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Salvadorans ( Spanish: ''Salvadoreños''), also known as Salvadorians (alternate spelling: Salvadoreans), are citizens of
El Salvador El Salvador (; , meaning " The Saviour"), officially the Republic of El Salvador ( es, República de El Salvador), is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south b ...
, a country in Central America. Most Salvadorans live in El Salvador, although there is also a significant Salvadoran
diaspora A diaspora ( ) is a population that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographic place of origin. Historically, the word was used first in reference to the dispersion of Greeks in the Hellenic world, and later Jews after ...
, particularly in the United States, with smaller communities in other countries around the world. El Salvador's population was 6,218,000 in 2010, compared to 2,200,000 in 1950. In 2010, the percentage of the population below the age of 15 was 32.1%, 61% were between 15 and 65 years of age, while 6.9% were 65 years or older.


Demonym

Although not the academic standard, ''Salvadorian'' and ''Salvadorean'' are widely-used English demonyms used by those living in the United States and other English-speaking countries. All three versions of the word can be seen in most Salvadoran business signs in the United States and elsewhere in the world. ''Centroamericano/a'' in Spanish and in English ''Central American'' is an alternative standard and widespread cultural identity term that Salvadorans use to identify themselves, along with their regional isthmian neighbors. It is a secondary demonym and it is widely used as an interchangeable term for El Salvador and Salvadorans. The demonym Central American is an allusion to the strong union that the Central America region has had since its independence. The term Central America is not only a regional cultural identity, but also a political identity, since the region has been united on various occasions as a single country such as the ''United Provinces of Central America'', Federal Republic of Central America, ''National Representation of Central America'', and Greater Republic of Central America. The same can be said for El Salvador's neighbors, specifically the original five states of Central America.


National Symbols


History


Lithic era

File:Pinturas Rupestres Corinto Morazan 06.JPG, Humanoid petroglyph in Holy Spirit Grotto (corinto cave), Morazan, El Salvador. File:Pinturas Rupestres Corinto Morazan.JPG, Petroglyphs in Holy Spirit Grotto (corinto cave), Morazan, El Salvador. El Salvador was inhabited by Paleo-Indians, the
first peoples Indigenous peoples are culturally distinct ethnic groups whose members are directly descended from the earliest known inhabitants of a particular geographic region and, to some extent, maintain the language and culture of those original people ...
who subsequently inhabited, the
Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with th ...
during the glacial episodes of the late Pleistocene period. Their paintings (the earliest of which date from 8000 BC) can still be seen in caves outside the towns of Corinto and
Cacaopera Cacaopera is a municipality in the Morazán department of El Salvador. According to UNESCO: The community of Cacaopera is the sole surviving representative of an otherwise vanished ethnic group, variously referred to as Ulua, Matagalpa, or C ...
, both in Morazán. Originating in the
Paleolithic The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (), also called the Old Stone Age (from Greek: παλαιός ''palaios'', "old" and λίθος ''lithos'', "stone"), is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone too ...
period, these cave paintings exhibit the earliest traces of human life in El Salvador; these early Native Americans people used the cave as a refuge, Paleoindian artists created cave and rock paintings that are located in present-day El Salvador. The
Lencas The Lenca or Lepawiran "people of the jaguar" are from present day southwest Honduras and eastern El Salvador in Central America. They once spoke many Dialects such as Chilanga, Putun, Kotik etc. Although there were different dialects, they un ...
later occupied the caves and utilized them as spiritual spaces. Other ancient petroglyphs are located in San Jose Villanueva, La Libertad and San Isidro, Cabañas. The rock petroglyphs in San Jose Villanueva near a cave in Walter Thilo Deininger National Park are similar to other ancient rock petroglyph around the country. Regarding the style of the engravings, it has been compared with the petroglyphs of La Peña Herrada ( Cuscatlán), el Letrero del Diablo (La Libertad) and la Peña de los Fierros (
San Salvador San Salvador (; ) is the capital and the largest city of El Salvador and its eponymous department. It is the country's political, cultural, educational and financial center. The Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, which comprises the capital i ...
). Other cave locations include the cave of Los Fierros and La Cuevona, both in Cuscatlán.


Archaic Period

Native Americans appeared in the
Pleistocene era The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...
and became the dominant people in the Lithic stage, developing in the
Archaic period in North America In the classification of the archaeological cultures of North America, the Archaic period in North America, taken to last from around 8000 to 1000 BC in the sequence of North American pre-Columbian cultural stages, is a period defined by the ''a ...
to the Formative stage, occupying this phase for thousands of years until European contact at the end of 16th century, spanning from the time of the arrival to the Upper Paleolithic era to European colonization of the Americas during the early modern period.


