The Santalaceae, sandalwoods, are a widely distributed family of

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s (including small trees, shrubs,

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

herbs, and

epiphytic An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphytes grow are called phoroph ...

climbersHewson & George

t al. T, or t, is the twentieth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''tee'' (pronounced ), plural ''tees''. It is deri ...

br>''Santalaceae'' taxonomy
, 1984, pp. 191-194.) which, like other members of

Santalales The Santalales are an order of flowering plants with a cosmopolitan distribution, but heavily concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions. It derives its name from its type genus ''Santalum'' (sandalwood). Mistletoe is the common name for a ...

, are partially parasitic on other plants. Its flowers are bisexual or, by abortion ("flower drop"), unisexual.Pilger, R
''Santalaceae''
(with 17 figures). R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. (1810) 350, pp. 1-45. Modern treatments of the Santalaceae include the family

Viscaceae Viscaceae is a taxonomic family name of flowering plants. In this circumscription, the family includes the several genera of mistletoes. This family name is currently being studied and under review as in past decades, several systems of plant tax ...

(

mistletoe Mistletoe is the common name for obligate hemiparasitic plants in the order Santalales. They are attached to their host tree or shrub by a structure called the haustorium, through which they extract water and nutrients from the host plant. ...

s), previously considered distinct. The

APG II system The APG II system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II system) of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Gro ...

of 2003 recognises the family and assigns it to the order

in the clade

core eudicots The eudicots, Eudicotidae, or eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering plants mainly characterized by having two seed leaves upon germination. The term derives from Dicotyledons. Traditionally they were called tricolpates or non-magnoliid dicots ...

. However, the circumscription by APG is much wider than accepted by previous classifications, including the plants earlier treated in families

Eremolepidaceae Eremolepidaceae is treated in some systems as a family of flowering plants in the order ''Santalales''. In the Takhtajan system it consists of the genera ''Antidaphne'' (including '' Eremolepsis''), '' Eubrachion'' and '' Lepidoceras''. In the AP ...

and

. It includes about 1,000 species in 43 genera. Many have reported traditional and cultural uses, including as medicine.

Genera

*''

Acanthosyris ''Acanthosyris'' is a genus of plants in the family Santalaceae. It contains the following species: # ''Acanthosyris annonagustata'' C.Ulloa & P.M.Jørg. # ''Acanthosyris asipapote'' M.Nee # ''Acanthosyris falcata'' Griseb. # ''Acanthosyris glabra ...

'' *''

Amphorogyne ''Amphorogyne'' is a genus of hemiparasitic trees and shrubs in the family Santalaceae. The genus is endemic to New Caledonia in the Pacific and contains three species. Its closest relative is ''Daenikera'', also endemic to New Caledonia.Der, ...

'' *''

Anthobolus ''Anthobolus '' is a genus of flowering shrubs in the sandalwood family, Santalaceae. The genus comprises 3 species, all endemic to Australia. They are dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants. They are semi-parasitic, requi ...

'' *''

Antidaphne ''Antidaphne'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Santalaceae The Santalaceae, sandalwoods, are a widely distributed family of flowering plants (including small trees, shrubs, perennial herbs, and epiphytic climbersHewson ...

'' (previously Eremolepidaceae) *''

Arceuthobium The genus ''Arceuthobium'', commonly called dwarf mistletoes, is a genus of 26 species of parasitic plants that parasitize members of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae in North America, Central America, Asia, Europe, and Africa. Of the 42 species that ...

'' (previously Viscaceae) *''

Buckleya ''Buckleya'' is an Asian and American genus of hemiparasitic shrubs in the sandalwood family. It is named for Samuel Botsford Buckley. Buckleya is also known as Piratebush. Plants of this species are dioecious, meaning they are either bear ei ...

'' *''

Cervantesia ''Cervantesia'' is a genus of plants in the family Santalaceae The Santalaceae, sandalwoods, are a widely distributed family of flowering plants (including small trees, shrubs, perennial herbs, and epiphytic climbersHewson & George t al.br>' ...

'' Ruiz & Pavón *''

Choretrum ''Choretrum'' is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the sandalwood family, Santalaceae. The genus is endemic to Australia. Species include: *''Choretrum candollei'' F.Muell. ex Benth. - White sour bush *''Choretrum chrysanthum'' F.Muell. *' ...

'' R.Br. *'' Cladomyza'' *''

Comandra ''Comandra'' is a monotypic genus containing the single species ''Comandra umbellata''. Its common names include bastard toadflax, umbellate bastard toadflax, and common comandra. The plant has a disjunct distribution; its four subspecies occur i ...

Nutt. Thomas Nuttall (5 January 1786 – 10 September 1859) was an England, English botany, botanist and zoologist who lived and worked in America from 1808 until 1841. Nuttall was born in the village of Long Preston, near Settle, North Yorkshire, S ...

*''

Daenikera ''Daenikera corallina'' is a plant parasite species in the Santalaceae family. It is endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined ...

'' *'' Dendromyza'' *''

Dendrophthora ''Dendrophthora'', the tree destroyers, is a genus of flowering plants in the sandalwood family Santalaceae, native to tropical and subtropical Latin America and the Caribbean. They are hemiparasitic mistletoes that grow on a wide variety of host ...

'' (previously Viscaceae) *'' Dendrotrophe'' *'' Dufrenoya'' *''

Elaphanthera ''Elaphanthera baumannii'' is a species of hemiparasitic shrub in the Santalaceae family. It is endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or oth ...

