Naturally occurring
samarium
Samarium is a chemical element with symbol Sm and atomic number 62. It is a moderately hard silvery metal that slowly oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, samarium usually has the oxidation state +3. Compounds of samar ...
(
62Sm) is composed of five stable
isotope
Isotopes are two or more types of atoms that have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemical element), and that differ in nucleon numbers (mass numbers) ...
s,
144Sm,
149Sm,
150Sm,
152Sm and
154Sm, and two extremely long-lived
radioisotope
A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ways: emitted from the nucleus as gamma radiation; transferr ...
s,
147Sm (half life: 1.06 y) and
148Sm (7 y), with
152Sm being the most abundant (26.75%
natural abundance
In physics, natural abundance (NA) refers to the abundance of isotopes of a chemical element as naturally found on a planet. The relative atomic mass (a weighted average, weighted by mole-fraction abundance figures) of these isotopes is the atomic ...
).
146Sm is also fairly long-lived (), but is not long-lived enough to have survived in significant quantities from the formation of the Solar System on Earth, although it remains useful in radiometric dating in the Solar System as an
extinct radionuclide
An extinct radionuclide is a radionuclide that was formed by nucleosynthesis before the formation of the Solar System, about 4.6 billion years ago, but has since decayed to virtually zero abundance and is no longer detectable as a primordial nucl ...
.
Other than the naturally occurring isotopes, the longest-lived radioisotopes are
151Sm, which has a
half-life
Half-life (symbol ) is the time required for a quantity (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial value. The term is commonly used in nuclear physics to describe how quickly unstable atoms undergo radioactive decay or how long stable ato ...
of 88.8 years, and
145Sm, which has a half-life of 340 days. All of the remaining radioisotopes, which range from
129Sm to
168Sm, have half-lives that are less than two days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 48 seconds. This element also has twelve known
isomers
In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formulae – that is, same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space. Isomerism is existence or possibility of isomers.
Iso ...
with the most stable being
141mSm (t
1/2 22.6 minutes),
143m1Sm (t
1/2 66 seconds) and
139mSm (t
1/2 10.7 seconds).
The long lived isotopes,
146Sm,
147Sm, and
148Sm, primarily decay by
alpha decay
Alpha decay or α-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms or 'decays' into a different atomic nucleus, with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atom ...
to
isotopes of neodymium
Naturally occurring neodymium (60Nd) is composed of 5 stable isotopes, 142Nd, 143Nd, 145Nd, 146Nd and 148Nd, with 142Nd being the most abundant (27.2% natural abundance), and 2 long-lived radioisotopes, 144Nd and 150Nd. In all, 33 radioisotopes of ...
. Lighter unstable isotopes of samarium primarily decay by
electron capture
Electron capture (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture) is a process in which the proton-rich nucleus of an electrically neutral atom absorbs an inner atomic electron, usually from the K or L electron shells. Thi ...
to
isotopes of promethium
Promethium (61Pm) is an artificial element, except in trace quantities as a product of spontaneous fission of 238U and 235U and alpha decay of 151Eu, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no ...
, while heavier ones decay by
beta decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron) is emitted from an atomic nucleus, transforming the original nuclide to an isobar of that nuclide. For ...
to
isotopes of europium
Naturally occurring europium (63Eu) is composed of two isotopes, 151Eu and 153Eu, with 153Eu being the most abundant (52.2% natural abundance). While 153Eu is observationally stable, 151Eu was found in 2007 to be unstable and undergo alpha decay. ...
.
Isotopes of samarium are used in
samarium–neodymium dating
Samarium–neodymium dating is a radiometric dating method useful for determining the ages of rocks and meteorites, based on the alpha decay of the long-lived samarium isotope () to the stable radiogenic neodymium isotope (). Neodymium isotope rati ...
for determining the age relationships of rocks and meteorites.
151Sm is a
medium-lived fission product
Long-lived fission products (LLFPs) are radioactive materials with a long half-life (more than 200,000 years) produced by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium. Because of their persistent radiotoxicity it is necessary to isolate them from man ...
and acts as a
neutron poison
In applications such as nuclear reactors, a neutron poison (also called a neutron absorber or a nuclear poison) is a substance with a large neutron absorption cross-section. In such applications, absorbing neutrons is normally an undesirable eff ...
in the
nuclear fuel cycle
The nuclear fuel cycle, also called nuclear fuel chain, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages. It consists of steps in the ''front end'', which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the ''service period'' in w ...