Mesoamerican-Isthmus cultures

File:Temazcal en Joya de Cerén.jpg,
Joya de Cerén Joya de Cerén (''Jewel of Cerén'' in the Spanish language) is an archaeological site in La Libertad Department, El Salvador, featuring a pre-Columbian Maya farming village. The ancient Maya site of Joya de Cerén is located in the Zapotitán V ...
File:Tazumal 10.jpg, Tazumal File:Casa Blanca 1.JPG, Casa Blanca File:ES SanAndres 06 2011 Panorama Estructura 1 y 2 La Acropolis 2194.jpg, San Andres File:Piramide Cihuatan.jpg, Cihuatán File:Maya cup, Museo de América 9.jpg, Late Classic Maya cup from El Salvador. 600–900 AD. File:ES Joya Ceren Museum 05 2012 1521.JPG, Mayan artifact found at the
Joya de Cerén Joya de Cerén (''Jewel of Cerén'' in the Spanish language) is an archaeological site in La Libertad Department, El Salvador, featuring a pre-Columbian Maya farming village. The ancient Maya site of Joya de Cerén is located in the Zapotitán V ...
archaeological site File:ES Joya Ceren Museum 05 2012 1520.JPG, Mayan artifact found at the
Joya de Cerén Joya de Cerén (''Jewel of Cerén'' in the Spanish language) is an archaeological site in La Libertad Department, El Salvador, featuring a pre-Columbian Maya farming village. The ancient Maya site of Joya de Cerén is located in the Zapotitán V ...
archaeological site File:Maya bowl, Museo de América, Madrid.jpg, Late Classic Maya bowl, El Copador style, El Salvador. File:Postclassic vessel from El Salvador.jpg, Late Postclassic ceramic vessel from El Salvador, with face decoration. 1200–1520 AD. File:Maya vessel, Museo de América 2.jpg, Late Classic Maya vessel from El Salvador, 600–900 AD File:Maya plate, Museo de América 3.jpg, Late Classic Maya plate, El Salvador. File:Maya bowl, Museo de América.jpg, Late Classic Maya bowl from El Salvador. File:ES Tazumal 06 2011 Xipe Totec 2292.jpg, Tazumal's Xipe Totec.
Historically El Salvador has had diverse Native American cultures, coming from the north and south of the continent along with local populations mixed together. El Salvador belongs to both to the
Mesoamerican region The Mesoamerican region (often abbreviated MAR) is a trans-national economic region in the Americas that is recognized by the OECD and other economic and developmental organizations, comprising the united economies of the seven countries in Centra ...
in the western part of the country, and to the Isthmo-Colombian Area in the eastern part of the country, where a myriad of indigenous societies have lived side by side for centuries with their unique cultures and speaking different indigenous languages of the Americas in the beginning of the Classic stage. The Lenca people are an indigenous people of eastern El Salvador where population today is estimated at about 37,000. The Lenca was a matriarchal society and was one of the
first civilization A cradle of civilization is a location and a culture where civilization was created by mankind independent of other civilizations in other locations. The formation of urban settlements (cities) is the primary characteristic of a society that c ...
s to develop in El Salvador and were the first major civilization in the country. The pre-Conquest
Salvadoran Lenca Salvadoran Lenca was spoken in Chilanga and Potón. Lencans had arrived in El Salvador about 2,000 years B.C.E and founded the site of Quelepa. One speaker remains in Potón. Salvadoran Lenca is of the small language family of Lencan languages ...
had frequent contact with various Maya groups as well as other indigenous peoples of Central America. The origin of Lenca populations has been a source of ongoing debate amongst anthropologists and historians. Throughout the regions of Lenca occupation, Lenca pottery is a very distinguishable form of Pre-Columbian art. Handcrafted by Lenca women, Lenca pottery is considered an ethnic marking of their culture. Some scholars have suggested that the Lenca migrated to the Central American region from South America around 3,000 years ago, making it the oldest civilization in El Salvador. Guancasco is the annual ceremony by which Lenca communities, usually two, gather to establish reciprocal obligations in order to confirm peace and friendship.
Quelepa Quelepa is an important archaeological site located in eastern El Salvador. Generally considered to have been settled by the Lenca people, the site was founded around 400 BC in the Late Preclassic period (500 BC - AD 250). The inhabitants const ...
is a major site in eastern El Salvador. Its pottery shows strong similarities to ceramics found in central western El Salvador and the Maya highlands. The Lenca sites of Yarumela, Los Naranjos in Honduras, and Quelepa in El Salvador, all contain evidence of the Usulután-style ceramics. The Cacaopera people are an indigenous people in El Salvador who are also known as the Matagalpa or Ulua. Cacaopera people spoke the Cacaopera language, a Misumalpan language. Cacaopera is an extinct language belonging to the Misumalpan family, formerly spoken in the department of Morazán in El Salvador. It was closely related to Matagalpa, and slightly more distantly to Sumo, but was geographically separated from other Misumalpan languages. The Xinca people, also known as the Xinka, are a non-Mayan indigenous people of Mesoamerica, with communities in the western part of El Salvador near its border. The Xinka may have been among the earliest inhabitants of western El Salvador, predating the arrival of the Maya and the Pipil. The Xinca ethnic group became extinct in the Mestizo process. El Salvador has two Maya groups, the Poqomam people and the
