintai ...
.
Santos-Dumont is a national hero in Brazil, where it is popularly held that he preceded the Wright brothers in demonstrating a practical aeroplane
An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectr ...
; numerous roads, plazas, schools, monuments, and airports there are dedicated to him, and his name is inscribed on the Tancredo Neves Pantheon of the Fatherland and Freedom
The Tancredo Neves Pantheon of the Fatherland and Freedom ( pt, Panteão da Pátria e da Liberdade Tancredo Neves) is a cenotaph in the Brazilian capital Brasília, dedicated to the honour of national heroes. It was conceived during the national ...
.
He was a member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
The Academia Brasileira de Letras (ABL) ( English: ''Brazilian Academy of Letters'') is a Brazilian literature, literary non-profit society established at the end of the 19th century. The first president, Machado de Assis, declared its found ...
from 1931 until his suicide in 1932.
Childhood
Alberto Santos-Dumont was the sixth child of Henrique Dumont
Henrique Honoré Dumont (July 20, 1832 in Diamantina – August 30, 1892 in Rio de Janeiro) was a Brazilian engineer, coffee farmer and father of Alberto Santos-Dumont. A son of French immigrants, he is considered one of the three kings of the ...
, an engineer who graduated from the Central School of Arts and Manufactures in Paris, and Francisca de Paula Santos. The couple had eight children, three sons and five daughters: Henrique dos Santos-Dumont, Maria Rosalina Dumont Vilares, Virgínia Dumont Vilares, , Gabriela, Alberto Santos-Dumont, Sofia, and Francisca. In 1873, the family moved to the small town of Cabangu, in the municipality of João Aires, for Henrique Dumont to work on the construction of the D. Pedro II railroad. The construction work finished when Alberto was 6, and the family moved to São Paulo. Here he began to show signs of his aeronautical interest; according to his parents, at the age of one he used to puncture rubber balloons to see what was inside. He was baptised in Valença at the on 20 February 1877, by Teodoro Teotônio da Silva Carolina
The name ''Teodoro'' is the Italian, Portuguese and Spanish form of Theodore.
People Given name
* Teodoro Alcalde (1913–1995)
* Teodoro Ardemans (died 1726)
* Teodoro Borlongan (1955–2005)
* Teodoro Buontempo (1946–2013)
* Teodoro Cano Garc ...
.
In 1879, the Dumonts sold their farm in Valença, Rio de Janeiro
Valença () is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. Its population was estimated at 76,869 in 2020 and its area is . The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Valença.
Valença has five districts: ''Conse ...
, and settled in Sítio do Cascavel, in Ribeirão Preto
Ribeirão Preto (Portuguese pronunciation: ibejˈɾɐ̃w ˈpɾetu is a municipality and a metropolitan area located in the northeastern region of São Paulo state, Brazil.
Ribeirão Preto is the eighth-largest municipality in the State wi ...
, where they bought the Arindeúva Farm, of José Bento Junqueira, producing 1200 bushel
A bushel (abbreviation: bsh. or bu.) is an imperial and US customary unit of volume based upon an earlier measure of dry capacity. The old bushel is equal to 2 kennings (obsolete), 4 pecks, or 8 dry gallons, and was used mostly for agricult ...
s. Until he was 10, he was taught by his older sister, Virginia. From 10 to 12 years old he studied at Colégio Culto à Ciência
The Colégio Culto à Ciência (Portuguese for ''"Cult to Science" High School''), denominated E.E. Culto à Ciência), is a public secondary school located in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. It was founded in 1874, as a boy's ...
. He then attended Colégio Kopke in São Paulo, Colégio Morton, and Colégio Menezes Vieira in Rio de Janeiro, and later at the School of Engineering from Minas, without finishing the course. He was not considered an outstanding student, studying only what interested him, and extending his studies independently in his father's library. By this time he already displayed the refined manners that would later become part of his image in France, and an introverted personality. He saw his first human flight in São Paulo at the age of 15, in 1888, when an aeronaut ascended in a spherical balloon and parachuted down. After a family trip to Paris in 1891, he became interested in mechanics, especially the internal combustion engine
An internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combus ...
. From then on, he never stopped searching for alternatives, receiving from the City Council of Ribeirão Preto, according to Law no. 100, of 4 November 1903, a million réis subsidy to continue his researches that, three years later, resulted in the creation of his aeroplane. A newspaper of the time stated that Santos-Dumont would only accept if "...that amount was intended for an aircraft contest prize."
Santos-Dumont would remember with nostalgia the times spent on his father's farm, where he enjoyed the greatest freedom:
At the age of seven Santos-Dumont was already driving the farm's trains, and at twelve he could operate a locomotive on his own, but the speed achievable on land was not enough for him. By observing coffee machines he deduced that oscillatory machines wore out more, while those with circular motion were more efficient.
By reading the works of Jules Verne
Jules Gabriel Verne (;''Longman Pronunciation Dictionary''. ; 8 February 1828 – 24 March 1905) was a French novelist, poet, and playwright. His collaboration with the publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel led to the creation of the ''Voyages extraor ...
, with whose fictional heroes he was later compared and who he would meet in adulthood, Santos-Dumont got the desire to conquer the air. The submarines, balloons, ocean liners, and vehicles that the novelist envisioned in his works made a deep impression on the boy's mind. Years later, as an adult, he still remembered the adventures lived in imagination:
Technology fascinated him. He began building kites and small aeroplanes powered by a propeller driven by twisted rubber springs, as he says in a commentary on the letter he received the day he won the Deutsch prize, recalling his childhood: "This letter brings back to me the happiest days of my life, when I exercised myself in making light aeroplanes with bits of straw, moved by screw propellers driven by springs of twisted rubber, or ephemeral silk-paper balloons." (Santos-Dumont) Every year, on 24 June he would fill whole fleets of tiny silk balloons over the bonfires of St. John, to watch them climbing into the sky.
Career
Mountaineering, motorsports and ballooning
In 1891, when he was 18, Santos-Dumont visited Europe. In England he spent a few months practising his English, and in France he climbed Mont Blanc
Mont Blanc (french: Mont Blanc ; it, Monte Bianco , both meaning "white mountain") is the highest mountain in the Alps and Western Europe, rising above sea level. It is the second-most prominent mountain in Europe, after Mount Elbrus, and i ...
. This adventure, at an altitude of almost 5,000 metres, gave him a taste for heights. The following year, his father had a serious accident, and released Alberto from parental care on 12 February 1892, advising him to focus on learning mechanics, chemistry, and electricity. With that, Alberto left the Ouro Preto Mining Engineering School and returned to France where he took part in motor racing and cycling. He also began technical and scientific studies with a professor of Spanish origin named Garcia. In 1894 Santos-Dumont travelled to the United States, visiting New York, Chicago, and Boston. Around this time he went on to study at Merchant Venturers' Technical College
The Society of Merchant Venturers is a charitable organisation in the English city of Bristol.
The society can be traced back to a 13th-century guild which funded the voyage of John Cabot to Canada. In 1552, it gained a monopoly on sea trading ...
, but never graduated. Agenor Barbosa described Santos-Dumont in this period as a "student of little diligence, or rather, not at all studious for 'theories', but of admirable practical and mechanical talent and, since then, revealing himself in everything, of inventive genius", but who was later described by Agnor as someone focused on aviation from when "...'explosion engines' began to succeed."
In 1897, independent and heir to an immense fortune which he invested in the development of his projects, applied in the stock market, allowing him to work without being accountable to any investor – was 24 years old – Santos-Dumont left for France, where he hired professional aeronauts to teach him ballooning, after reading the book ''Andrée – Au Pôle Nord en ballon'', about Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition
Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition of 1897 was a failed effort to reach the North Pole, resulting in the deaths of all three Swedish expedition members, S. A. Andrée, Knut Frænkel, and Nils Strindberg. Andrée, the first Swedish balloonist, ...
. On 23 March 1898, he made his first ascent in a Lachambre & Machuron balloon at a cost of 400 francs, later saying that: "I will never forget the genuine pleasure of my first balloon ascent". That year, even before he was known as a balloonist, he began to be quoted by the media due to his involvement in motor racing.
On 30 May 1898 he made his first night ascent, and the following month he started working as a captain, taking groups of passengers aloft in a hired balloon. By 1900 he had created nine balloons, of which two became famous: the ''Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
'' and the ''Amérique''. ''Brazil'' first flew on 4 July 1898, and was the smallest aircraft built at the time – inflated with hydrogen, it covered 113 metres in a silk envelope of 6 metres in diameter, weighing 27.5 kg without the crewman and made more than 200 flights. According to biographer , he was influenced to create his first balloon after racing at the Paris-Amsterdam race on his tricycle, where he crossed 110 kilometers in two hours, abandoning after an accident. The second balloon, ''Amérique'', held 500m³ of hydrogen and was 10 metres in diameter, and was capable of carrying passengers. With the second balloon he faced everything from storms to accidents. In his first experiments he was awarded a prize by the French Aeroclub for his study of atmospheric currents; he reached high altitudes and stayed airborne for more than 22 hours. Santos-Dumont advocated for government investment in aviation development and the importance of public opinion, something previously noted by .
Airships
Airship
An airship or dirigible balloon is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate through the air under its own power. Aerostats gain their lift from a lifting gas that is less dense than the surrounding air.
In early ...
s, powered aerostats, were first demonstrated and patented by the Brazilian priest Bartolomeu de Gusmão
Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão (December 1685 – 18 November 1724) was a Brazilian-born Portuguese priest and naturalist, who was a pioneer of lighter-than-air airship design.
Early life
Gusmão was born at Santos, then part of the Portugues ...
in 1709, and were flown by the Montgolfier Brothers
The Montgolfier brothers – Joseph-Michel Montgolfier (; 26 August 1740 – 26 June 1810) and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier (; 6 January 1745 – 2 August 1799) – were aviation pioneers, balloonists and paper manufacturers from the commune A ...
in 1783, but until the late 19th century had yet to be mastered, having been attempted by Henri Giffard
Baptiste Jules Henri Jacques Giffard (8 February 182514 April 1882) was a French engineer. In 1852 he invented the steam injector and the powered Giffard dirigible airship.
