The Basilica of Saint Clement ( it, Basilica di San Clemente al Laterano) is a

Latin Catholic , native_name_lang = la , image = San Giovanni in Laterano - Rome.jpg , imagewidth = 250px , alt = Façade of the Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran , caption = Archbasilica of Saint Joh ...

minor basilica In the Catholic Church, a basilica is a designation given by the Pope to a church building. Basilicas are distinguished for ceremonial purposes from other churches. The building need not be a basilica in the architectural sense (a rectangular ...

dedicated to

Pope Clement I Pope Clement I ( la, Clemens Romanus; Greek: grc, Κλήμης Ῥώμης, Klēmēs Rōmēs) ( – 99 AD) was bishop of Rome in the late first century AD. He is listed by Irenaeus and Tertullian as the bishop of Rome, holding office from 88 AD t ...

located in

Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus (legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

. Archaeologically speaking, the structure is a three-tiered complex of buildings: (1) the present basilica built just before the year 1100 during the height of the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...

; (2) beneath the present basilica is a 4th-century basilica that had been converted out of the home of a Roman nobleman, part of which had in the 1st century briefly served as an early church, and the basement of which had in the 2nd century briefly served as a

mithraeum A Mithraeum , sometimes spelled Mithreum and Mithraion ( grc, Μιθραίον), is a Mithraic temple, erected in classical antiquity by the worshippers of Mithras. Most Mithraea can be dated between 100 BC and 300 AD, mostly in the Roman Emp ...

; (3) the home of the Roman nobleman had been built on the foundations of

republican era Republican Era can refer to: * Minguo calendar, the official era of the Republic of China It may also refer to any era in a country's history when it was governed as a republic or by a Republican Party. In particular, it may refer to: * Roman Rep ...

villa and warehouse that had been destroyed in the Great Fire of AD 64.

History

This ancient church was transformed over the centuries from a private home that was the site of clandestine Christian worship in the 1st century to a grand public basilica by the 6th century, reflecting the emerging Catholic Church's growing legitimacy and power. The archaeological traces of the basilica's history were discovered in the 1860s by

Joseph Mullooly Joseph Mullooly, (19 March 1812 – 25 June 1880) was an Irish Dominican Roman Catholic priest and archaeologist from Lehery, Lanesborough, County Longford, Ireland. He is noted for excavating the temple of Mithras, (a Zoroastrian and Vedic ...

, Prior of the house of Irish Dominicans at San Clemente (1847-1880).

Before the 4th century

The lowest levels of the present basilica contain remnants of the foundation of a possibly

building that might have been destroyed in the Great Fire of 64. An industrial building – probably the imperial mint of Rome from the late 1st century A.D. onwards (because a similar building is represented on a 16th-century drawing of a fragment of the Severan marble plan of the city), was built or remodelled on the same site during the Flavian period. Shortly after an '' insula'', or apartment block, was also built . It was separated from the industrial building by a narrow alleyway. About a hundred years later (c. 200) a ''

,'' a sanctuary of the

cult of Mithras Mithraism, also known as the Mithraic mysteries or the Cult of Mithras, was a Roman mystery religion centered on the god Mithras. Although inspired by Iranian worship of the Zoroastrian divinity ('' yazata'') Mithra, the Roman Mithras is l ...

, was built in the courtyard of the ''insula.'' The main cult room (the ''speleum'', "cave"), which is about 9.6m long and 6m wide, was discovered in 1867 but could not be investigated until 1914 due to lack of drainage.. The ''exedra'', the shallow apse at the far end of the low vaulted space, was trimmed with pumice to render it more cave-like. Central to the main room of the sanctuary was found an altar, in the shape of a sarcophagus, and with the main cult relief of the

tauroctony ''Tauroctony'' is a modern name given to the central cult reliefs of the Roman Mithraic Mysteries. The imagery depicts Mithras killing a bull, hence the name ''tauroctony'' after the Greek word (, "bull killing"). A ''tauroctony'' is distinct ...

(the image of Mithras slaying a bull) on its front face. The torchbearers Cautes and Cautopates appear on respectively the left and right faces of the same monument. A dedicatory inscription identifies the donor as one ''pater'' Cnaeus Arrius Claudianus, perhaps of the same clan as Titus Arrius Antoninus' mother. Other monuments discovered in the sanctuary include a bust of Sol kept in the sanctuary in a niche near the entrance, and a figure of , i.e. Mithras born of the rock. Fragments of statuary of the two torch bearers were also found . One of the rooms adjoining the main chamber has two oblong brickwork enclosures, one of which was used as a ritual refuse pit for remnants of the cult meal. All three monuments mentioned above are still on display in the mithraeum. A fourth monument, – a statue of St. Peter found in the ''speleum'''s vestibule and still on display there – is not of the mysteries.