. The stable
fission product
Nuclear fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large atomic nucleus undergoes nuclear fission. Typically, a large nucleus like that of uranium fissions by splitting into two smaller nuclei, along with a few neutrons, the release ...
149Sm is also a neutron poison.
List of isotopes
, -
,
129Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 67
, 128.95464(54)#
, 550(100) ms
,
,
, 5/2+#
,
,
, -
,
130Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 68
, 129.94892(43)#
, 1# s
,
β+
,
130Pm
, 0+
,
,
, -
, rowspan=2,
131Sm
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 62
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 69
, rowspan=2, 130.94611(32)#
, rowspan=2, 1.2(2) s
, β
+
,
131Pm
, rowspan=2, 5/2+#
, rowspan=2,
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
+,
p (rare)
,
130Nd
, -
, rowspan=2,
132Sm
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 62
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 70
, rowspan=2, 131.94069(32)#
, rowspan=2, 4.0(3) s
, β
+
,
132Pm
, rowspan=2, 0+
, rowspan=2,
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
+, p
,
131Nd
, -
, rowspan=2,
133Sm
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 62
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 71
, rowspan=2, 132.93867(21)#
, rowspan=2, 2.90(17) s
, β
+
,
133Pm
, rowspan=2, (5/2+)
, rowspan=2,
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
+, p
,
132Nd
, -
,
134Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 72
, 133.93397(21)#
, 10(1) s
, β
+
,
134Pm
, 0+
,
,
, -
, rowspan=2,
135Sm
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 62
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 73
, rowspan=2, 134.93252(17)
, rowspan=2, 10.3(5) s
, β
+ (99.98%)
,
135Pm
, rowspan=2, (7/2+)
, rowspan=2,
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
+, p (.02%)
,
134Nd
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
135mSm
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 0(300)# keV
, 2.4(9) s
, β
+
,
135Pm
, (3/2+, 5/2+)
,
,
, -
,
136Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 74
, 135.928276(13)
, 47(2) s
, β
+
,
136Pm
, 0+
,
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
136mSm
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 2264.7(11) keV
, 15(1) μs
,
,
, (8−)
,
,
, -
,
137Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 75
, 136.92697(5)
, 45(1) s
, β
+
,
137Pm
, (9/2−)
,
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
137mSm
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 180(50)# keV
, 20# s
, β
+
,
137Pm
, 1/2+#
,
,
, -
,
138Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 76
, 137.923244(13)
, 3.1(2) min
, β
+
,
138Pm
, 0+
,
,
, -
,
139Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 77
, 138.922297(12)
, 2.57(10) min
, β
+
,
139Pm
, 1/2+
,
,
, -
, rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" ,
139mSm
, rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 457.40(22) keV
, rowspan=2, 10.7(6) s
,
IT (93.7%)
,
139Sm
, rowspan=2, 11/2−
, rowspan=2,
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
+ (6.3%)
,
139Pm
, -
,
140Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 78
, 139.918995(13)
, 14.82(12) min
, β
+
,
140Pm
, 0+
,
,
, -
,
141Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 79
, 140.918476(9)
, 10.2(2) min
, β
+
,
141Pm
, 1/2+
,
,
, -
, rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" ,
141mSm
, rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 176.0(3) keV
, rowspan=2, 22.6(2) min
, β
+ (99.69%)
,
141Pm
, rowspan=2, 11/2−
, rowspan=2,
, rowspan=2,
, -
, IT (.31%)
,
141Sm
, -
,
142Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 80
, 141.915198(6)
, 72.49(5) min
, β
+
,
142Pm
, 0+
,
,
, -
,
143Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 81
, 142.914628(4)
, 8.75(8) min
, β
+
,
143Pm
, 3/2+
,
,
, -
, rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" ,
143m1Sm
, rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 753.99(16) keV
, rowspan=2, 66(2) s
, IT (99.76%)
,
143Sm
, rowspan=2, 11/2−
, rowspan=2,
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
+ (.24%)
,
143Pm
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
143m2Sm
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 2793.8(13) keV
, 30(3) ms
,
,
, 23/2(−)
,
,
, -
,
144Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 82
, 143.911999(3)
, colspan=3 align=center,
Observationally Stable
Stable nuclides are nuclides that are not radioactive and so (unlike radionuclides) do not spontaneously undergo radioactive decay. When such nuclides are referred to in relation to specific elements, they are usually termed stable isotopes.
Th ...