Career
Giffard was born in Paris in 1825. He invented the injector an ...
, Charles Renard
Charles Renard (1847–1905) born in Damblain, Vosges, was a French military engineer.
Airships
After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 he started work on the design of airships at the French army aeronautical department. Together with A ...
and Arthur Constantin Krebs
Arthur Constantin Krebs (16 November 1850 in Vesoul, France – 22 March 1935 in Quimperlé, France) was a French officer and pioneer in automotive engineering.
Life
Collaborating with Charles Renard, he piloted Timeline of aviation - 19 ...
in a flight with an electric motor in a closed circuit in a project abandoned by the French Army, and by the Brazilian Júlio César Ribeiro de Sousa
Júlio is a Portuguese masculine given name. The equivalent in Spanish is Julio.
The diminutive form is Julinho, as in Júlio César Teixeira known as Julinho, a Brazilian footballer.
See also
*Julio (disambiguation)
*Julio (given name)
*Julio (s ...
, without success. Public demonstrations, such as those performed by Santos-Dumont, were important in the sceptical academic environment.
Due to the weight of electric motors, Santos-Dumont chose the internal combustion engine. In initial tests, he hoisted the tricycle he had used in the Paris-Amsterdam race up a tree to check for vibration, which did not occur. He modified the engine by putting the two cylinders on top of each other, creating a lightweight 3.5 horsepower unit, which was the first internal combustion engine successfully used in aeronautics. An article presented in , claims that the aeronautical movement in France was sparked by Santos-Dumont's experiments and Santos-Dumont said he believed his experiences led to the founding of the Aéro-Club de France
The Aéro-Club de France () was founded as the Aéro-Club on 20 October 1898 as a society 'to encourage aerial locomotion' by Ernest Archdeacon, Léon Serpollet, Henri de la Valette, Jules Verne and his wife, André Michelin, Albert de Dion, ...
.
A detail raised by Santos-Dumont refers to the definition of what would be heavier than air: in June 1902 he published an article
Article often refers to:
* Article (grammar), a grammatical element used to indicate definiteness or indefiniteness
* Article (publishing), a piece of nonfictional prose that is an independent part of a publication
Article may also refer to:
G ...
in the ''North American Review
The ''North American Review'' (NAR) was the first literary magazine in the United States. It was founded in Boston in 1815 by journalist Nathan Hale and others. It was published continuously until 1940, after which it was inactive until revived a ...
'' arguing that his work on airships was about aviation, because hydrogen gas itself was not capable of taking off, and engine power was also needed. He also wrote: "...the flying-machine will be achieved only by the way of evolution, by making the air-ship pass through a series of transformations analogous to the metamorphoses by which the chrysalis becomes the winged butterfly."
;No. 1
The first airship designed by Santos-Dumont, the No. 1, was 25 metres long with a volume of 186 cubic metres, made its first takeoff attempt in February 1898, after being inflated in Henri Lachambre
Henri Lachambre (30 December 1846, Vagney, Vosges – 12 June 1904) was a French manufacturer of balloons. His factory was in the Paris suburb Vaugirard. He also participated in ballooning himself carried out 500 ascents.
Lachambre supplied ba ...
's workshops in Vaugirard. Snowy conditions caused the airship to flex and crash. "At a height of five or six metres, over Longchamp, the apparatus suddenly bent and the crash began. Of my entire career, this is the most abominable memory I have in store."
No. 1 was inflated again in the Aclimation Garden in Paris on 18 September 1898, but was damaged before it could fly, due to a misjudgement by the ground crew holding the ropes. Repaired two days later, the aircraft took off and flew. The air pump for the internal balloon, which kept the envelope rigid, did not work properly, and the airship, at a height of 400 metres, began to flex and descend rapidly. In an interview, Santos-Dumont told how he escaped death:
;No. 2
In 1899, Santos-Dumont built a new aircraft, No. 2, with the same length and similar shape, but a larger diameter of 3.8 metres, increasing the volume to 200 cubic metres. To address the unreliability of the air pump which had almost killed him, he added a small aluminium fan to maintain pressure and rigidity.
The first test was scheduled for 11 May 1899. At the time of the flight, rain made the balloon heavy. The demonstration consisted of simple manoeuvres with the aircraft attached by a rope, but ended in the adjacent trees. The airship had folded under the combined action of the contraction of the hydrogen and the force of the wind.
;No. 3
In September 1899 Santos-Dumont started the construction of a new elongated airship, the No. 3, inflated with lighting gas, 20 metres long and 7.5 metres in diameter, with a capacity of 500 cubic metres. The basket was the same one used in the two other aircraft.
At 3:30 pm on 13 November Santos-Dumont took off in No. 3 from Vaugirard Aerostation Park and went around the Eiffel Tower for the first time. From the monument he went to the Parc des Princes then to the Bagatelle Gamefield
The Bagatelle Gamefield (French ''Plaine de Jeux de Bagatelle'') is a public recreation area for practicing various sports and leisure activities, among them football, rugby and cricket.
Located in the vicinity of the Bagatelle Park, in the r ...
in the Bois de Boulogne (near the Hippodrome of Longchamp). He landed at the exact spot where No. 1 had crashed, this time under control.
Santos-Dumont had a large hangar built at the Saint-Cloud
Saint-Cloud () is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France, from the centre of Paris. Like other communes of Hauts-de-Seine such as Marnes-la-Coquette, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Vaucresson, Saint-Cloud is one of France's wealthiest towns ...
site, large enough to hold No. 3 when completely filled, as well as the equipment to make the hydrogen gas. This hangar, completed on 15 June 1900, was 30 metres long, 7 metres wide, and 11 metres high. It was no longer intended to house No. 3, which had been abandoned, but No. 4, completed on 1 August 1900. With No. 3 he broke the record of 23 hours in the air. He tried to fly almost every day, demonstrating the reliability and usefulness of his aircraft.
;No. 4
On 24 March 1900, the Jewish millionaire oil magnate Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe
Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe (; 25 September 1846 – 24 November 1919), born Salomon Henry Deutsch, was a successful French petroleum businessman (known as the "Oil King of Europe"Howard, Fred, ''Wilbur & Orville: A Biography'', Dover Publicati ...
sent the President of the Aéro-Club de France
The Aéro-Club de France () was founded as the Aéro-Club on 20 October 1898 as a society 'to encourage aerial locomotion' by Ernest Archdeacon, Léon Serpollet, Henri de la Valette, Jules Verne and his wife, André Michelin, Albert de Dion, ...
, which had been founded two years earlier, a letter in which he promised 100,000 francs to anyone who could invent an efficient flying machine:
The challenge became known as the Deutsch Prize. The regulations stipulated that an aircraft must be able to fly to the Eiffel Tower, round the monument, and return to the place of ascent in no more than thirty minutes, without stops, a total of 11 kilometres, under the eyes of a commission from the Aeroclub de France convened at least one day in advance. This required a minimum average speed of 22 km/h.
The award encouraged Alberto Santos-Dumont to try faster flights with No. 4. The aircraft was 420 cubic metres in volume, 29 metres long, and 5.6 metres in diameter. Underneath was a 9.4-metre bamboo keel, in the middle of which were the saddle and pedals of an ordinary bicycle. Astride the saddle, the pilot had under his feet the starting pedals of a 7 hp engine, which powered a front propeller with two 4-metre long silk blades. Next to the pilot were ropes with which he could control the carburettor and valve settings, the rudder, ballast, and displacement weights. Santos-Dumont made almost daily flights in No. 4 from Saint Cloud during August. On 19 September, before members of the International Congress of Aeronauts, he proved the effectiveness of an aerial propeller driven by an oil engine by flying repeatedly against the wind, even with a broken rudder, impressing the scientists present. The general impression was that he would win the Deutsch Prize, and upon going to Nice after falling ill, he began designing No. 5.
;No. 5 and No. 6
No. 5 was built to compete for the Henry Deutsch de la Meurthe award for a flight from the Aero-Club de France airfield in Saint-Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in 30 minutes. It used the extended envelope of No. 4, from which a triangular gondola made of pine was suspended. Other innovations included the use of piano wire to suspend the gondola, reducing drag, and the use of water ballast tanks. It was powered by a 12 hp, 4-cylinder air-cooled engine driving a propeller,
On 13 April the Santos-Dumont Prize was created. It was similar to the Deutsch Prize, but had no time limit. On 13 July 1901, After some experimental outings, Santos-Dumont competed with No. 5 in the Deutsch Award for the first time. It completed the required course, but exceeded the time limit for the race by ten minutes. At that time, he met Princess Imperial Isabel, after an accident. On 29 July he aborted a flight when he cut his fingers on the guide-rope; around that time French aeronauts started a smear campaign against Santos-Dumont.
On 8 May, trying for the prize again, he crashed his aircraft into the Hotel Trocadero; the balloon exploded and was completely destroyed, but he escaped unscathed and publicly tested the engine to show its reliability. The accident was caused by one of the automatic valves having a weakened spring, which allowed the escape of gas.
After offering his own 21 cubic metre balloon which was under construction – and being politely refused – Henri Deutsch said, "I'm afraid the experiments will not be conclusive. Mr Santos-Dumont's balloon will always be at the mercy of the wind, and is therefore not the kind of aircraft we dream of." Santos-Dumont crashed his No. 6 at the Longchamps racetrack on 19 September 1901.