Ch'orti' people Ch'orti' (or Chorti) may refer to: * Ch'orti' people - one of the indigenous Maya peoples of southeastern Guatemala and western Honduras * Ch’orti’ language - a Mayan language, spoken by the Ch'orti' people {{disambig ...
. The Poqomam are a Maya people in western El Salvador near its border. Their indigenous language is also called Poqomam. The Ch'orti' people (alternatively, Ch'orti' Maya or Chorti) are one of the indigenous Maya peoples, who primarily reside in communities and towns of northern El Salvador. The Maya once dominated the entire western portion of El Salvador, up until the eruption of the lake ilopango super volcano. Mayan ruins are the most widely conserved in El Salvador and artifacts such as
Maya ceramics Maya ceramics are ceramics produced in the Pre-Columbian Maya culture of Mesoamerica. The vessels used different colors, sizes, and had varied purposes. Vessels for the elite could be painted with very detailed scenes, while utilitarian vessels we ...
Mesoamerican writing systems Mesoamerican calendars and Mesoamerican ballgame can be found in all Maya ruins in El Salvador which include Tazumal,
San Andrés, El Salvador San Andrés (formerly known as Campana San Andrés) is a pre-Columbian site in El Salvador,Kelly 1996, p.300. whose occupation began around the year 900 BC as an agricultural town in the valley of Zapotitán in the department of La Libertad. T ...
,
Casa Blanca, El Salvador Casa Blanca is a pre-Columbian Maya archeological site in Chalchuapa, El Salvador. The site possesses several pyramids dating to the Late Preclassic period (500 BC – AD 250) and the Classic period (AD 250–900). This ruin is part of th ...
, Cihuatan, and
Joya de Cerén Joya de Cerén (''Jewel of Cerén'' in the Spanish language) is an archaeological site in La Libertad Department, El Salvador, featuring a pre-Columbian Maya farming village. The ancient Maya site of Joya de Cerén is located in the Zapotitán V ...
.
Alaguilac people Alaguilac were an indigenous Nahua people who lived on the Río Motagua in what is now eastern Guatemala and northern El Salvador. The Alagüilac language Alagüilac is an unclassified languages, undocumented Indigenous peoples of the Americas, ...
were a former indigenous group located on northern El Salvador. Their language is unclassified. The
Alagüilac language Alagüilac is an unclassified languages, undocumented Indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous American language that is thought to have been spoken by the Alaguilac people, Alaguilac people of Guatemala at the time of the Spanish conquest. ...
is an undocumented indigenous American language that is now extinct. The Alaguilac ethnic group became extinct during the Mestizo process. The Mixe people is an indigenous group that inhabited the western borders of El Salvador. They spoke the Mixe languages which are classified in the Mixe–Zoque family, The Mixe languages are languages of the Mixean branch of the Mixe–Zoquean language family. The Mixe ethnic group became extinct during the Mestizo process. The Mangue people, also known as Chorotega, spoke the Mangue language, a now-extinct
Oto-Manguean language The Oto-Manguean or Otomanguean languages are a large family comprising several subfamilies of indigenous languages of the Americas. All of the Oto-Manguean languages that are now spoken are indigenous to Mexico, but the Manguean branch of the ...
. They occupied land near the eastern El Salvador border, near the gulf. The Pipil people are an indigenous people who live in western El Salvador. Their language is called Nahuat or Pipil, related to the Toltec people of the Nahua peoples and were speakers of early Nahuatl languages. However, in general, their mythology is more closely related to the Maya mythology, who are their near neighbors and by oral tradition said to have been adopted by Ch'orti' and Poqomam Mayan people during the Pipil exodus in the 9th century CE. The culture lasted until the Spanish conquest, at which time they still maintained their Nawat language, despite being surrounded by the Maya in western El Salvador. By the time the Spanish arrived, Pipil and Poqomam Maya settlements were interspersed throughout western El Salvador. The Pipil are known as the last indigenous civilization to arrive in El Salvador, being the least oldest and were a determined people who stoutly resisted Spanish efforts to extend their dominion southward. The Pipil are direct descendants of the Toltecs, but not of the Aztecs. Evidence of Olmec civilization presence in western El Salvador can be found in the ruin sites of Chalchuapa in the Ahuachapan department. Olmec petroglyphs can be found on boulders in Chalchuapa portraying Omlec warriors with helmets identical to those found on the Olmec colossal heads. This suggest that the area was once an Olmec enclave, before fading away for unknown reasons. The Olmecs are believed to have lived in present-day El Salvador as early as 2000 BC. The 'Olmec Boulder, ' is a sculpture of a giant head found near
Casa Blanca, El Salvador Casa Blanca is a pre-Columbian Maya archeological site in Chalchuapa, El Salvador. The site possesses several pyramids dating to the Late Preclassic period (500 BC – AD 250) and the Classic period (AD 250–900). This ruin is part of th ...
site in Las Victorias near Chalchuapa. "Olmecoid" figurines such as the Potbelly sculpture have been found through this area, in fact most are described as looking primeval proto-Olmec.