, 0+
, 0.0307(7)
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
144mSm
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 2323.60(8) keV
, 880(25) ns
,
,
, 6+
,
,
, -
,
145Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 83
, 144.913410(3)
, 340(3) d
,
EC
,
145Pm
, 7/2−
,
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
145mSm
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 8786.2(7) keV
, 990(170) ns
.96(+19−15) μs,
,
, (49/2+)
,
,
, -
,
146Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 84
, 145.913041(4)
, 6.8(7)×10
7 y
,
α
,
142Nd
, 0+
, Trace
,
, -
,
147Sm
[ Primordial ]radioisotope
A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ways: emitted from the nucleus as gamma radiation; transferr ...
Fission product
Nuclear fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large atomic nucleus undergoes nuclear fission. Typically, a large nucleus like that of uranium fissions by splitting into two smaller nuclei, along with a few neutrons, the release ...
[Used in ]Samarium–neodymium dating
Samarium–neodymium dating is a radiometric dating method useful for determining the ages of rocks and meteorites, based on the alpha decay of the long-lived samarium isotope () to the stable radiogenic neodymium isotope (). Neodymium isotope rati ...
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 85
, 146.9148979(26)
, 1.06(2)×10
11 y
, α
,
143Nd
, 7/2−
, 0.1499(18)
,
, -
,
148Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 86
, 147.9148227(26)
, 7(3)×10
15 y
, α
, ''
144Nd''
, 0+
, 0.1124(10)
,
, -
,
149Sm
Neutron poison
In applications such as nuclear reactors, a neutron poison (also called a neutron absorber or a nuclear poison) is a substance with a large neutron absorption cross-section. In such applications, absorbing neutrons is normally an undesirable eff ...
in reactors
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 87
, 148.9171847(26)
, colspan=3 align=center, Observationally Stable
, 7/2−
, 0.1382(7)
,
, -
,
150Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 88
, 149.9172755(26)
, colspan=3 align=center, Observationally Stable
, 0+
, 0.0738(1)
,
, -
,
151Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 89
, 150.9199324(26)
, 88.8(24) y
, β
−
, ''
151Eu''
, 5/2−
,
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
151mSm
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 261.13(4) keV
, 1.4(1) μs
,
,
, (11/2)−
,
,
, -
,
152Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 90
, 151.9197324(27)
, colspan=3 align=center, Observationally Stable
, 0+
, 0.2675(16)
,
, -
,
153Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 91
, 152.9220974(27)
, 46.284(4) h
, β
−
,
153Eu
, 3/2+
,
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
153mSm
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 98.37(10) keV
, 10.6(3) ms
, IT
,
153Sm
, 11/2−
,
,
, -
,
154Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 92
, 153.9222093(27)
, colspan=3 align=center, Observationally Stable
, 0+
, 0.2275(29)
,
, -
,
155Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 93
, 154.9246402(28)
, 22.3(2) min
, β
−
,
155Eu
, 3/2−
,
,
, -
,
156Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 94
, 155.925528(10)
, 9.4(2) h
, β
−
,
156Eu
, 0+
,
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
156mSm
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 1397.55(9) keV
, 185(7) ns
,
,
, 5−
,
,
, -
,
157Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 95
, 156.92836(5)
, 8.03(7) min
, β
−
,
157Eu
, (3/2−)
,
,
, -
,
158Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 96
, 157.92999(8)
, 5.30(3) min
, β
−
,
158Eu
, 0+
,
,
, -
,
159Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 97
, 158.93321(11)
, 11.37(15) s
, β
−
,
159Eu
, 5/2−
,
,
, -
,
160Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 98
, 159.93514(21)#
, 9.6(3) s
, β
−
,
160Eu
, 0+
,
,
, -
,
161Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 99
, 160.93883(32)#
,
, β
−
,
161Eu
, 7/2+#
,
,
, -
,
162Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 100
, 161.94122(54)#
,
[
, β−
, 162Eu
, 0+
,
,
, -
, 163Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 101
, 162.94536(75)#
, ][
, β−
, 163Eu
, 1/2−#
,
,
, -
, 164Sm
, style="text-align:right" , 62
, style="text-align:right" , 102
, 163.94828(86)#
, ][
, β−
, 164Eu
, 0+
,
,
, -
, rowspan=2, 165Sm
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 62
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 103
, rowspan=2, 164.95298(97)#
, rowspan=2, ][
, β− (98.64%)
, 165Eu
, rowspan=2, 5/2−#
, rowspan=2,
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β−, n (1.36%)
, 164Eu
, -
, rowspan=2, 166Sm
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 62
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 104
, rowspan=2,
, rowspan=2, ][
, β− (95.62%)
, 166Eu
, rowspan=2, 0+
, rowspan=2,
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β−, n (4.38%)
, 165Eu
, -
, rowspan=2, 167Sm
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 62
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 105
, rowspan=2,
, rowspan=2, ][
, β−
, 167Eu
, rowspan=2,
, rowspan=2,
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β−, n
, 166Eu
, -
, rowspan=2, 168Sm
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 62
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 106
, rowspan=2,
, rowspan=2, ][
, β−
, 168Eu
, rowspan=2, 0+
, rowspan=2,
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β−, n
, 167Eu
]
Samarium-149
Samarium-149 (149Sm) is an observationally stable isotope of samarium
Samarium is a chemical element with symbol Sm and atomic number 62. It is a moderately hard silvery metal that slowly oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, samarium usually has the oxidation state +3. Compounds of samar ...