On 19 October 1901, with the 622-cubic-metre No. 6
''No. 6'' is a Japanese novel series written by Atsuko Asano and published by Kodansha in nine volumes between October 2003 and June 2011. A manga adaptation drawn by Hinoki Kino was serialized in Kodansha's ''Aria'' magazine from January 201 ...
balloon powered by a 20 hp engine, he executed the test in 29 minutes and 30 seconds, but it took about a minute to land, which caused the committee to initially deny the award. This became a matter of controversy, as the public and Deutsch believed that the aviator had won. After some time and the aviator protesting this decision, it was reversed. He became internationally recognised as the world's greatest aviator and the inventor of the airship. The prize was then 100,000 francs plus interest, that Santos-Dumont distributed among his staff and the unemployed and workers in Paris who for some reason had "pawned their tools of labor" with help from the City Hall of Paris. A month before the event, by announcing this intention, he had obtained "unrestricted support from public opinion". The money was released on 4 November after a vote in which nine members of the Aeroclub opposed and fifteen supported. This delay served to put public opinion further in Santos-Dumont's favour. The same afternoon, he sent a letter of resignation to the Aeroclub. Mauricio Pazini Brandão, in ''The Santos-Dumont legacy to aeronautics'', says that this event should be considered as the certification of the airship.
After winning the Deutsch Prize, Santos-Dumont received letters from several countries, congratulating him; magazines published lavish, richly illustrated editions to reproduce his image and perpetuate the achievement; an Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell (, born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Te ...
interview in the ''New York Herald'' explored the reasons for Santos-Dumont's success, envy of other inventors, and the experiments that preceded him; tributes were paid in France, Brazil, England, where the English Aero Club offered a banquet, and several other countries. The president of Brazil, Campos Sales
Manoel Ferraz de Campos Salles (; 15 February 1841 – 28 June 1913) was a Brazilian lawyer, coffee farmer, and politician who served as the fourth president of Brazil. He was born in the city of Campinas, São Paulo. He graduated as a law ...
sent him prize money of 100 million réis following the proposal of Augusto Severo
Campo Grande, formerly Augusto Severo is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Norte in the Northeast region of Brazil.
From 1903 until 1991 Campo Grande was named Augusto Severo after noted Brazilian aeronaut Augusto Severo de Albuquerque ...
, as well as a gold medal with his effigy and an allusion to Camões: "Through skies never sailed before"; The Brazilian people were apathetic, and in January 1902, Albert I, Prince of Monaco
Albert I (Albert Honoré Charles Grimaldi; 13 November 1848 – 26 June 1922) was Prince of Monaco from 10 September 1889 until his death. He devoted much of his life to oceanography, exploration and science. Alongside his expeditions, Albert I ...
invited him to continue his experiments in the Principality. He offered him a new hangar on the beach at La Condamine, and everything else Albert thought necessary for his comfort and safety, which was accepted; his success also inspired the creation of several biographies and influenced fictional characters, such as Tom Swift
Tom Swift is the main character of six series of American juvenile science fiction and adventure novels that emphasize science, invention, and technology. First published in 1910, the series totals more than 100 volumes. The character was ...
; That April, Santos-Dumont travelled to the United States, where he visited Thomas Edison
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. These inventio ...
's laboratories in New York. They discussed patents. The American asked Santos-Dumont to create the Aero Club of the US; when justifying not charging for demonstration flights in St Louis, Santos-Dumont said: "I am an amateur". After the meeting with Edison, Santos-Dumont told the American press that he did not intend to patent his aircraft. He was received at the White House
The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800. ...
in Washington, DC, by President Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26t ...
and talked to U.S. Navy and Army officials about the possibility of using airships as a defence tool against submarines. In July 1902, after the creation of the Aeroclub of the US, Santos-Dumont announced a series of flights in American territory. These did not take place, confusing the media and American public opinion. He left New York in late 1902, without having made any flights, and the American public did not consider his inventions to be practical.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Santos-Dumont was the only person in the world capable of controlled flight. After his time in the US, he learned of the fatal accident
An accident is an unintended, normally unwanted event that was not directly caused by humans. The term ''accident'' implies that nobody should be blamed, but the event may have been caused by unrecognized or unaddressed risks. Most researcher ...
of Augusto Severo
Campo Grande, formerly Augusto Severo is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Norte in the Northeast region of Brazil.
From 1903 until 1991 Campo Grande was named Augusto Severo after noted Brazilian aeronaut Augusto Severo de Albuquerque ...
and the suicide of his mother; he returned to England, where he had left No. 6 being prepared for an exhibition at the Crystal Palace
The Crystal Palace was a cast iron and plate glass structure, originally built in Hyde Park, London, Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. The exhibition took place from 1 May to 15 October 1851, and more than 14,000 exhibit ...
, as well as planning to fly into London. The fabric of the airship was punctured, as confirmed by the balloonist Stanley Spencer
Sir Stanley Spencer, CBE RA (30 June 1891 – 14 December 1959) was an English painter. Shortly after leaving the Slade School of Art, Spencer became well known for his paintings depicting Biblical scenes occurring as if in Cookham, the small ...
. The initial view was that the balloon had been cut with a knife, with Santos-Dumont stating that "...whole sections were cut and removed" and that he had previously experienced similar.
;Monaco
In Monaco, after accepting Prince Albert's invitation, Santos-Dumont guided the construction of a 55 metre long, 10 metre wide and 15 metre high hangar, with doors he designed which weighed 10 tons, on the Boulevard de La Condamine by the sea. On testing the guide wire over the sea, he found that it stabilised the aircraft in low-level flight. Santos-Dumont also demonstrated that overall the aircraft behaved well over water, reaching up to 42 km/h (26 mph). Its success made clear the potential military use of the aircraft, especially for anti-submarine warfare, but its flights in the principality were interrupted by a crash in the Bay of Monaco on 14 February 1902. The crash was due to the balloon being "imperfectly filled when leaving the garage." After the accident he began to perform a check list before each take-off, but No. 6 was badly damaged.
;Nos. 7, 8, 9 and 10
Santos-Dumont started to dedicate himself to the construction of new airship models, two years after he left Paris, each one with a specific purpose: the No. 7, with 1,257 cubic metres and 45 hp engine, designed to be a racing airship, was tested in Neuilly (France) in May 1904. The following month the aircraft was sabotaged in an exhibition organised in St. Louis
St. Louis () is the second-largest city in Missouri, United States. It sits near the confluence of the Mississippi and the Missouri Rivers. In 2020, the city proper had a population of 301,578, while the bi-state metropolitan area, which e ...
, United States, when a person who was never identified made four 1-metre cuts in the balloon which, because it was folded, resulted in forty-eight cuts in the envelope, when it was in New York Customs. On this trip, he also met the Wright Brothers. No. 8 was a copy of No. 6 ordered by Edward Boyce, vice president of the Aeroclub of America, having made a single flight in New York; No. 9, with 261 cubic metres and 3 hp, was a travel airship, in which Santos-Dumont made several flights throughout 1903, including the first night flight of an airship on 24 June, and the last of these came on 14 July, when it took part in a military parade in commemoration of the 114th anniversary of the Storming of the Bastille
The Storming of the Bastille (french: Prise de la Bastille ) occurred in Paris, France, on 14 July 1789, when revolutionary insurgents stormed and seized control of the medieval armoury, fortress, and political prison known as the Bastille. At t ...
. As he passed the President of the Republic, he fired 21 revolver shots into the air. The military considered the balloon to be a practical instrument for wartime. Santos-Dumont placed himself and his flotilla of three aircraft at the disposal of the government in the event of war, provided it was not against the nations of the Americas and that, "in the impossible event of war between France and Brazil," he considered himself obliged to support his motherland. The French military encouraged several industries to develop the technology proposed by Santos-Dumont.
The first woman to fly an aircraft was Aida de Acosta
Aida de Acosta Root Breckinridge (July 28, 1884 – May 26, 1962) was an American socialite and aviator. She was the first woman to fly a powered aircraft solo. In 1903, while in Paris with her mother, she caught her first glimpse of dirigibles. ...
, on 29 June 1903, in No. 9. The 11 August 1905 issue of ''La Vie au Grand Air'' describes the organisation of the second Coupe des Femmes Aéronautes and in the second half of 1906, the magazine ''Le Sport Universel Illustré'' reported that three years after the start of the Grand Prix of the Aéro-Club de France, seven countries were already participating in the competition.
No. 10, a 2,010 cubic metre airship with a 60 hp engine, was large enough to carry several people and serve as public transport. It made a few flights in October 1903, but was never completely finished; No. 11 was an unmanned monoplane. No. 12 was a helicopter never completed due to the technological limitations of the time and finally, No. 13, a luxurious double hot air and hydrogen balloon.
On his first return to Rio de Janeiro in 1903, a group of climbers put up a banner on Sugarloaf Mountain
Sugarloaf Mountain ( pt, Pão de Açúcar, ) is a peak situated in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, at the mouth of Guanabara Bay on a peninsula that juts out into the Atlantic Ocean. Rising above the harbor, the peak is named for its resemblance to ...
, beside Guanabara Bay, greeting the aviator on his return by ship from Europe. On 7 September 1903, he returned as a hero and met the President of Brazil
The president of Brazil ( pt, Presidente do Brasil), officially the president of the Federative Republic of Brazil ( pt, Presidente da República Federativa do Brasil) or simply the ''President of the Republic'', is the head of state and head o ...
, Rodrigues Alves
Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, PC (; 7 July 1848 – 16 January 1919) was a Brazilian politician who first served as president of the Province of São Paulo in 1887, then as Treasury minister in the 1890s. Rodrigues Alves was elected the ...
, at the Catete Palace
The Catete Palace ( pt, Palácio do Catete, ) is an urban mansion in Rio de Janeiro's Flamengo neighborhood. The property stretches from ''Rua do Catete'' (Catete Street) to ''Praia do Flamengo'' ( Flamengo Beach). Construction began in 1858 and ...
. When asked why he did not fly in Brazil, Santos-Dumont justified himself that it was because he could not "...count on the help of his mechanics, and much less on a hydrogen production plant like he had in France." He returned to Paris on 12 October. In 1904 he was nominated as a Knight of the Legion of Honour of France, and published the work ''Dans L'Air'', whose translation into Portuguese, ''Os Meus Balões'' (My Balloons), was published in Brazil in 1938.
