Répons

''Répons'' is a composition by French composer Pierre Boulez for a large chamber orchestra with six percussion soloists and live electronics. The six soloists play harp, cimbalom, vibraphone, glockenspiel/xylophone, and two pianos. It was premiered on 18 October 1981 at the Donaueschingen Festival. The composer expanded it until its completion in 1985. The work is dedicated to "on his 80th birthday".

''Répons'' was the first significant work to come out of Boulez's endeavors at IRCAM, an institute in Paris devoted to making technological advances in electronic music. It has been celebrated for its integration of the electronic and the acoustic. Its title, ''Répons'', reflects the fact that the composition is constructed on various types of ''responses'': the acoustic sounds and electronic responses to them as well as the medieval idea of responsorial mirroring between players and speakers in different parts of the concert hall. Tom Service of ''The Guardian'' has called it "Boulez’s most ambitious masterpiece of electronic and acoustic fusion".

The music

''Répons'' is subdivided into an Introduction, Sections 1–8 and a Coda. Of the use of metre and harmony in ''Répons'' Boulez said:

The pitches of the row used in ''Répons'' are those based on the Sacher hexachord and used in the rows for several other Boulez compositions: ''Messagesquisse'', ''Dérive 1'', ''Incises'', and ''Sur Incises''.

Boulez selected the solo instruments, all pitched percussion, based on the ability of the computer equipment to "exploit their resonating characteristics to the limits of the technology available at the time".Peter O'Hagan, "Pierre Boulez and the Foundation of IRCAM", in ''French Music Since Berlioz'', edited by Richard Langham Smith and Caroline Potter, 303–30 (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishers, Inc., 2006)
327
(accessed 18 January 2016): "These are clearly audible in performance, and Dominique Jameux, in an analysis of the piece in its 1982 version, characterizes them successively as 'Balinese', 'Funeral March', 'Rain Music', 'Finale' and 'Coda'. By the time of the 1984 Turin performance, Boulez had inserted two additional episodes between 'Finale' and 'Coda'."

Instrumentation

The piece is scored for the following ensemble, along with live electronics:

Soloists

*Vibraphone
*Glockenspiel
*Harp
*Cimbalom
*2 Pianos

Woodwinds

*2 Flutes
*2 Oboes
*2 Clarinets
*Bass Clarinet
*2 Bassoons

Brass

*2 Horns
*2 Trumpets
*2 Trombones
*Tuba

Strings

*3 Violins
*2 Violas
*3 Violoncellos
*Contrabass

Performance history and reception

Acknowledging the difficulty the work presents for the soloists, Boulez said: "I like virtuosity, although not for the sake of virtuosity but because it’s dangerous". As of 2010, ''Répons'' had been performed "just a few dozen times". The work's performance requirements, its "extraordinary demands on the acoustic space as well as the players", have required untraditional venues or adaptations of concert spaces. For a performance at New York's Carnegie Hall, " e stage will be extended to cover the entire parquet level, with musicians both within and surrounding the audience, and speakers issuing the electronics from the perimeter and above." A 2015 performance in Amsterdam used as its venue an exhibition space created in the base of a gas tank built in 1902, and presented the work twice so that audience members could change their seats and hear the work a second time from a different location.

The work was commissioned by Southwest German Radio. The Ensemble InterContemporain conducted by Boulez presented the 1981 premiere in Donaueschingen of the original version's five sections lasting about twenty minutes. A 33-minute version was performed in London at the BBC Proms on 6 September 1982, and a forty-minute version containing seven sections in Turin in 1984.

Boulez conducted Ensemble InterContemporain in the New York premiere in the Columbia University Gymnasium on 5 March 1986, using his 1985 revision of the piece for 24 live musicians, six live soloists, and a digital processor 4X. In the ''New York Times'' Donal Henahan provided a negative assessment:

A 2003 performance in Carnegie Hall met with an enthusiastic reception, including "notable numbers of young people in bright T-shirts and scruffy jeans, who whooped and whistled after each work". In Anthony Tommasini's view, "audiences are ready for some challenges. The idea of Mr. Boulez's music may still seem intimidating, but the music itself is scintillating and restless. Yes, it's gritty and rigorous, but also sumptuous and fanciful". He described the work as a "breathless drama" and noted that "When the full ensemble played, the music moved in thickly layered, heaving gestures. Yet, remarkably, almost every tone and nuance was audible. And when the soloists entered, trading dizzying outbursts and ruminations–jazzy riffs from the xylophone, scurrying piano figurations–the sheer visceral excitement of being caught in the middle was like nothing else in music." Alex Ross noted the performative aspect of the conductor's role at the center of the action: "Boulez managed to give precise cues back over his shoulder, his force field radiating three hundred and sixty degrees."

French Canadian Jean-Jacques Nattiez believes that ''Répons'' may become viewed as "one of the most significant works of the 20th century." Consistent with Boulez's compositions in general, one of the common praises of ''Répons'' is its internally consistent style. The piece is also praised for its use of a wide variety of modern compositional resources, "including electronic processing, the manipulation of spatial acoustics, and even a quasi-Minimalist use of repetitive cells."

Paul Griffiths compared ''Répons'' unfavorably to Boulez's ''Dialogue de l'ombre double''. He found ''Répons'' "much more flamboyant" and wrote: "The opening is marvelous: the orchestra rushes about, looking for a way to start, or a way out, and then prepares for the grand entrance of the soloists. Some of the sounds are also fabulous: violins putting a whisker on rich, deep chimes, or electric zigzags of tone. But ''Dialogue'', on the surface so severe, says more."

Recordings

In 1996 Boulez conducted the Ensemble InterContemporain in a Deutsche Grammophon recording of this piece. Released in 1998, it won a Grammy in 2000 for best classical contemporary composition. Tommasini called it "an exhilarating performance".Anthony Tommasini,
The Warming of a Lucid Intellect: Boulez at 74
, ''New York Times'' (13 June 1999; accessed 18 January 2016).

References

External links

Universal Edition

{{DEFAULTSORT:Repons
Compositions by Pierre Boulez
Compositions for chamber orchestra
Computer music compositions
1981 compositions
1984 compositions
Serial compositions
Spatial music
Music with dedications