4th–11th century

At some time in the 4th century, the lower level of the industrial building was filled in with dirt and rubble and its second floor remodeled. An apse was built out over part of the domus, whose lowest floor, with the Mithraeum, was also filled in. This "first basilica" is known to have existed in 392, when St. Jerome wrote of the church dedicated to St. Clement, i.e.

, a 1st-century AD Christian convert and previously considered by patrologists and ecclesiastical historians to be identical with Titus Flavius Clemens. Restorations were undertaken in the 9th century and ca 1080–99. The early basilica was the site of councils presided over by

Pope Zosimus Pope Zosimus was the bishop of Rome from 18 March 417 to his death on 26 December 418. He was born in Mesoraca, Calabria. Zosimus took a decided part in the protracted dispute in Gaul as to the jurisdiction of the See of Arles over that of Vien ...

(417) and Symmachus (499). The last major event that took place in the lower basilica was the election in 1099 of Cardinal Rainerius of St Clemente as

Pope Paschal II Pope Paschal II ( la, Paschalis II; 1050 1055 – 21 January 1118), born Ranierius, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 August 1099 to his death in 1118. A monk of the Abbey of Cluny, he was cre ...

Apart from those in

Santa Maria Antiqua Santa Maria Antiqua ( en, Ancient Church of Saint Mary) is a Roman Catholic Marian church in Rome, Italy, built in the 5th century in the Forum Romanum, and for a long time the monumental access to the Palatine imperial palaces. Located at the ...

, the largest collection of Early Medieval wall paintings in Rome is to be found in the lower basilica of San Clemente. Four of the largest frescoes in the basilica were sponsored by a lay couple, Beno de Rapiza and Maria Macellaria, at some time in the last third of the 11th century and focus on the life, miracles, and

translation Translation is the communication of the Meaning (linguistic), meaning of a #Source and target languages, source-language text by means of an Dynamic and formal equivalence, equivalent #Source and target languages, target-language text. The ...

of St. Clement, and on the life of St. Alexius. Beno and Maria are shown in two of the compositions, once on the façade of the basilica together with their children, Altilia and Clemens ("''puerulus Clemens''," i.e. "little boy Clement"), offering gifts to St. Clement, and on a pillar on the left side of the nave, where they are portrayed on a small scale witnessing a miracle performed by St. Clement. Below this last scene is one of the earliest examples of the passage from Latin to vernacular Italian: a fresco of the pagan Sisinnius and his servants, who think they have captured St. Clement but are dragging a column instead. Sisinnius encourages the servants in Italian "Fili de le pute, traite! Gosmari, Albertel, traite! Falite dereto colo palo, Carvoncelle!", which, translated into English means: "Come on, you sons of bitches, pull! Come on, Gosmari, Albertello, pull! Carvoncello, give it to him from the back with the pole!" The saint speaks in Latin, in a cross-shaped inscription: "Duritiam cordis vestris, saxa trahere meruistis", which means "You deserved to drag stones due to the hardness of your hearts." Art historians have long regarded Beno de Rapiza and Maria Macellaria as partisans of the now-canonical 'reform' popes Gregory VII, Urban II, and Paschal II and the frescoes as reform-party propaganda. However, if the paintings date to the 1080s or 1090s, as many art historians believe, then Beno and Maria may instead have favoured the Antipope Clement III (Wibert of Ravenna), whom they sought to honour through paintings about the early Christian pope of the same name.

The second basilica

The current basilica was rebuilt in one campaign by Cardinal Anastasius, ca 1099-ca. 1120. A now-outdated hypothesis held that the original church had burned out during the

Norman Norman or Normans may refer to: Ethnic and cultural identity * The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 10th and 11th centuries ** People or things connected with the Norm ...

sack of the city under

Robert Guiscard Robert Guiscard (; Modern ; – 17 July 1085) was a Norman adventurer remembered for the conquest of southern Italy and Sicily. Robert was born into the Hauteville family in Normandy, went on to become count and then duke of Apulia and Calabri ...

in 1084, but no evidence of fire damage in the lower basilica has been found to date. One possible explanation is that the lower basilica was filled in and the new church built on top due to the close association of the lower structure with the imperial opposition pope ("antipope") Clement III / Wibert of Ravenna. Lila Yawn, "Clement’s New Clothes. The Destruction of Old S. Clemente in Rome, the Eleventh-Century Frescoes, and the Cult of (Anti)Pope Clement III," ''Reti Medievali Rivista'', 13/1 (Apr. 2012), pp. 175-208.
Today, it is one of the most richly adorned churches in Rome. The ceremonial entrance (a side entrance is ordinarily used today) is through an

atrium Atrium may refer to: Anatomy * Atrium (heart), an anatomical structure of the heart * Atrium, the genital structure next to the genital aperture in the reproductive system of gastropods * Atrium of the ventricular system of the brain * Pulmona ...