Spanish conquest (1522)

By 1521, the indigenous population of the Mesoamerican area had been drastically reduced by the
smallpox epidemic Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus) which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) cer ...
that was spreading throughout the territory, although it had not yet reached pandemic levels in Cuzcatlán or the northern portion Managuara. The first known visit by Spaniards to what is now Salvadoran territory was made by the admiral
Andrés Niño Andrés Niño (born in Moguer in 1475; died about 1530) was a Spanish navigator. Biography From early youth he navigated vessels for the Portuguese government to the coast of Africa and the East Indies, and he went in 1515 to Panama, where he ac ...
, who led an expedition to Central America. He disembarked in the Gulf of Fonseca on 31 May 1522, at Meanguera island, naming it Petronila, and then traversed to Jiquilisco Bay on the mouth of Lempa River. The first indigenous people to have contact with the Spanish were the Lenca of eastern El Salvador.


Growth of the population

File:DensidaddePoblacionenCentroamerica.jpg, Population density in Central America File:PoblacionSalvadoreñoenlosEstadosUnidos.png, Salvadoran population in the United States File:Lanzamiento_de_las_Fuerzas_Especailizadas_de_Reacción_El_Salvador,_FES._(25942889043).jpg, Salvadoran troops File:Seleccion salvadoreña de beisbol.jpg, Salvadoran baseball players File:Casa Abierta-Familia Campesinas dueños de tierras. (25191777792).jpg, Young Salvadoran man playing a guitar File:Festival para el Buen Vivir y Gobernando con la Gente-San Vicente (24811592789).jpg, Salvadoran women
San Vicente, El Salvador San Vicente () is a municipality in the San Vicente department of El Salvador. It was founded by 50 Spanish families in 1635 under the Tempisque tree, which is still standing today. Historic sites One point of interest is the Tower of San Vicente ...
File:Mesa Grande refugee camp 1987 116.jpg, Salvadoran refugee children during the civil war, 1987 File:A U.S. Soldier, left, assigned to Joint Task Force Jaguar gives a dental screening to a boy during Beyond the Horizon (BTH) 2013 in Metalio, El Salvador, May 18, 2013 130518-A-IA672-087.jpg, Salvadoran boy File:5o. Feria del Jocote-San Lorenzo, Ahuachapán. (25771696524).jpg, Young Salvadoran women in Ahuachapan File:Potada.JPG, Salvadoran model Irma Dimas from Sonsonate File:PuertoLaLibertadSV.jpg, Salvadoran boy in
La Libertad, La Libertad La Libertad (English: ''Liberty'') is a municipality in the La Libertad Department of El Salvador. It had a population of 35,997 inhabitants in 2007 according to the official census of that year. It is one of the main tourist attractions in the ...
File:Festival para el Buen Vivir y Gobernando con la Gente-San Pedro Perulapán. (25439135320).jpg, Salvadoran boy in
San Pedro Perulapán San Pedro Perulapán is a municipality in the Cuscatlán department of El Salvador. San Pedro Perulapán is a town whose origins are pre-Columbian; it received the title of city on April 28, 1921. The Battle of San Pedro Perulapán occurred h ...
File:Festival para el Buen Vivir y Gobernando con la Gente-San Pedro Perulapán. (25740938735).jpg, Salvadoran boys in
San Pedro Perulapán San Pedro Perulapán is a municipality in the Cuscatlán department of El Salvador. San Pedro Perulapán is a town whose origins are pre-Columbian; it received the title of city on April 28, 1921. The Battle of San Pedro Perulapán occurred h ...
File:Festival para el Buen Vivir y Gobernando con la Gente-San Pedro Perulapán. (25440266500).jpg, Salvadoran boys coloring,
San Pedro Perulapán San Pedro Perulapán is a municipality in the Cuscatlán department of El Salvador. San Pedro Perulapán is a town whose origins are pre-Columbian; it received the title of city on April 28, 1921. The Battle of San Pedro Perulapán occurred h ...
El Salvador El Salvador (; , meaning " The Saviour"), officially the Republic of El Salvador ( es, República de El Salvador), is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south b ...
has the largest population density in Latin America, and is the third most populated country in Central America after
Honduras Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Oce ...
and
Guatemala Guatemala ( ; ), officially the Republic of Guatemala ( es, República de Guatemala, links=no), is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by H ...
, from the 2005 census, the population exceeds 6 million. The total impact of civil wars, dictatorships and socioeconomics drove over a million Salvadorans (both as immigrants and refugees) into the United States;
Guatemala Guatemala ( ; ), officially the Republic of Guatemala ( es, República de Guatemala, links=no), is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by H ...
is the second country that hosts more Salvadorans behind the United States, approximately 110,000 Salvadorans according to the national census of 2010. in addition small Salvadoran communities sprung up in Canada,
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
, Belize, Panama,
Costa Rica Costa Rica (, ; ; literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( es, República de Costa Rica), is a country in the Central American region of North America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the no ...
, Italy, and
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...
since the migration trend began in the early 1970s.


Salvadoran Diaspora in the United States

The 2010 U.S. Census counted 1,648,968 Salvadorans in the United States, up from 655,165 in 2000. By 2017, the figure had risen to over 2.3 million. According to the U.S. Census Bureau's 2015 American Community Survey, the top Metropolitan statistical areas for the Salvadoran community are: Salvadoran-American diaspora over time:


Ethnic groups


White and Mestizo Salvadorans

As is the case elsewhere in Latin America, there is no clear distinction between White and Mestizo Salvadorans, the large majority of the population have varying proportions of Spanish and Native American ancestry. In addition, many Salvadorans have more recent ancestry from
French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
,
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...
,
Swiss Swiss may refer to: * the adjectival form of Switzerland * Swiss people Places * Swiss, Missouri * Swiss, North Carolina *Swiss, West Virginia * Swiss, Wisconsin Other uses *Swiss-system tournament, in various games and sports *Swiss Internation ...
, English, Irish, and Italian descent. A majority of Central European settlers in El Salvador arrived during World War II as refugees from the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and
Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
. In northern departments like the Chalatenango Department, it is well known that residents in the area are of pure Spanish descent. The governor of San Salvador, Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet, ordered families from northern Spain (
Galicia Galicia may refer to: Geographic regions * Galicia (Spain), a region and autonomous community of northwestern Spain ** Gallaecia, a Roman province ** The post-Roman Kingdom of the Suebi, also called the Kingdom of Gallaecia ** The medieval King ...
and Asturias) to settle the area to compensate for the lack of indigenous people to work the land; it is not uncommon to see people with blond hair, fair skin, and blue or green eyes in municipalities like
Dulce Nombre de María Dulce Nombre de María is a town and municipality in the Chalatenango Department Chalatenango () is a department of El Salvador, located in the northwest of the country. The capital is the city of Chalatenango. The Chalatenango Department en ...
, La Palma, and
El Pital Cerro El Pital is a mountain in Central America, on the border of El Salvador and Honduras. It is located from the town of La Palma at a height of above sea level, and is the highest point in Salvadoran territory and the third from Honduras. ...
. However, the majority of Salvadorans of full Spanish descent possess Mediterranean racial features: olive skin and dark hair and eyes (black or dark brown) and identify with the
mestizo (; ; fem. ) is a term used for racial classification to refer to a person of mixed Ethnic groups in Europe, European and Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous American ancestry. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also r ...
majority, As for the mestizo / castizo population, it dates back to the time of the discovery of America, Because there were no Spanish women, the Spaniards maintained relationships with Amerindian women, before the discovery, El Salvador was the second Central American country with the least indigenous population, and due to the hostility of the Spanish and added to the diseases brought by them, the population was greatly reduced and precipitously, the Amerindian men were more affected than the Amerindian women, in the first years of the colony, 50% of the population Salvadoran was Mestizo and White, in 1805, 78% of the inhabitants of El Salvador were Mestizo and White. Later, in the post-colonial era, the country received several groups of European immigrants, mainly from Spain and Italy, mainly between 1880 and 1930, when several Europeans emigrated to the country, immigration had a great demographic impact, the population of El Salvador went from 480 thousand to 1.2 million inhabitants


