Rhizobiales
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The ''Hyphomicrobiales'' are an
order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...
of Gram-negative Alphaproteobacteria. The
rhizobia Rhizobia are diazotrophic bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside the root nodules of legumes (Fabaceae). To express genes for nitrogen fixation, rhizobia require a plant host; they cannot independently fix nitrogen. In gene ...
, which fix nitrogen and are
symbiotic Symbiosis (from Greek , , "living together", from , , "together", and , bíōsis, "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasit ...
with plant roots, appear in several different families. The four families ''
Nitrobacteraceae The Nitrobacteraceae are a family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria. They include plant-associated bacteria such as ''Bradyrhizobium'', a genus of rhizobia associated with some legumes. It also contains animal-associated bacteria such as ''Afipi ...
'', ''
Hyphomicrobiaceae The Hyphomicrobiaceae are a family of bacteria. Among others, they include ''Rhodomicrobium'', a genus of purple bacteria. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature Lis ...
'', ''
Phyllobacteriaceae The Phyllobacteriaceae are a family of bacteria. The most common genus is ''Mesorhizobium'' which contains some of the rhizobia species. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomen ...
'', and ''
Rhizobiaceae The Rhizobiaceae is a family of Pseudomonadota comprising multiple subgroups that enhance and hinder plant development. Some bacteria found in the family are used for plant nutrition and collectively make up the rhizobia. Other bacteria such as ...
'' contain at least several genera of nitrogen-fixing, legume-nodulating, microsymbiotic bacteria. Examples are the genera ''
Bradyrhizobium ''Bradyrhizobium'' is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria, many of which fix nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation is an important part of the nitrogen cycle. Plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen (N2); they must use nitrogen compounds such as nitrat ...
'' and '' Rhizobium''. Species of the ''
Methylocystaceae The Methylocystaceae are a family of bacteria that are capable of obtaining carbon and energy from methane. Such bacteria are called methanotrophs, and in particular the Methylocystaceae comprise the type II methanotrophs, which are structurally ...
'' are methanotrophs; they use
methanol Methanol (also called methyl alcohol and wood spirit, amongst other names) is an organic chemical and the simplest aliphatic alcohol, with the formula C H3 O H (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated as MeOH). It is a ...
(CH3OH) or methane (CH4) as their sole energy and carbon sources. Other important genera are the human pathogens '' Bartonella'' and '' Brucella'', as well as ''
Agrobacterium ''Agrobacterium'' is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria established by H. J. Conn that uses horizontal gene transfer to cause tumors in plants. ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'' is the most commonly studied species in this genus. ''Agrobacterium'' is ...
'' (useful in
genetic engineering Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including t ...
).


Taxonomy


Accepted families

* ''
Aestuariivirgaceae ''Aestuariivirga litoralis'' is a species of Alphaproteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota (formerly Proteobacteria). The Magnetococcales and Mariprofundales are considered basal or sister to the ...
'' Li ''et al''. 2019 * '' Afifellaceae'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * ''
Ahrensiaceae ''Ahrensiaceae'' is a family of Alphaproteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota (formerly Proteobacteria). The Magnetococcales and Mariprofundales are considered basal or sister to the Alphaproteobac ...
'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * ''
Alsobacteraceae ''Alsobacter'' is a genus of Alphaproteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota (formerly Proteobacteria). The Magnetococcales and Mariprofundales are considered basal or sister to the Alphaproteobacte ...
'' Sun ''et al''. 2018 * '' Amorphaceae'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * '' Ancalomicrobiaceae'' Dahal ''et al''. 2018 * ''
Aurantimonadaceae The ''Aurantimonadaceae'' are a small family of marine bacteria. Notable Species ''Aurantimonas coralicida'' causes a white plague in corals. ''Fulvimarina pelagi'' was isolated from seawater, and takes the form of nonmotile rods. ''Fulvimarina ...
'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * ''
Bartonellaceae ''Bartonella'' is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. It is the only genus in the family Bartonellaceae. Facultative intracellular parasites, ''Bartonella'' species can infect healthy people, but are considered especially important as opportunis ...
'' Gieszczykiewicz 1939 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' Beijerinckiaceae'' Garrity ''et al''. 2006 * '' Blastochloridaceae'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * ''
Boseaceae ''Bosea'' is a genus of bacteria from the order Hyphomicrobiales. References