(''B'' on plan) surrounded by arcades, which now serves as a

cloister A cloister (from Latin ''claustrum'', "enclosure") is a covered walk, open gallery, or open arcade running along the walls of buildings and forming a quadrangle or garth. The attachment of a cloister to a cathedral or church, commonly against a ...

, with conventual buildings surrounding it. Fronting the atrium is the chaste facade of Carlo Stefano Fontana (nephew of

Carlo Fontana Carlo Fontana (1634 or 1638–1714) was an Italian architect originating from today's Canton Ticino, who was in part responsible for the classicizing direction taken by Late Baroque Roman architecture. Biography There seems to be no proof tha ...

), supported on antique columns, and his little

campanile A bell tower is a tower that contains one or more bells, or that is designed to hold bells even if it has none. Such a tower commonly serves as part of a Christian church, and will contain church bells, but there are also many secular bell tower ...

(''illustration''). The

basilica In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica is a large public building with multiple functions, typically built alongside the town's forum. The basilica was in the Latin West equivalent to a stoa in the Greek East. The building gave its name ...

church behind it is in three

nave The nave () is the central part of a church, stretching from the (normally western) main entrance or rear wall, to the transepts, or in a church without transepts, to the chancel. When a church contains side aisles, as in a basilica-type ...

s divided by arcades on ancient marble or granite columns, with Cosmatesque inlaid paving. The 12th-century schola cantorum (''E'' on plan) incorporates marble elements from the original basilica. Behind it, in the presbytery is a ciborium (''H'' on plan) raised on four gray-violet columns over the shrine of Clement in the

crypt A crypt (from Latin ''crypta'' "vault") is a stone chamber beneath the floor of a church or other building. It typically contains coffins, sarcophagi, or religious relics. Originally, crypts were typically found below the main apse of a chur ...

below. The

episcopal seat A cathedral is a church (building), church that contains the ''cathedra'' () of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, Annual conferences within Methodism, conference, or episcopate. Churches with the function of "cathedral ...

stands in the

apse In architecture, an apse (plural apses; from Latin 'arch, vault' from Ancient Greek 'arch'; sometimes written apsis, plural apsides) is a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault or semi-dome, also known as an ''exedra''. In ...

, which is covered with mosaics on the theme of the ''Triumph of the Cross'' that are a high point of Roman 12th century mosaics.

Side entrance to the Basilica of San Clemente

Irish Irish may refer to: Common meanings * Someone or something of, from, or related to: ** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe ***Éire, Irish language name for the isle ** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...

Dominicans have owned the Basilica of San Clemente and the surrounding building complex since 1667.

Pope Urban VIII Pope Urban VIII ( la, Urbanus VIII; it, Urbano VIII; baptised 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born Maffeo Vincenzo Barberini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 August 1623 to his death in July 1644. As po ...

gave them refuge at San Clemente, where they have remained, running a residence for priests studying and teaching in Rome. The Dominicans themselves conducted the excavations in the 1950s in collaboration with Italian archaeology students. On one wall in the atrium is a plaque affixed by Pope Clement XI in 1715, praising the Basilica of St. Clement, "This ancient church has withstood the ravages of the centuries." Clement undertook restorations to the venerable structure, which he found dilapidated. He selected Carlo Stefano Fontana as architect, who erected a new facade, completed in 1719. The carved and gilded

coffer A coffer (or coffering) in architecture is a series of sunken panels in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault. A series of these sunken panels was often used as decoration for a ceiling or a vault, also ...

ed ceilings of nave and aisles, fitted with paintings, date from this time, as do the stucco decor, Ionic capitals and frescos. The inscriptions found in S. Clemente, a valuable source illustrating the history of the Basilica, have been collected and published by Vincenzo Forcella. In one lateral chapel, there is a shrine with the tomb of Saint Cyril of the Saints

Cyril and Methodius Cyril (born Constantine, 826–869) and Methodius (815–885) were two brothers and Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries. For their work evangelizing the Slavs, they are known as the "Apostles to the Slavs". They are credited wit ...

, who translated the Bible into Slavic language, created the

Glagolitic alphabet The Glagolitic script (, , ''glagolitsa'') is the oldest known Slavic alphabet. It is generally agreed to have been created in the 9th century by Saint Cyril, a monk from Thessalonica. He and his brother Saint Methodius were sent by the Byzan ...