Arab Salvadorans

There is a significant with at least partial Arab descent (of about 100,000); mostly from
Palestine __NOTOC__ Palestine may refer to: * State of Palestine, a state in Western Asia * Palestine (region), a geographic region in Western Asia * Palestinian territories, territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely the West Bank (including East ...
(especially from the area of Bethlehem), but also from Lebanon. Salvadorans of Palestinian descent numbered around 70,000 individuals, while Salvadorans of Lebanese descent is around 25,000. There is also a small community of Jews who came to El Salvador from France, Germany, Morocco, Tunisia, and Turkey. Arab immigration in El Salvador began at the end of the 19th century in the wake of the repressive policies applied by the Ottoman Empire against Maronite Catholics. Several of the destinations that the Lebanese chose at that time were in countries of the Americas, including El Salvador. This resulted in the Arab diaspora residents being characterized by forging in devoutly Christian families and very attached to their beliefs, because in these countries they can exercise their faith without fear of persecution, which resulted in the rise of Lebanese-Salvadoran, Syrian-Salvadoran and Palestinian-Salvadoran communities in El Salvador. Currently, the Palestinian community forms the largest Arab diaspora population in El Salvador, with 70,000 direct descendants, followed by the Lebanese community with more than 27,000 direct descendants. Both are almost entirely composed of Catholic and
Orthodox Christians Orthodoxy (from Greek: ) is adherence to correct or accepted creeds, especially in religion. Orthodoxy within Christianity refers to acceptance of the doctrines defined by various creeds and ecumenical councils in Antiquity, but different Churc ...
. Inter-ethnic marriage in the Lebanese community with Salvadorans, regardless of religious affiliation, is very high; most have only one father with Lebanese nationality and mother of Salvadoran nationality. As a result, some of them speak Arabic fluently. But most, especially among younger generations, speak Spanish as a first language and Arabic as a second. Arab-Salvadoreans and their descendants have traditionally played an outsized role in El Salvador's economic and political life, with many becoming business leaders and noteworthy political figures.


Indigenous Salvadorans

According to the Salvadoran Government, about 1% of the population are of full or predominant indigenous origin. The largest most dominant Native Salvadoran groups in El Salvador are the Lenca people and Pipil people followed by small enclaves of
Maya peoples The Maya peoples () are an ethnolinguistic group of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica. The ancient Maya civilization was formed by members of this group, and today's Maya are generally descended from people ...
: ( Poqomam people/ Chorti people), Cacaopera people, Xinca people,
Alaguilac people Alaguilac were an indigenous Nahua people who lived on the Río Motagua in what is now eastern Guatemala and northern El Salvador. The Alagüilac language Alagüilac is an unclassified languages, undocumented Indigenous peoples of the Americas, ...
, Mixe people, Mangue language people, as well as an Olmec past. (
Pipil Pipil may refer to: *Nahua people of western El Salvador *Pipil language Nawat (academically Pipil, also known as Nicarao) is a Nahuan language native to Central America. It is the southernmost extant member of the Uto-Aztecan family. It was spo ...
, located in the west and central part of the country, and Lenca, found east of the Lempa River). There are small populations of Cacaopera people in the Morazán Department and a few
Ch'orti' people Ch'orti' (or Chorti) may refer to: * Ch'orti' people - one of the indigenous Maya peoples of southeastern Guatemala and western Honduras * Ch’orti’ language - a Mayan language, spoken by the Ch'orti' people {{disambig ...
live in the department of
Ahuachapán Ahuachapán () is a city, and municipality, and the capital of the Ahuachapán Department in western El Salvador. The municipality, including the city, covers an area of 244.84 km² and as of 2007 has a population of 110,511 people. Situat ...
, near the border of
Guatemala Guatemala ( ; ), officially the Republic of Guatemala ( es, República de Guatemala, links=no), is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by H ...
. The official number of indigenous people in El Salvador has been criticized by indigenous organizations and academics as too small and many accuse the government of denying the existence of indigenous Salvadorans in the country. According to the National Salvadoran Indigenous Coordination Council (CCNIS) and CONCULTURA (National Council for Art and Culture at the Ministry of Education), approximately 70,000 or 1 per cent of Salvadorian peoples are indigenous. Nonetheless, very few Amerindians have retained their customs and traditions, having over time assimilated into the dominant Mestizo/Spanish culture. The low numbers of indigenous people may be partly explained by historically high rates of old-world diseases, absorption into the mestizo population, as well as mass murder during the
1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising ''La Matanza'' (Spanish for "The Massacre") refers to a communist-indigenous rebellion in El Salvador that took place between 22 and 25 January 1932. It was succeeded by large-scale government killings in western El Salvador, which resulted ...
(or ''La Matanza''). This massacre saw (estimates of) up to 30,000 peasants killed in a short period of time. Many authors note that since ''La Matanza'' the indigenous in El Salvador have been very reluctant to describe themselves as such (in census declarations for example) or to wear indigenous dress or be seen to be taking part in any cultural activities or customs that might be understood as indigenous. Departments and cities in the country with notable indigenous populations include Sonsonate (especially Izalco,
Nahuizalco Nahuizalco is a municipality in the Sonsonate department of El Salvador. It lies on the "flowers route" ( Ruta de las Flores), 9 km from Sonsonate and 74 km from San Salvador, at 540 m above sea level on the southern part of the Apaneca- ...
, and Santo Domingo),
Cacaopera Cacaopera is a municipality in the Morazán department of El Salvador. According to UNESCO: The community of Cacaopera is the sole surviving representative of an otherwise vanished ethnic group, variously referred to as Ulua, Matagalpa, or C ...
, and Panchimalco, in the department of
San Salvador San Salvador (; ) is the capital and the largest city of El Salvador and its eponymous department. It is the country's political, cultural, educational and financial center. The Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, which comprises the capital i ...
.