(predicted to decay, but no decays have ever been observed, giving it a half-life at least several orders of magnitude longer than the age of the universe), and a product of the decay chain from the fission product
Nuclear fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large atomic nucleus undergoes nuclear fission. Typically, a large nucleus like that of uranium fissions by splitting into two smaller nuclei, along with a few neutrons, the release ...
149Nd (yield 1.0888%). 149Sm is a neutron
The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol or , which has a neutral (not positive or negative) charge, and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton. Protons and neutrons constitute the nuclei of atoms. Since protons and neutrons beh ...
-absorbing nuclear poison
In applications such as nuclear reactors, a neutron poison (also called a neutron absorber or a nuclear poison) is a substance with a large neutron absorption cross-section. In such applications, absorbing neutrons is normally an undesirable eff ...
with significant effect on nuclear reactor
A nuclear reactor is a device used to initiate and control a fission nuclear chain reaction or nuclear fusion reactions. Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power plants for electricity generation and in nuclear marine propulsion. Heat from nu ...
operation, second only to 135Xe. Its neutron cross section
In nuclear physics, the concept of a neutron cross section is used to express the likelihood of interaction between an incident neutron and a target nucleus. The neutron cross section σ can be defined as the area in cm2 for which the number of ...
is 40140 barn
A barn is an agricultural building usually on farms and used for various purposes. In North America, a barn refers to structures that house livestock, including cattle and horses, as well as equipment and fodder, and often grain.Allen G. ...
s for thermal neutron
The neutron detection temperature, also called the neutron energy, indicates a free neutron's kinetic energy, usually given in electron volts. The term ''temperature'' is used, since hot, thermal and cold neutrons are moderated in a medium with ...
s.
The equilibrium concentration (and thus the poisoning effect) builds to an equilibrium value in about 500 hours (about 20 days) of reactor operation, and since 149Sm is stable, the concentration remains essentially constant during further reactor operation. This contrasts with xenon-135
Xenon-135 (135Xe) is an unstable isotope of xenon with a half-life of about 9.2 hours. 135Xe is a fission product of uranium and it is the most powerful known neutron-absorbing nuclear poison (2 million barns; up to 3 million barns under reactor c ...
, which accumulates from the beta decay of iodine-135
There are 37 known isotopes of iodine (53I) from 108I to 144I; all undergo radioactive decay except 127I, which is stable. Iodine is thus a monoisotopic element.
Its longest-lived radioactive isotope, 129I, has a half-life of 15.7 million year ...
(a short lived fission product
Nuclear fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large atomic nucleus undergoes nuclear fission. Typically, a large nucleus like that of uranium fissions by splitting into two smaller nuclei, along with a few neutrons, the release ...
) and has a high neutron cross section, but itself decays with a half-life of 9.2 hours (so does not remain in constant concentration long after the reactor shutdown), causing the so-called xenon pit
The iodine pit, also called the iodine hole or xenon pit, is a temporary disabling of a nuclear reactor due to buildup of short- lived nuclear poisons in the reactor core. The main isotope responsible is 135Xe, mainly produced by natural decay of ...
.
Samarium-151
Samarium-151 (151Sm) has a half-life
Half-life (symbol ) is the time required for a quantity (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial value. The term is commonly used in nuclear physics to describe how quickly unstable atoms undergo radioactive decay or how long stable ato ...
of 88.8 years, undergoing low-energy beta decay, and has a fission product yield
Nuclear fission splits a heavy nucleus such as uranium or plutonium into two lighter nuclei, which are called fission products. Yield refers to the fraction of a fission product produced per fission.
Yield can be broken down by:
# Individual i ...
of 0.4203% for thermal neutrons and 235U, about 39% of 149Sm's yield. The yield is somewhat higher for 239Pu.