, and

Christianized Christianization ( or Christianisation) is to make Christian; to imbue with Christian principles; to become Christian. It can apply to the conversion of an individual, a practice, a place or a whole society. It began in the Roman Empire, conti ...

the

Slavs Slavs are the largest European ethnolinguistic group. They speak the various Slavic languages, belonging to the larger Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages. Slavs are geographically distributed throughout northern Eurasia, main ...

Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II ( la, Ioannes Paulus II; it, Giovanni Paolo II; pl, Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła ; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his ...

used to pray there sometimes for Poland and the Slavic countries. The chapel also holds a Madonna by

Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato (August 25, 1609 – August 8, 1685), also known as Giovanni Battista Salvi, was an Italian Baroque painter, known for his archaizing commitment to Raphael's style. He is often referred to only by the town o ...

. The current position of

Cardinal Priest A cardinal ( la, Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis, literally 'cardinal of the Holy Roman Church') is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church. Cardinals are created by the ruling pope and typically hold the title for life. Col ...

of the ''Titulus S. Clementi'' is vacant.

(1076–1099) was one of the previous holders of the '' titulus''. During the Second World War, Jewish religious services were conducted in the

Basilica di San Clemente The Basilica of Saint Clement ( it, Basilica di San Clemente al Laterano) is a Latin Catholic minor basilica dedicated to Pope Clement I located in Rome, Italy. Archaeologically speaking, the structure is a three-tiered complex of buildings: (1) ...

, since it was under Irish

diplomatic protection In international law, diplomatic protection (or diplomatic espousal) is a means for a state to take diplomatic and other action against another state on behalf of its national whose rights and interests have been injured by that state. Diplomatic ...

, under a painting of

Tobias Tobias is the transliteration of the Greek which is a translation of the Hebrew biblical name he, טוֹבִיה, Toviyah, JahGod is good, label=none. With the biblical Book of Tobias being present in the Deuterocanon/Apocrypha of the Bible, To ...

List of Cardinal Protectors

This Basilica is the seat of the cardinalatial title of ''Sancti Clementi''. * Hugo Candidus (1049–1078?) * Rainero di Bleda, O.Cist. (1078-1099) *

Anastasius of S. Clemente Anastasius was a Roman Catholic Cardinal, and Cardinal-priest of the ''titulus'' of S. Clemente in Rome. Anastasius' career began as a member of the papal court. He was made a ''iudex datus'' (judge) by Pope Urban II in a dispute over the owners ...

(1102–1125) *

Uberto Rossi Lanfranchi Uberto Lanfranchi (or Humbert) (died 1137) was the Cardinal-deacon of Santa Maria in Via Lata (appointed by Pope Calixtus II no later than 1123), then the Cardinal-priest of San Clemente (appointed by Honorius II in 1126), and finally the Archbish ...

, (1125-1137) * Lucio Boezio, (1138-1144) * Bernardo, (1145-1158) * Vernavero, (1170-1178) * Pietro, (1188-1188) * Giovanni, (1189-1199) * Pietro Peregrosso, (1289-1295) * Guillaume de Ferrières (cardinal), (18 September 1294 – 7 September 1295) * Giacomo Tomassi-Caetani, OFM (17 December 1295 – 1 January 1300) * Bernard de Garves, (18 June 1316 – 1328) * Pierre Bertrand, (20 December 1331 – 23 June 1349) *

Gil Alvarez de Albornoz Gil or GIL may refer to: Places * Gil Island (disambiguation), one of several islands by that name * Gil, Iran, a village in Hormozgan Province, Iran * Hil, Azerbaijan, also spelled ''Gil, a village in Azerbaijan * Hiloba, also spelled ''Gil, ...

, (17 December 1350-December 1356) * Guillaume de la Jugie, (22 April 1368 – 28 April 1374) * Pierre dela Jugie, (22 December 1375 – 19 November 1376) *

Gérard du Puy Gérard du Puy (died 14 February 1389) was a French cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and cardinal-nephew of Pope Gregory XI. Papal legate In 1372, du Puy, already abbot of Marmoutier ( it, abate di Monmaggiore) with the diocese of Tours, Fra ...

, (3 February 1377 – 14 February 1389) * Poncello Orsini, (18 September 1378 – 2 February 1395) *

Gabriele Condulmer Pope Eugene IV ( la, Eugenius IV; it, Eugenio IV; 1383 – 23 February 1447), born Gabriele Condulmer, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 3 March 1431 to his death in February 1447. Condulmer was a Venetian, and ...

