Samak-e Ayyar ( fa, سمک عیار) is an ancient

Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...

romantic folklore story. Samak-e Ayyar was transmitted orally for an unknown time period, then was transcribed around the 12th century. It was published in 1968 in

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

. Samak-e Ayyar belongs to the Persian literary genre of popular romance.

Plot

Samak-e Ayyar is about the prince Khorshid-shāh, the son of Marzbān-shāh. At age 16, Khorshid-shāh falls in love with Mah-pari, princess of Kingdom of Chin (today part of China). He decides to journey to Chin to join her. Khorshid-shāh receives help from a group of “knights errant” or ''ʿayyārān'', who are followers of '' javānmardī'' or ''Fotowwa'' principles. Samak, the main protagonist, is an ʿayyār who becomes Khorshid-shāh's best friend and helps him on his quest. The ending of Samak-e Ayyar has been lost.

Background

The only extant copy of Samak-e Ayyar is an illustrated manuscript preserved in three volumes (Ouseley 379, 380, 381) in the

Bodleian library The Bodleian Library () is the main research library of the University of Oxford, and is one of the oldest libraries in Europe. It derives its name from its founder, Sir Thomas Bodley. With over 13 million printed items, it is the second- ...

in Oxford. This manuscript has no colophon, so there is no information about patron and

scribe A scribe is a person who serves as a professional copyist, especially one who made copies of manuscripts before the invention of automatic printing. The profession of the scribe, previously widespread across cultures, lost most of its promi ...

. The manuscript is also missing any note indicating the exact date and place of the codex's creation. Samak-e Ayyar was originally told by professional storytellers. According to the story's text, Farāmarz ebn Khodādād ebn Kāteb Arrajānī is the compiler and the story's second narrator. He heard the story from a certain Ṣadaqa b. Abi’l-Qāsem Shīrāzī, the first narrator of the story. Samak-e Ayyar contains many old Persian names, such as Khordasb Shido, Hormozkil, Shāhak, Gilsavār, Mehrooye, and Zarand. The numerous Turkic names imply that the story was not transcribed before the

Seljuq period The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids ( ; fa, سلجوقیان ''Saljuqian'', alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turk ...

. Its layout, the style of illustrations and the existence of some famous verses indicate that it was created during the early 14th century.

Publishing history

Samak-e Ayyar was edited and published for the first time by Parviz Nātel Khānlari during 1347/1968 and 1353/1974. It was published in five volumes by Sokhan, and later by Āgāh publishing center in Iran. It is a source of cultural and social information about medieval Persian, and followed the structure of stories which belong to the oral tradition. The manuscript has 80 illustrations; the images are particularly interesting as their artists – in contrast to the illustrators of other texts like the ''Shāhnāme'' (The Book of the Kings) – had no previous example to imitate for the scenes. In 1936, Ivan Shchukin categorized the images of the manuscript as belonging to the Inju style, an idea which is still generally accepted.

References

{{reflist Iranian folklore Persian culture Iranian books