Its neutron absorption
Neutron capture is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus and one or more neutrons collide and merge to form a heavier nucleus. Since neutrons have no electric charge, they can enter a nucleus more easily than positively charged protons, ...
cross section
Cross section may refer to:
* Cross section (geometry)
** Cross-sectional views in architecture & engineering 3D
*Cross section (geology)
* Cross section (electronics)
* Radar cross section, measure of detectability
* Cross section (physics)
**Abs ...
for thermal neutron
The neutron detection temperature, also called the neutron energy, indicates a free neutron's kinetic energy, usually given in electron volts. The term ''temperature'' is used, since hot, thermal and cold neutrons are moderated in a medium with ...
s is high at 15200 barn
A barn is an agricultural building usually on farms and used for various purposes. In North America, a barn refers to structures that house livestock, including cattle and horses, as well as equipment and fodder, and often grain.Allen G. ...
s, about 38% of 149Sm's absorption cross section, or about 20 times that of 235U. Since the ratios between the production and absorption rates of 151Sm and 149Sm are almost equal, the two isotopes should reach similar equilibrium concentrations. Since 149Sm reaches equilibrium in about 500 hours (20 days), 151Sm should reach equilibrium in about 50 days.
Since nuclear fuel is used for several years (burnup
In nuclear power technology, burnup (also known as fuel utilization) is a measure of how much energy is extracted from a primary nuclear fuel source. It is measured as the fraction of fuel atoms that underwent fission in %FIMA (fissions per init ...
) in a nuclear power plant
A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical of thermal power stations, heat is used to generate steam that drives a steam turbine connected to a electric generator, generato ...
, the final amount of 151Sm in the spent nuclear fuel
Spent nuclear fuel, occasionally called used nuclear fuel, is nuclear fuel that has been irradiated in a nuclear reactor (usually at a nuclear power plant). It is no longer useful in sustaining a nuclear reaction in an ordinary thermal reactor an ...
at discharge is only a small fraction of the total 151Sm produced during the use of the fuel.
According to one study, the mass fraction of 151Sm in spent fuel is about 0.0025 for heavy loading of MOX fuel
Mixed oxide fuel, commonly referred to as MOX fuel, is nuclear fuel that contains more than one oxide of fissile material, usually consisting of plutonium blended with natural uranium, reprocessed uranium, or depleted uranium. MOX fuel is an alt ...
and about half that for uranium fuel, which is roughly two orders of magnitude less than the mass fraction of about 0.15 for the medium-lived fission product
Long-lived fission products (LLFPs) are radioactive materials with a long half-life (more than 200,000 years) produced by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium. Because of their persistent radiotoxicity it is necessary to isolate them from man ...
137Cs.[ Figure 2, page 6] The decay energy
The decay energy is the energy change of a nucleus having undergone a radioactive decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation. This decay, or loss of energy ...
of 151Sm is also about an order of magnitude less than that of 137Cs. The low yield, low survival rate, and low decay energy
The decay energy is the energy change of a nucleus having undergone a radioactive decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation. This decay, or loss of energy ...
mean that 151Sm has insignificant nuclear waste
Radioactive waste is a type of hazardous waste that contains radioactive material. Radioactive waste is a result of many activities, including nuclear medicine, nuclear research, nuclear power generation, rare-earth mining, and nuclear weapons r ...
impact compared to the two main medium-lived fission product
Long-lived fission products (LLFPs) are radioactive materials with a long half-life (more than 200,000 years) produced by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium. Because of their persistent radiotoxicity it is necessary to isolate them from man ...
s 137Cs and 90Sr.
ANL factsheet
Samarium-153
Samarium-153 (153Sm) has a half-life of 46.3 hours, undergoing β− decay into 153Eu. As a component of samarium lexidronam, it is used in palliation of bone cancer
A bone tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue in bone, traditionally classified as noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). Cancerous bone tumors usually originate from a cancer in another part of the body such as from lung, breast, thyro ...
. It is treated by the body in a similar manner to calcium, and it localizes selectively to bone
A bone is a Stiffness, rigid Organ (biology), organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. Bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red blood cell, red and white blood cells, store minerals, provid ...
.
References
* Isotope masses from:
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* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
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* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
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{{Navbox element isotopes
Samarium
Samarium
Samarium is a chemical element with symbol Sm and atomic number 62. It is a moderately hard silvery metal that slowly oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, samarium usually has the oxidation state +3. Compounds of samar ...