, (9 May 1408 – 1426) *

Hugues de Lusignan Hugh Lancelot of Lusignan or Hugues or Hughues Lancelot de Lusignan (died August 1442) was a Frankish Cardinal (Catholicism), Cardinal, often known as the Cardinal of Cyprus. He was Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem 1424, and Archbishop of Nicosia. He w ...

, (11 March 1431 – 20 April 1431) *

Francesco Condulmer Francesco Condulmer (1390 – 30 October 1453) was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was made cardinal on 19 September 1431 by his uncle, Pope Eugenius IV, and accumulated many offices and dignities. He was Camerlengo of the Holy Ro ...

, (19 September 1431-April 1445) *

Enrico Rampini Enrico is both an Italian masculine given name and a surname, Enrico means homeowner, or king, derived from ''Heinrich'' of Germanic origin. It is also a given name in Ladino. Equivalents in other languages are Henry (English), Henri ( French), ...

, (16 December 1446 – 4 July 1450) *

Giovanni Castiglione (cardinal) Giovanni Castiglione (1420–1460) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. Biography Giovanni Castiglione was born in Milan in 1420, the son of Palatine Count Maffiolo Castiglione and Angela Lampugnani. His family was of the patricia ...

, (9 March 1457 – 14 April 1460) * Giacopo Antonio Venier, (3 December 1476 – 3 August 1479) *

Domenico della Rovere Domenico della Rovere (1442 – 23 April 1501) was an Italian cardinal and patron of the arts. Life He was born at Vinovo, near Turin, and was not a relative of Pope Sixtus IV (Francesco Della Rovere), who, however, favoured him in the hope ...

, (13 August 1479 – 22 April 1501) *

Jaime Serra I Cau Jaume Serra i Cau (, es, Jaime Serra y Cau; died 1517) was a Spanish Valencian cardinal, from the city of Valencia. He was tutor to the young Giovanni Borgia, and a close associate of his father Pope Alexander VI. He was archbishop of Orist ...

, (28 June 1502 – 20 January 1511) *

Francesco Argentino Francesco Argentino ( – 23 August 1511) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. Biography Francesco Argentino was born in Venice c. 1450. His father was a poor man from Strasbourg (he took the surname "Argentino" because in Latin ...

, (17 March 1511 – 23 August 1511) * Giulio de Medici, (26 June 1517 – 6 July 1517) *

Luigi de' Rossi Luigi de' Rossi (1474–1519) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal. Biography Luigi de' Rossi was born in Florence on 6 August 1474, the son of Leonetto de' Rossi and Maria de' Medici, a member of the House of Medici. He was a cousin of Giov ...

, (6 July 1517 – 20 August 1519) *

Domenico Giacobazzi Domenico Giacobazzi (1444–1528) was an Italians, Italian Catholic Church, Roman Catholic Bishop (Catholic Church), bishop and Cardinal (Catholicism), cardinal. Biography Domenico Giacobazzi was born in Rome in 1444, the son of a Roman Patrician ...

, (20 August 1519 – 1528) *

Andrea Matteo Palmieri Andrea Matteo Palmieri (1493–1537) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. Biography Andrea Matteo Palmieri was born in Naples on August 10, 1493. He was a cleric in Naples before being elected Archbishop of Averenza and Matera o ...

, (21 November 1527 – 20 January 1537) * Girolamo Ghinucci, (25 January 1537 – 3 July 1541) *

Gian Pietro Carafa Pope Paul IV, born Gian Pietro Carafa, Theatines, C.R. ( la, Paulus IV; it, Paolo IV; 28 June 1476 – 18 August 1559) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 23 May 1555 to his death in August 1559. While serv ...

, (6 July 1541 – 24 September 1543) * Rodolfo Pio, (24 September 1543 – 17 October 1544) * Pietro Bembo, OBE (17 October 1544 – 19 January 1547) * Juan Alvarez de Toledo, OP (24 January 1547 – 4 December 1551) *

Giovanni Battista Cicala Giovanni Battista (or Giambattista) Cicala (1510–1570) was an Italians, Italian Catholic Church, Roman Catholic Bishop (Catholic Church), bishop and Cardinal (Catholicism), cardinal. Biography Giovanni Battista Cicala was born in Genoa on 6 ...

, (4 December 1551 – 7 November 1565) *

Gianantonio Capizucchi Gianantonio Capizucchi (24 October 1515 – 28 January 1569) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and bishop. Biography Gianantonio Capizucchi was born in Rome on October 24, 1515. He was a doctor of both laws, and belonged to the noble Rom ...

, (7 November 1565 – 28 January 1569) *

Luigi Cornaro Alvise Cornaro, often Italianised Luigi (1484, 1467 or 1464 gives a birth date of 1467 – 8 May 1566), was a Venetian nobleman and patron of arts, also remembered for his four books of ''Discorsi'' (published 1583–95) about the secrets to ...