Heavier-than-air flight
In October 1904, three aviation prizes were founded in France: the , the , and the . The first, promoted by millionaire Ernest Archdeacon
Ernest Archdeacon (23 March 1863 – 3 January 1950) was a French lawyer and aviation pioneer before the First World War. He made his first balloon flight at the age of 20. He commissioned a copy of the 1902 Wright No. 3 glider but ha ...
, would award 3,500 francs to anyone who flew 25 metres; the second, instituted by the French aeroclub, would award 1,500 francs ($300) to anyone who flew 100 metres; and the third, sponsored by Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe and Ernest Archdeacon, would award 1,500 francs to anyone who flew 1,000 metres.
With the exception of the Deutsch-Archdeacon Award, which prohibited the competing aircraft from using a balloon for launch, the other awards left the question of takeoff open. The flight could take place on flat or uneven terrain, in calm weather or wind – the French Aeroclub's Award required the flight to be into the wind – and the use of an engine was not mandatory. This allowed human-powered gliders and ornithopters to compete. It was required for all prizes that the race took place in France and under the supervision of an aeronautical commission convened no later than the evening of the previous day.
Very little of what was required was new. Inventors in other countries had already met or exceeded some of the required goals. In Germany, Otto Lilienthal
Karl Wilhelm Otto Lilienthal (23 May 1848 – 10 August 1896) was a German pioneer of aviation who became known as the "flying man". He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful flights with gliders, therefore making ...
had made thousands of glider flights in the early 1890s, often reaching distances far greater than the 25 metres stipulated by the Archdeacon Prize. In the United States, the Wright brothers had been making ever longer flights in powered aeroplanes since 1903, their takeoffs aided by headwinds near Kitty Hawk and a catapult in Ohio, but without any official observers.[ Lilienthal's death due to a stall led the Wright brothers to place the elevator in front, which helped prevent stalls but made stable flight difficult until the Wrights modified the design; the configuration was also adopted by other inventors.
]
Glider and helicopter
Having already accumulated technical knowledge, mainly concerning engines, in early 1905, Santos-Dumont built a model glider, No. 11, inspired by a self-stabilising prototype made 100 years earlier by English scientist George Cayley
Sir George Cayley, 6th Baronet (27 December 1773 – 15 December 1857) was an English engineer, inventor, and aviator. He is one of the most important people in the history of aeronautics. Many consider him to be the first true scientific aeri ...
, considered to be the first aeroplane in history: the model, 1.5 metres long by 1.2 metres wide, had fixed wings, a cruciform tail and a movable weight to adjust the centre of gravity. Santos-Dumont's glider differed from Cayley's in size, wing profile, and the fact that it had no movable weight. The project was abandoned due to poor stability. An article by Georges Blanchet published in April 1904 diverges from the description of the No. 11 as a model aeroplane by presenting it as a dirigible balloon capable of carrying five people and a 34-metre-long envelope, being purchased by an American.
The first experiment, conducted on 13 May at the Aeroclub de France, was made by the Dufaux brothers with a prototype helicopter. The model, weighing 17 kilograms and with a 3 hp engine, repeatedly soared to the roof of the air club's porch, raising clouds of dust. It had been demonstrated that heavier, larger aircraft could be lifted by their own means. The second experiment was made on 8 June on the Seine: Gabriel Voisin
Gabriel Voisin (5 February 1880 – 25 December 1973) was a French aviation pioneer and the creator of Europe's first manned, engine-powered, heavier-than-air aircraft capable of a sustained (1 km), circular, controlled flight, which was made ...
went up in the hydroplane Archdeacon, towed by a speedboat piloted by , La Rapière. The device barely rose out of the water and the project was abandoned due to poor stability. Watching tests like this, Santos-Dumont realised that the Antoinette engine from the tugboat could be used in an aeroplane, giving the concept of the 14-bis.
He began to study the two solutions for heavier-than-air flight. On 3 January 1906, he entered the Deutsch-Archdeacon Prize, and before that he had begun building a helicopter, the No. 12, but gave up on it on 1 June because it was impossible to create a light, powerful engine. Between June 12 and August 25, 1905, he tested the No. 14 airship, which flew in two versions (14-a and 14-b): the first was 41 metres long, 3.4 in diameter and 186 cubic metres, with a 14 hp engine, and the second was 20 metres long, 6 in diameter and with a 16 hp engine.
Olympic diploma, 1905
On 13 June 1905, represented by the Italian Count Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux
Count Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux (14 December 1857 – 8 January 1919) was an Italian nobleman.
His father, the count Carlo Augusto Brunetta of Usseaux was a high-degree official of the Royal Sardinian Army, headquartered in the same city. The m ...
, Baron awarded Santos-Dumont the Olympic Diploma
An Olympic diploma is a paper certificate awarded to the top eight finishers in competitions at the Olympic Games.
The practice of awarding diplomas has existed from the start of the modern Olympic Games in 1896, at first being awarded only to th ...
No. 3 for "...representing the Olympic ideal..." according to Coubertin, who was also received by Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26t ...
, Fridtjof Nansen
Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (; 10 October 186113 May 1930) was a Norwegian polymath and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. He gained prominence at various points in his life as an explorer, scientist, diplomat, and humanitarian. He led the team t ...
and William-Hippolyte Grenfell. De Coubertin considered aviation a sport; Santos-Dumont was described as a sportsman in FAI Bulletins and the ''Paris Sport'' of 15 July 1901 described the Brazilian as "a true sportsman in every sense of the word." Santos-Dumont was already famous at that time and already a hero in his country. Santos' diploma was passed to the Brazilian ambassador in Belgium, who then passed it on to the aviator, according to the 21 June 1905 edition of the . Santos-Dumont was not the only one represented by others at the ceremony and only William Grenfell received the diploma personally. The FAI was created on 14 October 1905, along the lines of the International Olympic Committee.
14-bis
He then built a hybrid machine, the 14-bis or ''Oiseau de Proie'', consolidating his studies of what had been done in aviation until then, even without having had experience with gliders, finished after two months, in mid-1906, an aeroplane attached to a hydrogen balloon to assist takeoff. For completing the 14-bis, on 18 July Santos-Dumont signed up to compete in the events and presented the exotic aircraft for the first time the next day, attached to a balloon, at Bagatelle, where he ran some races, obtaining appreciable jumps. Excited, he decided to apply for the Archdeacon and Aeroclub of France awards the following day, his 33rd birthday, but was discouraged by Captain Ferdinand Ferber
Louis Ferdinand Ferber (8 February 1862 – 22 September 1909) was a French Army officer who played an important role in the development of aviation during the early 1900s. Although his aircraft experiments were belatedly successful, his early ...
, another aviation enthusiast. Ferber had attended the demonstrations and did not like the solution presented by Santos-Dumont; he considered the hybrid an impure machine. "Aviation must be solved by aviation!" he declared.
''Oiseau de Proie I''
Santos-Dumont decided not to compete for the prizes with the hybrid, but on 20 July signed up for the tests and over the next three days continued to test the plane tethered to the balloon, to practise steering. Throughout the tests he realised that, although the balloon helped take-off, it made flight difficult as the drag generated was too great. The airship was discarded, and the biplane received the name ''Oiseau de Proie'' ("Bird of Prey") from the press. The ''Oiseau de Proie'' had been inspired by the hydroplane tested by Voisin. Like the water glider, the invention also consisted of a cellular biplane based on the structure created in 1893 by Australian researcher Lawrence Hargrave
Lawrence Hargrave, MRAeS, (29 January 18506 July 1915) was a British-born Australian engineer, explorer, astronomer, inventor and aeronautical pioneer.
Biography
Lawrence Hargrave was born in Greenwich, England, the second son of John Fletch ...
, which offered good support and rigidity. The plane was 4 metres high, 10 metres long, and had a span of 12 metres, with a wing area of 50 square metres. Its mass was 205 kilograms. The wings were attached to a beam, in front of which lay the rudder, consisting of a cell identical to those of the wings. At the rear end was the propeller, powered by a 24 hp Levavasseur engine. The landing gear had two wheels, and the pilot stood upright. The 23 September 1906 issue of ''Le Sport Universel Illustré'' published the technical details of the 14-bis.
On 29 July, using a donkey and a system of cables, Santos-Dumont hoisted the ''Oiseau de Proie'' to the top of a tower 13 metres high (2 metres were stuck in the ground), installed a few days earlier on his property in Neuilly. This frame was very similar to the one Ferber had used at Chalais-Meudon for the May 1905 experiments with the 6-bis. The plane, suspended on a movable hook connected to an inclined steel wire, glided without a propeller 60 metres from the top of the tower to a smaller one, only six metres long, on the Boulevard de la Seine. This allowed Santos-Dumont to get a feel for the aeroplane and to study its centre of gravity. In August the 14-bis was unsuccessful in trying to take off because the 24-hp engine was not powerful enough. On 13 September, the 14-bis made a 7 to 13-metre test flight with a 50 hp Antoinette engine, at 8:40 a.m, which ended in an accident that damaged the propeller and landing gear, but that was praised by La Nature
''La Nature'' (English: ''Nature'') was a French language magazine aimed at the popularization of science established in 1873 by French scientist and adventurer Gaston Tissandier. The magazine also received an enormous amount of time, effort, a ...
magazine. On 30 September he interrupted the tests of the 14-bis to compete in the Gordon Bennett Cup with the ''Deux Amériques'' balloon. He abandoned it after an accident, having flown 134 kilometres in 6 hours and 20 minutes. The accident occurred while attempting a manoeuvre that caused the engine gear to fracture his arm.