'' *''

Eubrachion ''Eubrachion'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Santalaceae The Santalaceae, sandalwoods, are a widely distributed family of flowering plants (including small trees, shrubs, perennial herbs, and epiphytic climbersHewson & ...

'' (previously Eremolepidaceae) *''

Exocarpos ''Exocarpos'' is a genus of flowering shrubs and small trees in the sandalwood family, Santalaceae. They are found throughout Southeast Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands. They are semi-parasitic, requiring the roots of a host tree, a tr ...

Pers. Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1 February 1761 – 16 November 1836) was a German mycologist who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy. Early life Persoon was born in South Africa at the Cape of Good Hope, the third child of an imm ...

*'' Geocaulon'' *''

Ginalloa ''Ginalloa'' is a genus of parasitic mistletoes found in southern and south-eastern Asia. The various species are found in the Andaman Islands and Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Malaysia, the island of Borneo, the island of Java and Papua provinc ...

'' (previously Viscaceae) *'' Henslowia'' *''

Jodina ''Jodina'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Santalaceae The Santalaceae, sandalwoods, are a widely distributed family of flowering plants (including small trees, shrubs, perennial herbs, and epiphytic climbersHewson & Ge ...

'' *''

Korthalsella ''Korthalsella'' (korthal mistletoe) is a genus of flowering plants in the sandalwood family, Santalaceae (sometimes/formerly considered to be in Viscaceae). It contains about 25 species distributed in Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and s ...

'' Tiegh. *'' Kunkeliella'' *''

Lepidoceras ''Lepidoceras'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Santalaceae The Santalaceae, sandalwoods, are a widely distributed family of flowering plants (including small trees, shrubs, perennial herbs, and epiphytic climbersHewson ...

'' (previously Eremolepidaceae) *'' Leptomeria'' *''

Mida Mida may refer to: * Mida, Lorestan, a village in Iran * Mida (website), Israeli online magazine * Lucia Mida, a golfer *MIDA * MIDA, (Brand), Motorcycle Helmet and Accessories Brand, British Design. *''Mida'', a genus of Santalaceae The Santala ...

'' *'' Myoschilos'' *'' Nanodea'' *''

Nestronia ''Nestronia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Santalaceae containing the single species ''Nestronia umbellula'', which is known by the common names leechbrush, nestronia, conjurer's-nut, and Indian olive. It is native to th ...

'' *''

Notothixos ''Notothixos''Oliver D (1863) ''J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot.'' 7: 103 864 publ. 1863/ref> is a genus of mistletoe plant in the family Santalaceae. Species The Catalogue of Life The Catalogue of Life is an online database that provides an ind ...

'' (previously Viscaceae) *'' Okoubaka'' Pellegr. & Normand *'' Omphacomeria'' *'' Osyridicarpos'' *''

Osyris ''Osyris'' is a genus of plants in the family Santalaceae, one of the many genera known as sandalwoods, but not one of the true sandalwood. The species of this genus are mostly hemiparasitic, meaning although they can survive and grow by themsel ...

'' *'' Phacellaria'' *''

Phoradendron ''Phoradendron'' is a genus of mistletoe, native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Americas. The center of diversity is the Amazon rainforest.Coder, K. DAmerican mistletoe (''Phoradendron serotinum'' var. ''serotinum'') infectio ...

'' Nutt. (previously Viscaceae) *''

Pilgerina ''Pilgerina'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Santalaceae. It only contains one known species, ''Pilgerina madagascariensis''. It is native to Madagascar, where it is known as ''sakaimboalavo''. Description ''Pil ...

'' Z.S.Rogers, Nickrent & Malécot *'' Pyrularia'' *'' Rhoiacarpos'' *''

Santalum ''Santalum'' is a genus of woody flowering plants in the Santalaceae family, the best known and commercially valuable of which is the Indian sandalwood tree, '' S. album''. Members of the genus are trees or shrubs. Most are root parasites w ...

'' L. *'' Scleropyrum'' *'' Spirogardnera'' *'' Staufferia'' *'' Thesidium'' *''

Thesium ''Thesium'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Santalaceae. It is particularly well represented in South Africa. The following species are recognised by ''The Plant List'': *'' Thesium acuminatum'' A.W. Hill *'' Thesium acutissimum'' ...

'' L. *''

Viscum ''Viscum'' is a genus of about 70–100 species of mistletoes, native to temperate and tropical regions of Europe, Africa, Asia and Australasia. Traditionally, the genus has been placed in its own family Viscaceae, but recent genetic research by ...

'' L. (previously Viscaceae) excluded genera: *''

Arjona Arjona may refer to: * Arjona, Bolívar, Colombia * Arjona, Spain * Taifa of Arjona, a medieval taifa kingdom in Spain * ''Arjona'' (plant), genus of plants in the family Schoepfiaceae People with the surname * Adria Arjona (born 1992), Puerto R ...

'' - to Schoepfiaceae *''

Quinchamalium ''Quinchamalium'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Schoepfiaceae, with a single species ''Quinchamalium chilense'', native to Chile, Argentina, Peru and Bolivia. Depending on the latitude, it can be found from sea level to 3,800 m ...

'' - to Schoepfiaceae

References

External links

Parasitic Plant Connection web site: Amphorogynaceae

{{Authority control Eudicot families