, (9 February 1569 – 9 June 1570) *

Giovanni Antonio Serbelloni Giovanni Antonio Serbelloni (also known as Gian Antonio, Gianantonio; 1519–1591) was an Italian Cardinal. Life Giovanni Antonio Serbelloni was born in Milan in 1519 to a prominent family. He was brother of Gabrio (condottiero and general) and G ...

, (9 June 1570 – 3 July 1570) *

Stanislaw Hozjusz Stanislaus Hosius ( pl, Stanisław Hozjusz; 5 May 1504 – 5 August 1579) was a Polish Roman Catholic cardinal. From 1551 he was the Prince-Bishop of the Bishopric of Warmia in Royal Prussia and from 1558 he served as the papal legate to the H ...

, (3 July 1570 – 9 July 1578) *

Gianfrancesco Gambara Gianfrancesco Gambara (1533–1587) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and bishop. Biography Gianfrancesco Gambara was born in Brescia on February 16, 1533, the son of Brunoro Gambara, count of Pralboino (a field marshal in the army of Ch ...

, (9 July 1578 – 17 August 1579) * Mark Sittich von Hohenems, (17 August 1579 – 5 December 1580) * Alfonso Gesualdo, (5 December 1580 – 4 March 1583) * Prospero Santacroce, (4 March 1583-2 March 1589l * Vincenzo Lauro, (2 March 1589 – 17 December 1592) *

Flaminio Piatti Flaminio may refer to: Geography * Flaminio (Rome), a quartiere * Flaminio – Piazza del Popolo (Rome Metro), an underground station * Rignano Flaminio, a comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome * Stadio Flaminio, a stadium in Rome Other * Il Fla ...

, (15 March 1593 – 10 June 1596) *

Gian Francesco Biandrate di San Giorgio Aldobrandini Gian Francesco Biandrate di San Giorgio Aldobrandini (1545–1605) was a Roman Catholic cardinal. Biography On 3 Nov 1585, he was consecrated bishop by Giovanni Antonio Serbelloni, Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati, with Gaspare Cenci, Bishop of Melf ...

, (21 June 1596 – 16 July 1605) *

Carlo Conti Carlo Natale Marino Conti (born 13 March 1961), simply known as Carlo Conti, is an Italian television presenter. Life and career Born in Florence, Conti graduated in accountancy, then he was a bank teller from 1981 to 1986.. After some experi ...

, (17 August 1605 – 7 January 1613) * Jean de Bonsi, (20 July 1615 – 3 March 1621) *

Desiderio Scaglia Desiderio Scaglia (1567 – 21 August 1639), also known as the ''Cardinal of Cremona'', was an Italian cardinal and bishop. He was a relative of cardinals Girolamo Bernerio, Scipione Cobelluzzi and Francesco Cennini de' Salamandri and was a membe ...

, OP (3 March 1621 – 9 February 1626) *

Giovanni Domenico Spinola Giandomenico Spinola (1580 – 11 August 1646) (also Giovanni Domenico Spinola) Early life Spinola was born in 1580 in Genoa. Though few records exist detailing his family background or education, he is listed as ''Questore'' ( commissioner) of ...

, (9 February 1626 – 11 August 1646) *

Marcantonio Franciotti Marco Antonio Franciotti (1592 – 8 February 1666) was an Italian Catholic Cardinal and Bishop of Lucca. Early life Franciotti was born in 1592 in Lucca, Tuscany, the son of Curzio Franciotti. He was educated at the University of Bologna ...

, (17 August 1637 – 19 December 1639) *

Vincenzo Maculani Vincenzo Maculani (11 September 1578 – 16 February 1667) was an Italian people, Italian Roman Catholic Church, Catholic Cardinal (Catholicism), Cardinal, inquisitor and Military engineering, military architect. He was known as a severe man, ...

, OP (10 February 1642 – 16 February 1667) * Innico Caracciolo (seniore), (18 July 1667 – 30 January 1685) *

Ferdinando d'Adda Ferdinando d'Adda (27 August 1649 – 27 January 1719) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal, bishop and diplomat. As a member of the family of the counts of Adda, he was a kinsman of Pope Innocent XI, who conferred upon him the titular abbacy of a fam ...

, (10 April 1690 – 2 October 1696) * Tommaso Maria Ferrari, OP (2 January 1696 – 20 August 1716) *

Annibale Albani Annibale Albani (15 August 1682 – 21 September 1751) was an Italian Cardinal. Biography Annibale Albani was born in Urbino as a member of the Albani family, of Albanian-Italian origin. His parents were Orazio Albani, brother of Pope Clement XI ...