''Oiseau de Proie II''
On 23 October, Santos-Dumont presented himself at Bagatelle with the ''Oiseau de Proie II'', a modification of the original model. The plane had been varnished to reduce the porosity of the fabric and increase lift. The rear wheel had been removed. In the morning he limited himself to manoeuvring the aircraft across the field, until the propeller shaft broke. It was repaired in the afternoon, and the plane was moved into position for an official attempt. An expectant crowd was present. At 4:45 pm, Santos-Dumont started the engine. The plane lifted off and flew for 60 metres, without taking advantage of headwinds, ramps, catapults, slopes, or other devices. The flight had taken place solely by the aircraft's own means, and Europeans at the time believed it was the first such achievement.
The crowd celebrated, ran up to the pilot and carried him off in triumph. The judges had been overcome with emotion and forgot to time and track the flight, and due to this the record was not made official. says that because the Aeroclub Committee was partially present, a new test was scheduled for 12 November.
''Oiseau de Proie III''
The aeroplane was still experimental. To compete for the French Aeroclub's prize, Santos-Dumont inserted two octagonal surfaces (rudimentary aileron
An aileron (French for "little wing" or "fin") is a hinged flight control surface usually forming part of the trailing edge of each wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. Ailerons are used in pairs to control the aircraft in roll (or movement around ...
s) between the wings for better steering control and created the ''Oiseau de Proie III''. Santos-Dumont was a pioneer in implementing ailerons in his aircraft.
Santos-Dumont competed for the award on 12 November 1906, again in Bagatelle. He did five public flights that day: one at 10 am, of 40 metres; two others at 10:25 am, of 40 and 60 metres, when the axle of the right wheel broke. The damage was repaired during lunch and Santos-Dumont resumed at 4:09 pm. He covered 82.60 metres, surpassing the feat of 23 October and reaching 41.3 km/h. At 4:45 pm, with the day ending, he took off against the wind and flew 220 metres, for 21 seconds at an average speed of 37.4 km/h, winning the French Aeroclub Award. These were the first aeroplane flights recorded by a film company, Pathé. The Wright Brothers, after learning of the 12 November experiment, sent a letter to Captain Ferdinand Ferber
Louis Ferdinand Ferber (8 February 1862 – 22 September 1909) was a French Army officer who played an important role in the development of aviation during the early 1900s. Although his aircraft experiments were belatedly successful, his early ...
asking for "exact news of the Bagatelle experiments," including "a faithful report of the trials and a description of the flying machine, accompanied by a schematic." Santos-Dumont even adopted the configuration proposed by the Wright brothers and placed the rudder at the front of the 14-bis, which he described as "the same as trying to shoot an arrow forward with the tail...". To test the idea that the rudder at the rear increased the angle of incidence of the wings, Santos-Dumont built a new aircraft, without abandoning the 14-bis, and tested it in March 1907, without taking off as the primitive landing gear did not allow it.
''Oiseau de Proie IV''
He returned to the 14-bis having made other changes to the aircraft after 12 November, and on 4 April 1907, at Saint-Cyr, the aircraft flew for 50 metres, oscillated, crashed, and was torn to pieces. The project was abandoned.
New aeroplanes
He also made the No. 15, a biplane with a rear-mounted rudder, as opposed to the canard format, the No. 16, a mix of airship and aeroplane, No. 17 and No. 18, a waterslide used to test the wing shape underwater.
Dissatisfied with numbers 15 to 18, he made a new series, smaller in size and more refined, like the Demoiselle, that was capable of reaching up to 90 kilometres per hour. It was first tested in November 1907, returning on an abandoned idea from 1905, but soon realised that it "... had serious structural problems" according to Henrique Lins de Barros
Henrique Gomes de Paiva Lins de Barros (Rio de Janeiro, May 30, 1947) is a Brazilian physicist, Biophysics, biophysicist, writer, Science communication, science communicator, musician, screenwriter, painter and poet.
Early years
His parents were H ...
. However, on November 17, 1907, he competed for the Deutsch-Archdeacon award, crossing 200 meters at a height of 6 meters, but abandoning before the required 1000 meters due to a breakdown in the aircraft.
In 1909 he presented the Demoiselle No. 20, improved and considered "the first ultralight in history". This aeroplane was designed for sports competitions and 300 were built in several European countries and in the United States. His schemes were published in the June–July 1910 issues of ''Popular Mechanics
''Popular Mechanics'' (sometimes PM or PopMech) is a magazine of popular science and technology, featuring automotive, home, outdoor, electronics, science, do-it-yourself, and technology topics. Military topics, aviation and transportation o ...
''. This plane consolidated Santos-Dumont's role in the birth of aviation in the 20th century. The Demoiselle also featured an engine of original invention by Santos-Dumont and model No. 20, capable of flights of up to 2 kilometres and reaching 96 km/h, Because of the aircraft's low cost and high safety, it was used for pilot training during World War I.
The aircraft is on permanent display at the Musée de l'air et de l'espace. In 1908, when the Wright brothers went public, and—according to Mattos—used European technology and his colleagues were already being rewarded, he already seemed to have moved away from the events.
Last years
Santos-Dumont began to show symtoms of multiple sclerosis
Multiple (cerebral) sclerosis (MS), also known as encephalomyelitis disseminata or disseminated sclerosis, is the most common demyelinating disease, in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This d ...
.[ He aged in appearance and felt too tired to continue competing with new inventors in races. On 22 August 1909 he attended the ]Great Aviation Week
Great may refer to: Descriptions or measurements
* Great, a relative measurement in physical space, see Size
* Greatness, being divine, majestic, superior, majestic, or transcendent
People
* List of people known as "the Great"
*Artel Great (born ...
in Reims, where he made his last flights. After an accident with the Demoiselle on 4 January 1910, he closed down his workshop and withdrew from social life. He continued to work on popularising aviation. On 12 November 1910 a monument was unveiled in Bagatelle, and on 4 October 1913, the Icarus monument was unveiled, celebrating his winning the Deutsch Prize, made by sculptor Georges Colin. On the same day he was promoted to Commander of the Legion of Honour
The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon ...
and soon after these events he returned to Brazil after a 10-year absence, returning to France the following year. He ordered a new Demoiselle in 1913, but there is no evidence that he ever flew it.[
In August 1914, ]World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
began, and Santos-Dumont offered his services to the French Ministry of War. He went on to enlist as a chauffeur
A chauffeur is a person employed to drive a passenger motor vehicle, especially a luxury vehicle such as a large sedan or limousine.
Originally, such drivers were often personal employees of the vehicle owner, but this has changed to speciali ...
. Aeroplanes began to be used in warfare, first for observation of enemy troops, and then in aerial combat. The combats became more violent, with the use of machine guns and bombs. Santos-Dumont saw his dream turn into a nightmare.
Santos-Dumont now devoted himself to the study of astronomy, residing in Trouville, near the sea. For this he used several observation devices, with which his neighbours thought he was spying for the Germans. He was arrested on this charge. After the incident was cleared up, the French government apologised. This made him feel depressed, considering that he had offered his help to the military, and he destroyed all his aeronautical documents.
In 1915, his health worsened and he decided to return to Brazil. That year, he took part in the 11th Pan-American Scientific Congress
11 (eleven) is the natural number following 10 and preceding 12. It is the first repdigit. In English, it is the smallest positive integer whose name has three syllables.
Name
"Eleven" derives from the Old English ', which is first attested i ...
in the United States, dealing with the theme of the use of aeroplanes to improve relationships between the countries of the Americas. In his speech he showed concern about the efficiency of the aeroplane as a weapon of war, but advocated the creation of a squadron for coastal defence with the words, "Who knows when a European power will threaten an American state?" Because of its pacifism, this position can be viewed in a surprising way. In the afterword to the historical novel ''O Homem com Asas'' ("De gevleugelde"), Arthur Japin
Arthur Valentijn Japin (born 26 July 1956 in Haarlem) is a Dutch novelist.
Biography
His parents were Bert Japin, a teacher and writer of detective novels, and Annie Japin-van Arnhem. After a difficult childhood—his father killed himself when ...
says that when Santos-Dumont returned to Brazil, he "burned all his diaries, letters and drawings." In 1916, he was the Honorary President of the 1st Pan-American Aronautics Conference in Chile, which aimed to create an Aeronautical Federation with all the Americas, where, while representing the Aeroclub of America, he advocated the peaceful use of the aeroplane. When he returned to Brazil, passing through Paraná, he suggested the creation of the Iguaçu National Park
Iguaçu National Park () is a national park in Paraná State, Brazil. It comprises a total area of and a length of about , of which are natural borders by bodies of water and the Argentine and Brazilian sides together comprise around . Iguaçu ...
.}
In the book '' O Que Eu Vi, O Que Nós Veremos'', Santos-Dumont transcribed his letters of 1917 to the President of the Republic of Brazil, stressing the need to build military airfields for the Army and the Navy. He also pointed out that Brazil was falling behind Europe, the United States and even Argentina and Chile. The book also argues for the need to train people in aeronautics, and to make the country technologically independent.
In 1918 Santos-Dumont bought a small plot of land on the side of a hill in Petrópolis
Petrópolis (; ), also known as The Imperial City, is a Municipalities of Brazil, municipality in the Southeast Region, Brazil, Southeast Region of Brazil. It is located in the state of Rio de Janeiro (state), Rio de Janeiro, northeast of the ci ...
in the Serra Fluminense mountains, and built a small house there filled with mechanical devices, including an alcohol-heated shower of his own design. The hill was chosen because of its steep slope, as proof that ingenuity could make it possible to build a comfortable home in that unlikely location. After he built it in land given by the government, he spent summers there to escape the heat of Rio de Janeiro, calling it "The Enchanted" because of the Rua do Encanto. The steps of the outside stairs are dug alternately to the right and left, to allow people to climb up comfortably. The house is now a museum. In 1918 he wrote his second work, '' O que eu vi, o que nós veremos'' in this house.