Other

In the 2007 census, 0.7% of the population was considered as "other". There are up to 100,000
Nicaraguan Nicaragua (; ), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (), is the largest country in Central America, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the countr ...
s living in El Salvador.


Language

File:Palenque glyphs-edit1.jpg, El Salvador was home to Mayan Script Spanish is the language spoken by virtually all inhabitants. Spanish (official),
Salvadoran Sign Language Salvadoran Sign language is a language used by the deaf community in El Salvador. Its main purpose is to communicate. There are three distinct forms of sign language. American Sign Language was brought over to El Salvador from the United States ...
, Pipil (Nawat) , Kekchí. Immigrant languages include
Chinese Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of va ...
, Arabic, Poqomam, and
American Sign Language American Sign Language (ASL) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of Deaf communities in the United States of America and most of Anglophone Canadians, Anglophone Canada. ASL is a complete and organized visual lang ...
.


Literacy

: ''definition:'' age 10 and over can read and write : ''total:'' 95.0% : ''male:'' 94.4% : ''female:'' 95.5% : ''urban:'' 97.2% : ''rural:'' 91.8%


Religion

File:Iglesia El Rosario, frente a Plaza Libertad.jpg, Iglesia El Rosario,
San Salvador San Salvador (; ) is the capital and the largest city of El Salvador and its eponymous department. It is the country's political, cultural, educational and financial center. The Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, which comprises the capital i ...
File:Postal de la Catedral Metropolitana de San Salvador.jpg,
San Salvador Cathedral The Metropolitan Cathedral of the Holy Savior ( es, Catedral Metropolitana de San Salvador) is the cathedral, cathedral church of the Catholic Church, Catholic Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Salvador, Archdiocese of San Salvador in San Salvador ...
File:CATEDRAL DE SAN MIGUEL, EL SALVADOR - panoramio.jpg,
Cathedral Basilica of Queen of Peace, San Miguel The Cathedral Basilica of Queen of Peace ( es, Catedral-Basílica Reina de la Paz), also called San Miguel Cathedral, is a Catholic church located in the city of San Miguel, El Salvador. In 1740 the mayor of San Salvador, Manuel Gálvez del Co ...
File:Iglesia Don Rua.JPG, Iglesia Don Rua,
San Salvador San Salvador (; ) is the capital and the largest city of El Salvador and its eponymous department. It is the country's political, cultural, educational and financial center. The Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, which comprises the capital i ...
File:Fachada principal de la Iglesia El Calvario.JPG, Iglesia El Calvario,
San Salvador San Salvador (; ) is the capital and the largest city of El Salvador and its eponymous department. It is the country's political, cultural, educational and financial center. The Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, which comprises the capital i ...
File:El Carmen SantaTecla.jpg, Iglesia El Carmen,
San Salvador San Salvador (; ) is the capital and the largest city of El Salvador and its eponymous department. It is the country's political, cultural, educational and financial center. The Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, which comprises the capital i ...
File:Basílica Sagrado Corazón de Jesús.jpg, Basílica del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús,
San Salvador San Salvador (; ) is the capital and the largest city of El Salvador and its eponymous department. It is the country's political, cultural, educational and financial center. The Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, which comprises the capital i ...
File:Santa Ana Catedral Nuestra Señora de Santa Ana 2.jpg,
Cathedral of Santa Ana (El Salvador) The Cathedral of Our Lady Saint Anne ( es, Catedral de la Señora Santa Ana), is a neo-Gothic cathedral located in Santa Ana, El Salvador. History The place where today is the Cathedral of Santa Ana was the central parish, which was built betwee ...
There is diversity of religious beliefs in El Salvador. The majority of the population is Christians, Christian. Catholic Church, Roman Catholics (47%) and Evangelicalism, Evangelicals (33%) are the two major denominations in the country. Those not affiliated with any religious group amount to 17% of the population. The remainder of the population (3%) is made up of Jehovah's Witnesses, Hare Krishnas, Muslims, Jews, Buddhists, Latter-day Saints, and those adhering to indigenous religious beliefs.