, (6 July 1722 – 24 July 1730; 24 July 1730 – 21 October 1751) * Cosimo Imperiali, (10 December 1753 – 12 February 1759) *

Gian Francesco Albani Gian Francesco Albani (26 February 1720 – 15 September 1803) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal. He was a member of the Albani family. Albani was born in Rome, the son of Carlo Albani, Duke of Soriano; his grand-uncle was Pope Clement XI (Gia ...

, (12 February 1759 – 21 July 1760) * Carlo Rezzonico (iuniore), (24 January 1763 – 14 December 1772) * Francesco Carafa della Spina di Traetto, (26 April 1773 – 15 September 1788) *

Stefano Borgia Stefano Borgia (3 December 1731 – 1804) was an Italian Cardinal, theologian, antiquarian, and historian. Life Cardinal Borgia belonged to a well known family of Velletri, where he was born, and was a member of the collateral branch of House ...

, (3 August 1789 – 23 November 1804) *

Benedetto Naro Benedetto is a common Italian name, the equivalent of the English language, English name Benedict (given name), Benedict. Notable people named Benedetto include: People with the given name * Benedetto Accolti (disambiguation), several people * B ...

, (29 April 1816 – 6 October 1832) * Benedetto Cappelletti, (17 December 1832 – 15 May 1834) *

Francesco Canali Francesco Canali (1764, Perugia–1835, Ferrara) was an Italian cardinal. He was the Titular Archbishop of Larissa. Early life Francesco Canali studied in his native city of Perugia and was ordained in December 1786 as a deacon. Two year ...

, (1 August 1834 – 11 April 1835) *

Pietro Ostini File:Kardinal Pietro Ostini.jpg, Pietro Ostini Pietro Ostini (27 April 1775 – 5 March 1849) was an Italian papal diplomat and Cardinal. Ostini was born in Rome on 27 April 1775. He was educated at the Collegio Romano. He was Professor ...

, (21 November 1836 – 3 April 1843) * Antonio Maria Cadolini, (22 June 1843 – 1 August 1851) * Domenico Lucciardi, (18 March 1852 – 13 March 1864) *

Henri-Marie-Gaston Boisnormand de Bonnechose Henri-Marie-Gaston Boisnormand de Bonnechose (30 May 1800 – 28 October 1883) was a French Catholic and senator. He was the last surviving cardinal to have been born in the 18th century. Biography Bonnechose was born in Paris. Entering the ...

, (22 September 1864 – 28 October 1883) *

Guglielmo Sanfelice d'Acquavilla Guglielmo Sanfelice d'Acquavilla O.S.B.Cas. (14 April 1834 – 3 January 1897) was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Naples. Sanfelice d'Acquavilla was born in Aversa, Italy, on 14 April 1834. He was appointed Arch ...

, (24 March 1884 – 3 September 1897) *

Guillaume-Marie-Romain Sourrieu Guillaume-Marie-Romain Sourrieu (27 February 1825 – 16 June 1899) was a French prelate of the Catholic Church who was Bishop of Châlons from 1882 to 1894 and Archbishop of Rouen from 1894 until his death. He was made a cardinal in 1897. Biog ...

, (24 March 1898 – 16 June 1899) * Gennaro Portanova, (22 June 1899 – 25 April 1908) *

William Henry O'Connell William Henry O'Connell (December 8, 1859 – April 22, 1944) was an American cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Boston from 1907 until his death in 1944, and was made a cardinal in 1911. Early life William O'Connell w ...

, (30 November 1911 – 22 April 1944) * John Joseph Glennon, (22 June 1946 – 9 March 1946) *

Johannes de Jong Johannes de Jong (September 10, 1885 – September 8, 1955) was a Dutch Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Utrecht from 1936 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII. Early ...

, (12 October 1946 – 8 September 1955) *

Amleto Giovanni Cicognani Amleto Giovanni Cicognani (24 February 1883 – 17 December 1973) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Vatican Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969, and Dean of the College of Cardinals from 1972 until his death. C ...

, (18 December 1858 – 23 May 1962) * Lawrence Joseph Shehan, (25 May 1965 – 26 August 1984) *

Adrianus Johannes Simonis Adrianus Johannes Simonis (26 November 1931 – 2 September 2020) was a Dutch cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Utrecht from 1983 to 2007, and was made a cardinal in 1985. Biography Simonis was born in Lisse, South ...

(25 May 1985 – 2 September 2020) *

Arrigo Miglio Arrigo Miglio (born 18 July 1942) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who was Archbishop of Cagliari from 2012 to 2019. He was Bishop of Ivrea from 1999 to 2012 and Bishop of Iglesias from 1992 to 1999. Pope Francis made Miglio a ...