In 1920, Santos-Dumont had a tomb erected for his parents and himself in the São João Batista Cemetery
SAO or Sao may refer to:
Places
* Sao civilisation, in Middle Africa from 6th century BC to 16th century AD
* Sao, a town in Boussé Department, Burkina Faso
* Saco Transportation Center (station code SAO), a train station in Saco, Maine, U. ...
in Rio de Janeiro. The tomb is a replica of Saint-Cloud
Saint-Cloud () is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France, from the centre of Paris. Like other communes of Hauts-de-Seine such as Marnes-la-Coquette, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Vaucresson, Saint-Cloud is one of France's wealthiest towns ...
's Icarus
In Greek mythology, Icarus (; grc, Ἴκαρος, Íkaros, ) was the son of the master craftsman Daedalus, the architect of the labyrinth of Crete. After Theseus, king of Athens and enemy of Minos, escaped from the labyrinth, King Minos suspe ...
. Also in 1920, he began an international campaign against the warlike use of aircraft, but without success.
In 1922, he decorated Anésia Pinheiro Machado, who, during the commemorations of the centenary of Brazil's independence, made the trip from Rio de Janeiro to São Paulo in an aeroplane. On 14 May he made his last balloon ascent. Also in 1922 he visited friends in France. He spent time in Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
, Petrópolis and Cabangu Farm, in his home town.
On 23 April 1923 he went to Portugal to collect his mother's remains. On 7 June he was awarded the Comendador of Military Order of Saint James of the Sword
The Military Order of Saint James of the Sword ( pt, Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada) is a Portuguese order of chivalry. Its full name is the Ancient, Most Noble and Enlightened Military Order of Saint James of the Sword, of the Scientifi ...
, in Portugal. On 21 August, he started the construction of his parents' tomb, where a replica of the Icarus of Saint Cloud offered by the French Government was placed, and he carried out the transfer of his parents' remains on 23 October. Beside his parents' graves, Santos-Dumont personally dug his own.[
On 6 November 1924, he was elected Grand Officer of the ]Order of Leopold II
The Order of Leopold II is an order of Belgium and is named in honor of King Leopold II. The decoration was established on 24 August 1900 by Leopold II as Sovereign of the Congo Free State and was in 1908, upon Congo being handed over to Belgi ...
. On 25 January 1925, Santos tried to improve his health with thermal waters containing radium
Radium is a chemical element with the symbol Ra and atomic number 88. It is the sixth element in group 2 of the periodic table, also known as the alkaline earth metals. Pure radium is silvery-white, but it readily reacts with nitrogen (rather t ...
, but was unsuccessful. In March, in a letter, Santos-Dumont described himself as being "extremely thin, like a skeleton." In a letter dated 29 April he complained of noises in his ear. In July, he was hospitalised in Switzerland.
In January 1926, he appealed to the League of Nations
The League of Nations (french: link=no, Société des Nations ) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference that ...
, through his friend and ambassador , to stop the use of aeroplanes as weapons of war. He offered ten thousand francs to whoever wrote the best piece against the military use of aeroplanes. Santos-Dumont was the first aeronaut to speak out against the warlike use of the aeroplane.
In May 1927, he was invited by the Aeroclub of France to preside over the banquet in honour of Charles Lindberg
Charles W. Lindberg (June 26, 1920 – June 24, 2007) was a United States Marine Corps corporal who fought in three island campaigns during World War II. During the Battle of Iwo Jima, he was a member of the patrol that captured the top of Moun ...
for his crossing of the Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe ...
, but he declined due to his health. He spent some time convalescing in Glion
Glion () is a village in the municipality of Montreux in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The village is located 700 m.a.s.l., overlooking Lake Geneva.
The position of this village in Montreux and the Chauderon Gorge made it a touristic destin ...
, Switzerland, and then returned to France. Researcher Henrique Lins de Barros
Henrique Gomes de Paiva Lins de Barros (Rio de Janeiro, May 30, 1947) is a Brazilian physicist, Biophysics, biophysicist, writer, Science communication, science communicator, musician, screenwriter, painter and poet.
Early years
His parents were H ...
describes that "around 1925, he gradually enters a state of almost permanent depression."
On 3 December 1928 he returned to Brazil on the ship ''Capitão Arcona''. The city of Rio de Janeiro received him with honour. A seaplane
A seaplane is a powered fixed-wing aircraft capable of takeoff, taking off and water landing, landing (alighting) on water.Gunston, "The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary", 2009. Seaplanes are usually divided into two categories based on their tec ...
carrying several professors from the Escola Politécnica, from the Condor Syndikat company, baptised with his name, crashed, with no survivors, while flying over Santos-Dumont's ship. After this event, he locked himself in the Copacabana Palace and only came out to attend the funerals. On 10 June 1930, he was decorated by the Aeroclub of France with the title of Grand Officer of the French Legion of Honour
The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon, ...
. His speech was recorded on a sound film.
Death
On 28 October 1930, Santos-Dumont was hospitalised in France, and on 14 April 1931 he wrote his first will. In 1931, he was treated in sanatoriums in Biarritz
Biarritz ( , , , ; Basque also ; oc, Biàrritz ) is a city on the Bay of Biscay, on the Atlantic coast in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the French Basque Country in southwestern France. It is located from the border with Spain. ...
, and Orthez
Orthez (; eu, Ortheze; oc, Ortès, ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, and region of New Aquitaine, southwestern France.
It lies 40 km NW of Pau on the Southern railway to Bayonne. The town also encompasses the sma ...
, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Pyrénées-Atlantiques (; Gascon Occitan: ''Pirenèus Atlantics''; eu, Pirinio Atlantiarrak or ) is a department in the southwest corner of France and of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Named after the Pyrenees mountain range and the Atlanti ...
, where he attempted suicide by overdosing on medication. , former mayor of Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...
(then the capital of Brazil
The current capital of Brazil, since its construction in 1960, is Brasilia. Rio de Janeiro was the country's capital between 1763 and 1960. The city of Salvador, Bahia, Salvador served as the seat for the Portuguese colonial administration in Bra ...
), had been exiled by the 1930 revolution and had gone to France. He found Santos-Dumont in a delicate state of health due to his worsening multiple sclerosis
Multiple (cerebral) sclerosis (MS), also known as encephalomyelitis disseminata or disseminated sclerosis, is the most common demyelinating disease, in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This d ...
, which led him to contact his family and ask his nephew Jorge Dumont Vilares to fetch him from France. Before returning to Brazil, Santos-Dumont had tried to kill himself in Europe and then on 3 June 1931, aboard the steamer ''Lutetia'', being prevented by his nephew. He would no longer return to France. On 4 June 1931, he was elected a member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
The Academia Brasileira de Letras (ABL) ( English: ''Brazilian Academy of Letters'') is a Brazilian literature, literary non-profit society established at the end of the 19th century. The first president, Machado de Assis, declared its found ...
, even though he had no desire to be elected. Back in Brazil, they passed through Araxá
Araxá () is a municipality in Western Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Its estimated population by IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) in 2020 is 107,337 inhabitants and the area of the municipality is , with making up the urban p ...
, in Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and finally settle in Grand Hôtel La Plage, in Guarujá, in May 1932.
In 1932, the Constitutionalist revolution
The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 (sometimes also referred to as Paulista War or Brazilian Civil War) is the name given to the uprising of the population of the Brazilian state of São Paulo against the Brazilian Revolution of 1930 when ...
occurred, in which the state of São Paulo rose up against the revolutionary government of Getúlio Vargas
Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (; 19 April 1882 – 24 August 1954) was a Brazilian lawyer and politician who served as the 14th and 17th president of Brazil, from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Due to his long and controversial tenure as Brazi ...
. On the 14th, Santos-Dumont wrote a letter in favour of "...constitutional order in the country..." for Governor Pedro de Toledo. When talking to professor and friend José de Oliveira Orlandi by phone, Santos-Dumont said: "My God! My God! Is there no way to avoid the bloodshed of brothers? Why did I make this invention which, instead of contributing to the love between men, turns into a cursed weapon of war? I am horrified by these airplanes that are constantly passing over Santos".
The conflict continued, and aeroplanes attacked Campo de Marte
Campo de Marte Airport is the first airport built in São Paulo, Brazil, opened in 1929. It is named after Champ de Mars, in Paris, which in turn got its name from Campus Martius, in Rome.
During a transitional period, the airport is jointly o ...
, in São Paulo, on 23 July. They may have flown over Guarujá, and the sight of planes in combat may have caused deep anguish in Santos-Dumont who, in his nephew's absence, died by suicide
Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Mental disorders (including depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, personality disorders, anxiety disorders), physical disorders (such as chronic fatigue syndrome), and s ...
at the age of 59. Decree No. 21,668 established three days of mourning. Coroners Roberto Catunda and Angelo Esmolari, who signed his death certificate
A death certificate is either a legal document issued by a medical practitioner which states when a person died, or a document issued by a government civil registration office, that declares the date, location and cause of a person's death, as ...
, recorded the death as a heart attack
A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to the coronary artery of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may tr ...
. The chambermaids who found the body reported that he had hanged himself with his tie. According to Henrique Lins de Barros
Henrique Gomes de Paiva Lins de Barros (Rio de Janeiro, May 30, 1947) is a Brazilian physicist, Biophysics, biophysicist, writer, Science communication, science communicator, musician, screenwriter, painter and poet.
Early years
His parents were H ...
, for a long time it was forbidden to say that he had killed himself and that the idea that he committed suicide due to the military use of the aeroplane would be a legend of the getulista period, as the government sought to mythologise him; the suicide could weaken this. The real cause may have been depression and bipolar disorder. The order of the governor Pedro de Toledo, following Santos-Dumont's death, was: "There will be no investigation, Santos Dumont did not commit suicide". Journalist publicised the cause of death as suicide in 1944.
Santos-Dumont left no descendants or suicide note
A suicide note or death note is a message left behind by a person who dies or intends to die by suicide.
A study examining Japanese suicide notes estimated that 25–30% of suicides are accompanied by a note. However, incidence rates may depe ...