Culture

File:Palmaarte.jpg, La Palma-type art, from La Palma, Chalatenango File:Artesanias de Ilobasco Tucan.JPG, Arts and craft from Ilobasco File:Mercaditode Artesanias en el Centro Historico de Santa Ana.JPG, La Palma-type art form from Santa Ana, El Salvador File:Tienda de artesanías en el Centro Historico de juayua.JPG, Mesoamerican souvenirs from Juayua File:REUNIÓN REGIONAL CENTROAMERICANA DE LA CELAC (17147017311).jpg, La Palma-Style art on modern Salvadoran building in San Salvador File:Handcrafted Bag Ataco.jpg, Handcraft bag from Ataco File:Artesanias de La Palma Chalatenango.jpg, Hand crafted bookmarks from La Palma File:Calles de La Palma 3.JPG, Salvadoran staple art in La Palma File:Peaberry coffee beans, close up.jpg, Coffee production in El Salvador File:SVhammocks.jpg, Salvadpran hammocks from Morazán Department File:Festival para el Buen Vivir y Gobernando con la Gente-San Miguel (24759914192).jpg, Salvadoran children dressed for Calabuiza on day of the dead File:Festival para el Buen Vivir y Gobernando con la Gente-San Miguel (24858111335).jpg, Young Salvadoran girls in San Miguel, El Salvador File:Festival de bolas Fuego, Nejapa - El Salvador.JPG, Fire ball festival in Nejapa File:La Esquna de Ataco.jpg, The town of Concepción de Ataco File:Casas de Suchitoto.jpg, colonial houses of Suchitoto File:Cemetery in San Miguel, El Salvador.jpg, Colorful cemetery San Miguel, El Salvador The culture of El Salvador is a Central American culture nation influenced by the clash of ancient Mesoamerica and medieval Iberian Peninsula. Salvadoran culture is influenced by Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Native American culture ( Lenca people, Cacaopera people,
Maya peoples The Maya peoples () are an ethnolinguistic group of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica. The ancient Maya civilization was formed by members of this group, and today's Maya are generally descended from people ...
, Pipil people) as well as Latin American culture ( Latin America, Hispanic America, Ibero-America). Mestizo culture and the Catholic Church dominates the country. Although the Romance languages, Romance language, Castilian Spanish, Castilian Spanish, is the official and dominant language spoken in El Salvador, Salvadoran Spanish which is part of Central American Spanish has influences of Indigenous languages of the Americas, Native American languages of El Salvador such as Lencan languages, Cacaopera language, Mayan languages and Pipil language, which are still spoken in some regions of El Salvador Mestizo culture dominates the country, heavy in both Native American Indigenous and European Spanish influences. A new composite population was formed as a result of intermarrying between the native Mesoamerican population of Cuzcatlan with the European settlers. The Catholic Church plays an important role in the Salvadoran culture. Archbishop Óscar Romero is a national hero for his role in resisting human rights violations that were occurring in the lead-up to the Salvadoran Civil War.Eaton, Helen-May (1991).
The impact of the Archbishop Óscar Romero's alliance with the struggle for liberation of the Salvadoran people: A discussion of church-state relations (El Salvador)
' (M.A. thesis), Wilfrid Laurier University
Significant foreign personalities in El Salvador were the Jesuit priests and professors Ignacio Ellacuría, Ignacio Martín-Baró, and Segundo Montes, who were murdered in 1989 by the Salvadoran Army during the height of the civil war. Painting, ceramics and textiles are the principal manual artistic mediums. Writers Francisco Gavidia (1863–1955), Salarrué (Salvador Salazar Arrué) (1899–1975), Claudia Lars, Alfredo Espino, Pedro Geoffroy Rivas, Manlio Argueta, José Roberto Cea, and poet Roque Dalton are among the most important writers from El Salvador. Notable 20th-century personages include the late filmmaker Baltasar Polio, female film director Patricia Chica, artist Fernando Llort, and caricaturist Toño Salazar. Amongst the more renowned representatives of the graphic arts are the painters Augusto Crespin, Noe Canjura, Carlos Cañas, Giovanni Gil, Julia Díaz, Mauricio Mejia, Maria Elena Palomo de Mejia, Camilo Minero, Ricardo Carbonell, Roberto Huezo, Miguel Angel Cerna, (the painter and writer better known as MACLo), Esael Araujo, and many others. For more information on prominent citizens of El Salvador, check the List of Salvadorans.