(27 August 2022 – present)

Priors

* Paul Lawlor (since 2021) * Stephen Hutchinson (2019-2021) * Thomas McCarthy (2015-2018) * John M. Cunningham (2012-2015) * Terence Crotty (2011-2012) * Michael Dunleavy (2008-2011) * John M. Cunningham (2005-2008) * (William) Luke Dempsey OP, prior (1977-197?) * Raymond M. Dowdall OP, spent 21 years in San Clemente, prior for 6 years * Michael Browne OP, Irish Dominican prior (1925-1930) became Cardinal * James Crotty OP, prior for two periods *

Thomas Folan Thomas D Folan (1810–1874) was an Irish local leader who served as King of the Claddagh. Biography Folan was a Dominican priest, and a native of Galway City. He was the Prior of St Mary's Dominican Priory, Galway City. He was previously Pri ...

OP, Irish Dominican prior (1857-1858) *

OP, Irish Dominican superior/prior (1850-1857) * Thomas Mullins OP, Irish Dominican prior (1848-1850) * Joseph Taylor OP, prior (1807-18??) * John Connolly OP, STM, prior (1787-1784), later served as Bishop of New York * Richard Luke Concanen OP, prior (1782-1787), later served as Bishop of New York

Relics

* Pope Saint Clement I (

relics In religion, a relic is an object or article of religious significance from the past. It usually consists of the physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint or venerated person preserved for purposes of veneration as a tangi ...

) *

Saint Ignatius of Antioch Ignatius of Antioch (; Greek: Ἰγνάτιος Ἀντιοχείας, ''Ignátios Antiokheías''; died c. 108/140 AD), also known as Ignatius Theophorus (, ''Ignátios ho Theophóros'', lit. "the God-bearing"), was an early Christian writer ...

(

) *

Saint Cyril the Philosopher Cyril (born Constantine, 826–869) and Methodius (815–885) were two brothers and Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries. For their work evangelizing the Slavs, they are known as the "Apostles to the Slavs". They are credited wit ...

(

)

The Basilica di San Clemente in fiction

* The "Church (or Basilica) of S. Tommaso in Pallaria" featured extensively in Ngaio Marsh's ''When in Rome'' (1970) is modelled closely on S. Clemente. * The crypto-thriller ''The Sword of Moses'' by

Dominic Selwood Dominic Selwood (born 1970) is an English historian, author, journalist and barrister. He has written several works of history, historical fiction and historical thrillers, most notably ''The Sword of Moses''. and '' Anatomy of a Nation. A Hi ...

(Corax, London, 2013, ) has several scenes set on all three levels of the Basilica di San Clemente: the upper basilica, the lower basilica, and the Roman mithraeum. * The fictional poem "San Clemente Syndrome" - also the title of the third part - in

Call Me By Your Name Call Me by Your Name may refer to: * ''Call Me by Your Name'' (novel), a 2007 novel by André Aciman * ''Call Me by Your Name'' (film), a 2017 film based on the novel, directed by Luca Guadagnino ** '' Call Me by Your Name: Original Motion Pictur ...

is named after the church by the poet Elio meets in at a book store in B. and once again at a book party in Rome.

Notes

Bibliography

* * Leonard E Boyle; Eileen M C Kane; Federico Guidobaldi; Luke Dempsey, ''San Clemente miscellany / 2, Art and archaeology'' (Romae : apud S. Clementem, 1978). * Joan Barclay Lloyd, ''The Medieval Church and Canonry of S. Clemente in Rome'' (Rome: San Clemente, 1989) an Clemente miscellany, 3 * Federico Guidobaldi; Claudia Barsanti; Alessandra Guiglia Guidobaldi, ''San Clemente'' (Romae : San Clemente, 1992). * . * John Melville-Jones; "The Location of the Trajanic Mint at Rome", The Numismatic Chronicle Vol. 175, 2015, 137–45.

External links

Basilica San Clemente - Basilica San Clemente - Official Website

Kunsthistorie.com
gallery.
Article on Basilica of San Clemente written by Holly Hayes, Sacred Destinations
*High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images o
Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano , Art Atlas
{{DEFAULTSORT:San Clemente, Rome

Clemente Clemente is both an Italian, Spanish and Portuguese surname and a given name. Notable people with the surname include: Surname * Aldo Di Clemente (born 1948), Italian amateur astronomer * Anna Clemente (born 1994), Italian racewalker * Ari Cleme ...

Romanesque architecture in Lazio Mithraea Sites of papal elections 4th-century churches 12th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy Roman Catholic churches completed in 1719

18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy Irish diaspora in Europe