. His body was buried in São João Batista Cemetery
SAO or Sao may refer to:
Places
* Sao civilisation, in Middle Africa from 6th century BC to 16th century AD
* Sao, a town in Boussé Department, Burkina Faso
* Saco Transportation Center (station code SAO), a train station in Saco, Maine, U. ...
, in Rio de Janeiro, on 21 December 1932, during a storm, under the replica of the Icarus de Saint Cloud he had built, after his remains had remained in the São Paulo capital for five months. Physician Walther Haberfield secretly removed his heart
The heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide t ...
during the embalming process and preserved it in formaldehyde
Formaldehyde ( , ) (systematic name methanal) is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula and structure . The pure compound is a pungent, colourless gas that polymerises spontaneously into paraformaldehyde (refer to section F ...
. After keeping this a secret for twelve years, he wanted to return it to the Santos-Dumont family, who refused it. The doctor then donated the heart to the Brazilian government after a request from Panair do Brasil
Panair do Brasil was an airline of Brazil. Between 1945 and 1965 it was considered to be the largest carrier not only in Brazil but in all of Latin America. It ceased operations in 1965.
History
NYRBA do Brasil (1929–1930)
''Panair do Bras ...
. The heart is on display at the Air Force Museum in Campo dos Afonsos, Rio de Janeiro
Campo dos Afonsos is a neighborhood in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and ...
, inside a sphere carried by Icarus, designed by Paulo da Rocha Gomide.
Legacy and tributes
On 25 July 1909, Louis Blériot
Louis Charles Joseph Blériot ( , also , ; 1 July 1872 – 1 August 1936) was a French aviator, inventor, and engineer. He developed the first practical headlamp for cars and established a profitable business manufacturing them, using much of th ...
crossed the English Channel
The English Channel, "The Sleeve"; nrf, la Maunche, "The Sleeve" (Cotentinais) or ( Jèrriais), (Guernésiais), "The Channel"; br, Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; cy, Môr Udd, "Lord's Sea"; kw, Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"; nl, Het Kana ...
, becoming a hero in France. In a letter, Santos-Dumont congratulated Blériot, his friend, with the following words: "This transformation of geography is a victory of air navigation over sea navigation. One day, perhaps, thanks to you, the airplane will cross the Atlantic". Blériot then replied, "I have done nothing but follow and imitate you. Your name to the aviators is a flag. You are our leader." Blériot's last project was named ''Santos-Dumont''. says that the inventor's influence was both in his aeronautical development and in advocating the public and personal use of aeronautics, whether through lighter or heavier-than-air.
During his career, Santos-Dumont's image was printed on products, his Panama hat
A Panama hat, also known as an Ecuadorian hat, a jipijapa hat, or a toquilla straw hat, is a traditional brimmed straw hat of Ecuadorian origin. Traditionally, hats were made from the plaited leaves of the ''Carludovica palmata'' plant, known ...
and collar were copied, his balloons were modelled as toys, and confectioners made cakes shaped like airships. The Aéro-Club de France
The Aéro-Club de France () was founded as the Aéro-Club on 20 October 1898 as a society 'to encourage aerial locomotion' by Ernest Archdeacon, Léon Serpollet, Henri de la Valette, Jules Verne and his wife, André Michelin, Albert de Dion, ...
honoured him with two monuments: the first, in 1910, erected on the Bagatelle Gamefield, where he had flown with the ''Oiseau de Proie'', and the second, in 1913, in Saint-Cloud
Saint-Cloud () is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France, from the centre of Paris. Like other communes of Hauts-de-Seine such as Marnes-la-Coquette, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Vaucresson, Saint-Cloud is one of France's wealthiest towns ...
, to commemorate the flight of airship No. 6 in 1901. On the unveiling of the Saint-Cloud monument - a statue of Icarus - one of his long-time friends, the cartoonist Georges Goursat
Georges Goursat ( – ), known as Sem, was a French caricaturist famous during the ''Belle Époque''.
Life and works
Youth (1863–1900)
Georges Goursat was born and raised in an upper-middle-class family from Périgueux. The wealth inherited ...
(aka "Sem"), wrote the following for the magazine ''L'Illustration
''L'Illustration'' was a weekly French language, French newspaper published in Paris from 1843 to 1944. It was founded by Édouard Charton with the first issue published on 4 March 1843, it became the first illustrated newspaper in France then, a ...
'':
On 31 July 1932 state decree No. 10,447 changed the name of the town of Palmira, in Minas Gerais, to Santos-Dumont. Law No. 218, of 4 July 1936, declared 23 October to be "aviator's day," celebrating the historic flight on this date in 1906, "so that this commemoration will always have a worthy civic, sporting, and cultural celebration, especially in schools, emphasizing the initiative of the remarkable Brazilian Santos-Dumont". On 16 October 1936 Rio de Janeiro's first airport was named after him.
Law No. 165, dated 5 December 1947, granted him the honorary rank of lieutenant brigadier. Santos-Dumont's birthplace in Cabangu, Minas Gerais, was made into the Cabangu Museum
The Cabangu Museum ( pt, Museu de Cabangu) is a museum in the town of Santos Dumont, Brazil. It is dedicated to the memory of Santos Dumont, the "Father of Aviation".
In the house, personal objects, photos and the aviation museum are still pr ...
by state decree (MG) No. 5,057, on 18 July 1956. Law No. 3636, of 22 September 1959, made him an honorary air marshal.
In 1976, the International Astronomical Union
The International Astronomical Union (IAU; french: link=yes, Union astronomique internationale, UAI) is a nongovernmental organisation with the objective of advancing astronomy in all aspects, including promoting astronomical research, outreac ...
gave Santos-Dumont's name to a lunar crater
Lunar craters are impact craters on Earth's Moon. The Moon's surface has many craters, all of which were formed by impacts. The International Astronomical Union currently recognizes 9,137 craters, of which 1,675 have been dated.
History
The wor ...
(27.7°N 4.8°E). He is the only South American to be so honoured. Law 7.243, of 4 November 1984, granted him the title of "Patron of the Brazilian Aeronautics". On 13 October 1997, the then President of the United States, Bill Clinton
William Jefferson Clinton ( né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and agai ...
, visiting Brazil, gave a speech at the Itamaraty Palace
The Itamaraty Palace (), also known as the Palace of the Arches (''Palácio dos Arcos''), is the headquarters of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil. It is located in the national capital of Brasília. The building was designed by architect ...
, referring to Santos-Dumont as the "father of aviation".
On 18 October 2005, the Brazilian Space Agency
The Brazilian Space Agency ( pt, Agência Espacial Brasileira; AEB) is the civilian authority in Brazil responsible for the country's Space exploration, space program. It operates a spaceport at Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara, Alcântara, an ...
(AEB) and the Russian Federal Space Agency
The State Space Corporation "Roscosmos" (russian: Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности «Роскосмос»), commonly known simply as Roscosmos (russian: Роскосмос) ...
(Roscosmos) signed an agreement to carry out the Missão Centenário
The Missão Centenário was born of an agreement between the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB) and the Roscosmos on October 18, 2005. The main objective of this treaty would be to send the first Brazilian into space, Lt. Col. Aviator Marcos Pontes.
...
, which took Brazilian astronaut Marcos César Pontes
Marcos Cesar Pontes (born 11 March 1963) is a Brazilian Air Force pilot, engineer, AEB astronaut, politician and author. He became the first South American and the first Lusophone to go into space when he docked onto the International Space Stat ...
to the International Space Station. The mission is a tribute to the centennial of Santos-Dumont's flight on the 14-bis, on 23 October 1906. The Soyuz TMA-8
Soyuz TMA-8 was a Soyuz mission to the International Space Station (ISS) launched by a Soyuz FG launch vehicle.
Crew
Soyuz TMA-8 was a transport mission for portions of the International Space Station (ISS) '' Expedition 13'' crew. The fligh ...
spacecraft launched on 30 March 2006, from the Baikonur Launch Centre (Kazakhstan). On 26 July 2006 his name was included in the Steel Book of National Heroes in the Panteão da Pátria, in Brasilia, granting him the status of National Hero.
Cultural representations
In 1902 the poet composed the song " A Conquista do Ar" in honour of Santos-Dumont's achievements. In 1956, the Brazilian Post Office released a series of stamps commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the first flight of a heavier-than-air aircraft. In 1973, they released a series of stamps to celebrate Santos-Dumont's centenary. On 23 October 2006, they launched a commemorative stamp for the centenary of the flight of the 14-bis. In the same month, the Brazilian Central Bank
The Central Bank of Brazil ( pt, Banco Central do Brasil) is Brazil's central bank. It was established on Thursday, 31 December 1964, a New Year's Eve.
The bank is not linked to any ministry, currently being autonomous. Like other central banks, ...
issued a coin commemorating Santos-Dumont's invention. He was depicted on the cruzeiro and cruzeiro novo banknotes.
In 2012, Cartier Cartier may refer to:
People
* Cartier (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name)
* Cartier Martin (born 1984), American basketball player
Places
* Cartier Island, an island north-west of Australia that is part of Australia' ...
produced a series of watches named after Santos-Dumont, celebrating the partnership between him and the brand; as a publicity piece, an award-winning film was made by France's Quad Productions entitled "L'Odyssée de Cartier".
In 2015, author Arthur Japin published the historical novel ''De gevleugelde'' (''O Homem com Asas'', in Brazil), about the aviator's life and death, and the extraction of his heart.
During the opening ceremony
An opening ceremony, grand opening, or ribbon-cutting ceremony marks the official opening of a newly-constructed location or the start of an event. of the 2016 Summer Olympic Games
)
, nations = 207 (including IOA and EOR teams)
, athletes = 11,238
, events = 306 in 28 sports (41 disciplines)
, opening = 5 August 2016
, closing = 21 August 2016
, opened_by = Vice President Michel Temer
, cauldron = Vanderlei Cordeiro d ...
at the Maracanã Stadium
Maracanã Stadium ( pt, Estádio do Maracanã, standard Brazilian Portuguese: , local pronunciation: ), officially named Estádio Jornalista Mário Filho (), is an association football stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The stadium is part o ...