Notable Salvadoran people

File:14, McLeod Bethel-Thompson, Aug 2, 2018.jpg, McLeod Bethel-Thompson is an American football quarterback who is a free agent. He played college football at Sacramento State. File:Emerson Esnal Hernández 2013.jpg, Emerson Hernández is a Salvadorean race walker. File:Ceren.jpg, Darwin Cerén is a Salvadoran footballer who plays for the Major League Soccer club San Jose Earthquakes and is captain of the El Salvador national team File:Arturo Alvarez at Galaxy at Earthquakes 2010-08-21 6.JPG, Arturo Álvarez (footballer, born 1985) is a Salvadoran American footballer who plays as a winger and forward for Major League Soccer club Chicago Fire File:Dustin Corea 20120308.jpg, Dustin Corea is a Salvadoran international footballer who plays for FC Edmonton. File:Eriq Zavaleta UofM Mens Soccer (6272263273).jpg, Eriq Zavaleta is an American soccer player who plays as a center back for Toronto FC of Major League Soccer. File:Steve Purdy 2012 cropped.jpg, Steve Purdy is a Salvadoran American footballer who plays as a defender for Orange County Blues in the USL. He has played for the El Salvador national team at the CONCACAF Gold Cup in 2011 and 2013. File:Ed Weeks at PaleyFest 2013.jpg, Ed Weeks is an English actor, comedian, writer and producer. He played Dr. Jeremy Reed on the Fox comedy series ''The Mindy Project.'' Born and raised in England, his mother is a native of El Salvador File:Arevalo RG19 (24) (48199356311).jpg, Marcelo Arévalo is a professional Salvadoran tennis player File:Alas21.jpg, Jaime Alas is a Salvadoran professional footballer File:Rodolfo Zelaya Alianza FC 2014.jpg, Rodolfo Zelaya is a Salvadoran professional footballer File:Rafael-Burgos.jpg, Rafael Burgos is a Salvadoran professional forward File:Andrés Flores Timbers (cropped).jpg, Andrés Flores is a Salvadoran professional footballer, who plays for the Portland Timbers in Major League Soccer. File:USMNT vs. Trinidad and Tobago (48124824073) (cropped).jpg, Cristian Roldan is an American professional soccer player, who currently plays as a midfielder for Seattle Sounders FC in Major League Soccer File:Filmingtamaleroad.jpg, Marcos Villatoro is a writer from the United States. He is the author of six novels, two collections of poetry and a memoir, and the producer/director of the documentary “Tamale Road: A Memoir from El Salvador.” File:Nayib Bukele (cropped).jpg, Nayib Bukele is a Salvadoran politician and businessman File:Guillermo Alexander Hasbún.png, Guillermo Hasbún, president of CIFCO File:Mario Duran.jpg, Mario Duran, minister of governance File:Aghamustafa.JPG, Mustafa Al-Salvadori, president of the shia islamic association File:Frank Rubio official portrait.jpg, Francisco Rubio (astronaut) is a US Army helicopter pilot, flight surgeon, and NASA astronaut candidate of the class of 2017. File:JW.jpg, Johnny Wright is a Salvadoran politician File:Mauricio Interiano.jpg, Mauricio Interiano is a Salvadoran politician File:Carlos Calleja.jpg, Carlos Calleja is a Salvadoran politician File:José Atilio Benítez Parada.jpg, José Atilio Benítez Parada is Salvadoran General, ambassador and former Minister of Defense. File:Roberto José d'Aubuisson.jpg, Roberto José d'Aubuisson Munguía is a Salvadoran politician File:Daboub, Juan José (IMF portrait, 2008).jpg, Juan Jose Daboub is the chairman and CEO of The Daboub Partnership, Founding Chief Executive Officer of the Global Adaptation Institute and former managing director of the World Bank (2006–2010) File:Mauricio Funes (Brasilia, May 2008).jpg, Mauricio Funes is a Salvadoran politician who was President of El Salvador from June 1, 2009 to June 1, 2014 File:Miguel Ángel Pereira.png, Miguel Ángel Pereira, politician File:José Luis Escobar Alas (2015).jpg, José Luis Escobar Alas, Archbishop of San Salvador File:Luciana Sandoval.JPG, Luciana Sandoval is a Salvadoran presenter, dancer and former model. File:Monica Lewinsky.jpg, Monica Lewinsky's father Bernard Lewinsky was born in
San Salvador San Salvador (; ) is the capital and the largest city of El Salvador and its eponymous department. It is the country's political, cultural, educational and financial center. The Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, which comprises the capital i ...
,
El Salvador El Salvador (; , meaning " The Saviour"), officially the Republic of El Salvador ( es, República de El Salvador), is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south b ...
, Central America File:Ana Villafañe 180510-D-SW162-2289 (40233222630).jpg, Ana Villafañe is an actress and singer File:Adrian Bellani 2016.png, Adrian Bellani is an actor File:J. D. Pardo by Gage Skidmore.jpg, J. D. Pardo is an actor File:WikiFrancisco.jpg, Francisco Caceres is a TV host and producer. He's currently the Film Expert for Telemundo’s national morning show, Un Nuevo Día based in Miami, Florida File:2005 Voice Awards Maurice Benard and Charles Curie (18426533841).jpg, Maurice Benard is an actor who is well k own for playing Sonny Corinthos on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. File:Linda Arsenio.jpg, Linda Arsenio is an actress and model File:Malin Arvidsson, August 2014.jpg, Malin Arvidsson is an actor and dancer File:SomayaReece24.jpg, Somaya Reece is a Salvadoran American hip hop and reality TV star File:Christy Turlington LF.JPG, Christy Turlington is an American supermodel. Her mother is from El Salvador. She first represented Calvin Klein's Eternity campaign in 1989 and again in 2014 and also represents Maybelline. File:Zuleika Soler en La Prensa Gráfica.jpg, Zuleika Soler, model and beauty pageant titleholder File:Sabi fft.jpg, Sabi (singer) is a Salvadoran-American pop singer, songwriter, dancer and actress from Los Angeles, California. She was formerly part of the hip hop girl group, The Bangz. She is currently signed to Warner Bros. Records. File:YancyClavel.jpg, Ana Yancy Clavel is a Salvadorian beauty queen and TV personality File:Carla vila.jpg, Carla Vila is a Salvadoran American actress File:Elizabeth Espinosa.jpg, Elizabeth Espinosa reporter and journalist File:TENOR FERNANDO DEL VALLE ONSTAGE.jpg, Fernando del Valle is an American operatic tenor. File:Allison Iraheta.jpg, Allison Iraheta is an American singer from Los Angeles, California, who was the fourth place finalist on the eighth season of American Idol. File:Victor R. Ramirez (2007).jpg, Victor R. Ramirez is the current state senator for District 47 in Prince George's County, Maryland File:J.R. Martinez.jpg, J. R. Martinez is an American actor, motivational speaker and former U.S. Army soldier. Starting in 2008, he played the role of Brot Monroe on the ABC daytime drama All My Children. He is the winner of Season 13 of ABC's Dancing with the Stars. Martinez served as the Grand Marshal of the 2012 Rose Parade. He is currently costarring on the syndicated action series SAF3. File:Moulitsas-army.jpg, Markos Moulitsas is a Salvadoran American that served in the U.S. Army from 1989 through 1992. He is the founder and publisher of Daily Kos, a blog focusing on liberal and Democratic Party politics in the United States. He co-founded SB Nation, a collection of sports blogs, which is now a part of Vox Media File:Maestro carlos irigoyen ruiz 20090221 1787960594.jpg, Carlos Irigoyen Ruiz was a renowned Salvadoran musician during the 1920s-1940s. File:La ciclista Evelyn García.jpg, Evelyn García is a Salvadoran cycle racer who rides for the Fenixs team. File:Herbert Sosa.jpg, Herbert Sosa is a Salvadoran professional footballer. File:Ricardo Saprissa.jpg, Ricardo Saprissa was a lifelong athlete, coach, and promoter of sports. File:Rosie Casals 1981 (cropped).jpeg, Rosemary Casals is a former American professional tennis player File:Sub 23 2013-09-22 10-21.jpg, Richard Menjívar is a Salvadoran international footballer currently playing for the New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League. File:Emirandahufc.jpg, Edwin Miranda grew up in Los Angeles, California and played four years of college soccer at Cal State-Northridge, where he was twice named Big West Conference Defender of the Year. File:Hala Ayala at volunteer appreciation event.jpg, Hala Ayala is an cybersecurity specialist and democrat politician representing the 51st district in the Virginia House of Delegates. File:Miss El Salvador Maribel Arrieta Gálvez, 1955.jpg, Maribel Arrieta, Maribel Arrieta Gálvez was a Salvadoran beauty queen where she represented her country at Miss Universe 1955. Arrieta met Baron Jacques Thuret (of Belgian/French nobility) and both were married in 1963, granting her the title "Baronesa de Thuret".


See also

*Salvadoran Americans *Salvadoran Mexicans


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salvadoran People Salvadoran people, Central American people by nationality Ethnic groups in Central America