, a replica of Santos-Dumont's 14-bis, was built in the stadium and, with the help of steel cables, flew over the runway, "taking off" for a flight over the city of Rio de Janeiro.
Santos-Dumont has been portrayed as a character in film, television, and theatre, played by in Marcel Camus
Marcel may refer to:
People
* Marcel (given name), people with the given name Marcel
* Marcel (footballer, born August 1981), Marcel Silva Andrade, Brazilian midfielder
* Marcel (footballer, born November 1981), Marcel Augusto Ortolan, Brazilian s ...
' ''Les Faucheurs de marguerites
''Les Faucheurs de marguerites '' is a French-Canadian-German television series. It ran in four seasons from 1974 to 1982 on ARD.
Cast
* Jean-Jacques Moreau : Gabriel Voisin
* Roger Pigaut : Capitaine Ferber
* Jackie Sardou : Madame Perrier
* ...
'' (1974); by in the miniseries Um Só Coração
''Um Só Coração'' is a 2004 Brazilian miniseries, produced by Rede Globo that paid homage to the city of São Paulo. It aired during the months of January, February and March 2004, when the celebration of the 450th anniversary of the founding ...
(2004); by Daniel de Oliveira in the short film (2006); by Ricardo Napoleão in ' play "Mais Pesado que o Ar – Santos Dumont" (1996); and by Henri Lalli in the play ''Santos-Dumont'' (since 2003). Fernanda Montenegro
Arlette Pinheiro Esteves Torres ONM (née da Silva; born 16 October 1929), known by her stage name Fernanda Montenegro ( /feʁˈnɐ̃dɐ mõtʃiˈnegɾu/), is a Brazilian stage, television and film actress. Considered by many the greatest Brazil ...
played a transsexual descendant of Santos-Dumont in the soap opera '' Zazá'' (1997). TV Brasil
TV Brasil is a Brazilian public television network owned by Empresa Brasil de Comunicação. Its main headquarters are in Brasília, DF and Rio de Janeiro, RJ, with owned-and-operated stations in São Paulo, SP and in São Luís, MA, as we ...
produced the programme , with a character named Betinho, depicting Santos-Dumont as a child.
On 10 November 2019, HBO released the miniseries ''Santos-Dumont
Alberto Santos-Dumont ( Palmira, 20 July 1873 — Guarujá, 23 July 1932) was a Brazilian aeronaut, sportsman, inventor, and one of the few people to have contributed significantly to the early development of both lighter-than-air and heavier- ...
'' across Latin America
Latin America or
* french: Amérique Latine, link=no
* ht, Amerik Latin, link=no
* pt, América Latina, link=no, name=a, sometimes referred to as LatAm is a large cultural region in the Americas where Romance languages — languages derived f ...
. The production follows the aviator's steps from childhood in his family's coffee fields Minas Gerais and São Paulo (where the family settled), to the sophisticated salons and aeroclubs in Paris, where Santos-Dumont made his historic flight in the 14-bis in 1906. Actor played the inventor.
Personal life
Sexuality
Santos-Dumont never married and was rather shy, and his sexuality has long been debated, including by his biographers.
Researcher Henrique Lins de Barros
Henrique Gomes de Paiva Lins de Barros (Rio de Janeiro, May 30, 1947) is a Brazilian physicist, Biophysics, biophysicist, writer, Science communication, science communicator, musician, screenwriter, painter and poet.
Early years
His parents were H ...
, from the Brazilian Center for Physics Research, rejects the thesis that the Brazilian inventor was homosexual, arguing that he was just a man concerned with his appearance. According to Barros, "The French refinement sounded like homosexual affectation to American journalists, who described him as effeminate. (...) Hoffman did not understand the customs and values of the time and saw everything with the distorted view that was held at that time in the United States." Also, in his article "Alberto Santos-Dumont: Pioneiro da Aviação," Barros notes that Santos-Dumont had a media-heralded engagement to Edna Powers, daughter of an American millionaire. Cosme Degenar Drumond, writer of "Alberto Santos-Dumont: Novas Revelações," says that in France Santos-Dumont has "a reputation as a conqueror". Santos-Dumont was listed in the list of the "100 VIP homosexuals of Brazil," formulated by anthropologist Luiz Mott
Luiz Roberto de Barros Mott or Luiz Mott (born 6 May 1946) in São Paulo (city), São Paulo, is an anthropologist and a gay rights activist in Brazil.
Early life
Luiz Mott graduated in Social Sciences from the University of São Paulo (USP) du ...
, rekindling the discussion about Santos-Dumont's sexuality. Santos-Dumont's family has denied that he was homosexual. Santos-Dumont allegedly had a homo-affective affair with Georges Goursat
Georges Goursat ( – ), known as Sem, was a French caricaturist famous during the ''Belle Époque''.
Life and works
Youth (1863–1900)
Georges Goursat was born and raised in an upper-middle-class family from Périgueux. The wealth inherited ...
in 1901.
Yolanda Penteado
Yolanda de Ataliba Nogueira Penteado (1903-1983) was a Brazilian patron of the arts and member of an affluent coffee ranching family with artistic connections. Her aunt was Olívia Guedes Penteado and she was married to Ciccillo Matarazzo.
Refe ...
, in her autobiography ''Tudo em cor de rosa'', says: "(...) I met Alberto Santos-Dumont, a brother of my uncle Henrique. Seu Alberto, as we called him, came every day for dinner and stayed over, saying it was to see the moon come out. In Flamengo the full moon nights were really beautiful. He was a restless person. I thought it was funny that he gave me so much attention. And Aunt Amalia would say: "Alberto, you are getting dizzy dating this girl". Alberto, in fact, used to court me, bring me chocolates, flowers, take me for walks. The people who knew him best said that when he saw me he became electric".
In a 1901 letter a friend, Santos Dumont wrote that he was in love with an American woman: " heart is already very much with her... and I don't know what to do, whether to stop the courtship or to continue."
Mental health
Santos Dumont is traditionally described as having developed multiple sclerosis
Multiple (cerebral) sclerosis (MS), also known as encephalomyelitis disseminata or disseminated sclerosis, is the most common demyelinating disease, in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This d ...
. However, this diagnosis is disputed by other researchers:
Henrique Lins de Barros
Henrique Gomes de Paiva Lins de Barros (Rio de Janeiro, May 30, 1947) is a Brazilian physicist, Biophysics, biophysicist, writer, Science communication, science communicator, musician, screenwriter, painter and poet.
Early years
His parents were H ...
questions this diagnosis: "I think it difficult to believe in this hypothesis of multiple sclerosis... How could anyone suffering from a degenerative disease like multiple sclerosis ski in Saint Moritz in the 1910s and play tennis in the 1920s, as he did?" Marcos Villares Filho, great-grandnephew of Santos-Dumont, says that he probably had a profound depression.[ The documentation of the time does not provide a good deal of information to determine that Santos Dumont suffered from multiple sclerosis.
The original diagnosis came after consulting a doctor due to symptoms such as dizziness and double vision. Later, this diagnosis was challenged by other doctors, who believed that the aviator was already suffering from psychiatric manifestations. The symptoms reported for the original diagnosis would be only two related to multiple sclerosis.
reports several episodes showing bursts of energy when at times outside his depressive episodes. Santos Dumont reportedly developed depression in 1910, predating the use of the aeroplane in the war, which, according to the cited article, would indicate that his feeling of guilt was a symptom rather than the cause. Cheniaux hypothesizes that Santos Dumont suffered from bipolar disorder or manic syndrome, with his latest bizarre inventions being able to demonstrate the "loss of critical ability".
Bipolar disorder is one of the disorders most connected with suicide and Santos Dumont already had precedents in his family, with his mother having taken her own life in 1902 and that the aviator already demonstrated at the end of his life a number of epidemiological risk factors for suicide. It is hard to determine any diagnosis due to the lack of medical documentation.
]
Works
;Books
*
*
;Articles
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
;Translations of his works
*
*
* "Os Meus Balões" (1938). Translated to Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
by Arthur de Miranda Bastos.
**
*
*
* "O Homem Mecânico": published in Portuguese in the work "Os Balões de Santos-Dumont", 2010.
;Non published
* "L'Homme Mécanique", typescript from 1929.
*A book of 13 chapters, untitled, addressing aeronautical events of the 18th to 20th centuries.[
]
See also
References
Bibliography
;Primary sources
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Notes
External links
*
Santos-Dumont, ''My Airships''
(tr. o
''Dans l'air''
*
PBS Nova: Wings of Madness
Article by writer Patricia Nell Warren
Patricia Nell Warren (June 15, 1936 – February 9, 2019), also known by her pen name Patricia Kilina, was an American novelist, poet, editor and journalist. Her second novel, '' The Front Runner'' (1974), was the first work of contemporary gay f ...
.
History of Aviation: Brazil, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA)
Letter to Brazil
by Neil deGrasse Tyson
Neil deGrasse Tyson ( or ; born October 5, 1958) is an American astrophysicist, author, and science communicator. Tyson studied at Harvard University, the University of Texas at Austin, and Columbia University. From 1991 to 1994, he was a po ...
{{DEFAULTSORT:Santos-Dumont, Alberto
1873 births
1932 suicides
19th-century inventors
20th-century inventors
20th-century Brazilian male writers
Aviation pioneers
Brazilian inventors
Brazilian scientists
Members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
Brazilian people of French descent
People with multiple sclerosis
Suicides by hanging in Brazil
Marshals of Brazil
Recipients of the Order of Cultural Merit (Brazil)
Commanders of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
Aviation inventors
Airship aviators
Airship designers
Aviation history of Brazil
Aviation history of France
Brazilian aviators
Brazilian balloonists
People from Minas Gerais
Members of the Aéro-Club de France
Articles containing video clips
Flight altitude record holders
Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Aviation record holders
Brazilian autobiographers
Brazilian test pilots
Burials at Cemitério de São João Batista