Hyphomicrobiales Bacteria genera {{Hyphomicrobiales-stub ...
'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * '' Breoghaniaceae'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * ''
Brucellaceae The Brucellaceae are a family of the Gram-negative Hyphomicrobiales. They are named after Sir David Bruce, a Scottish microbiologist. They are aerobic chemoorganotrophes.Garrity, George M.; Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T. (e ...
'' Breed ''et al''. 1957 (Approved Lists 1980) * ''
Chelatococcaceae ''Chelatococcaceae'' is a family of Alphaproteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota (formerly Proteobacteria). The Magnetococcales and Mariprofundales are considered basal or sister to the Alphaprote ...
'' Dedysh ''et al''. 2016 * '' Cohaesibacteraceae'' Hwang and Cho 2008 * '' Devosiaceae'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * ''
Hyphomicrobiaceae The Hyphomicrobiaceae are a family of bacteria. Among others, they include ''Rhodomicrobium'', a genus of purple bacteria. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature Lis ...
'' Babudieri 1950 (Approved Lists 1980) * ''
Kaistiaceae ''Kaistiaceae'' is a family of Alphaproteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota (formerly Proteobacteria). The Magnetococcales and Mariprofundales are considered basal or sister to the Alphaproteobac ...
'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * ''
Lichenibacteriaceae ''Lichenibacterium'' is a genus of Alphaproteobacteria. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Lichenibacteriaceae. References Hyphomicrobiales Bacteria genera {{Hyphomicrobiales-stub ...
'' Pankratov ''et al''. 2020 * '' Lichenihabitantaceae'' Noh ''et al''. 2019 * '' Methylobacteriaceae'' Garrity ''et al''. 2006 * ''
Methylocystaceae The Methylocystaceae are a family of bacteria that are capable of obtaining carbon and energy from methane. Such bacteria are called methanotrophs, and in particular the Methylocystaceae comprise the type II methanotrophs, which are structurally ...
'' Bowman 2006 * ''
Nitrobacteraceae The Nitrobacteraceae are a family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria. They include plant-associated bacteria such as ''Bradyrhizobium'', a genus of rhizobia associated with some legumes. It also contains animal-associated bacteria such as ''Afipi ...
'' corrig. Buchanan 1917 (Approved Lists 1980) * ''
Notoacmeibacteraceae ''Notoacmeibacteraceae'' is a family of bacteria Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one Cell (biology), biological cell. They constitute a large domain (biology), domain of p ...
'' Huang ''et al''. 2017 * ''
Parvibaculaceae ''Parvibaculaceae'' is a family of Alphaproteobacteria. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) is an onl ...
'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * '' Phreatobacteraceae'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * ''
Phyllobacteriaceae The Phyllobacteriaceae are a family of bacteria. The most common genus is ''Mesorhizobium'' which contains some of the rhizobia species. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomen ...
'' Mergaert and Swings 2006 * '' Pleomorphomonadaceae'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * '' Pseudoxanthobacteraceae'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * ''
Rhabdaerophilaceae ''Rhabdaerophilum calidifontis'' is a species of Alphaproteobacteria. References Hyphomicrobiales {{Hyphomicrobiales-stub ...
'' Ming ''et al''. 2020 * ''
Rhizobiaceae The Rhizobiaceae is a family of Pseudomonadota comprising multiple subgroups that enhance and hinder plant development. Some bacteria found in the family are used for plant nutrition and collectively make up the rhizobia. Other bacteria such as ...
'' Conn 1938 (Approved Lists 1980) * ''
Rhodobiaceae ''Rhodobium'' is a genus of purple non-sulfur bacteria. The cells are rod-shaped and reproduce by budding, as in many other members of the Hyphomicrobiales The ''Hyphomicrobiales'' are an order of Gram-negative Alphaproteobacteria. The rhi ...
'' Garrity ''et al''. 2006 * ''
Roseiarcaceae ''Roseiarcaceae'' is a family of Alphaproteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota (formerly Proteobacteria). The Magnetococcales and Mariprofundales are considered basal or sister to the Alphaproteob ...
'' Kulichevskaya ''et al''. 2014 * ''
Salinarimonadaceae ''Salinarimonadaceae'' is a family of Alphaproteobacteria. References Hyphomicrobiales Bacteria families {{Hyphomicrobiales-stub ...
'' Cole ''et al''. 2018 * '' Segnochrobactraceae'' Akter ''et al''. 2020 * ''
Stappiaceae ''Stappiaceae'' is a family of Alphaproteobacteria. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) is an online ...
'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * ''
Tepidamorphaceae ''Tepidamorphaceae'' is a family of Alphaproteobacteria. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) is an on ...
'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * ''
Xanthobacteraceae The Xanthobacteraceae are a family of bacteria. Among others, they include '' Azorhizobium'', a genus of rhizobia. ''Xanthobacteraceae'' is a diverse group of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, sometimes twisted chemoorganotrophic or facultative chemo ...
'' Lee ''et al''. 2005


Unassigned Genera

The following genus has not been assigned to a family: * '' Flaviflagellibacter'' Dong ''et al''. 2019


Provisional Taxa

These taxa have been published, but have not been validated according to the
Bacteriological Code The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) formerly the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) or Bacteriological Code (BC) governs the scientific names for Bacteria and Archaea.P. H. A. Sneath, 2003. A short histor ...
: * "''Nordella''" La Scola ''et al''. 2004 * "''Propylenellaceae''" Liu ''et al''. 2021 ** "''Propylenella''" Liu ''et al''. 2021 *** "''Propylenella binzhouense''" Liu ''et al''. 2021 * "''Thermopetrobacter''" Sislak 2013


Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature and the phylogeny is based on whole-genome sequences.


Natural genetic transformation

Natural genetic transformation has been reported in at least four ''Hyphomicrobiales'' species: ''
Agrobacterium tumefaciens ''Agrobacterium radiobacter'' (more commonly known as ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'') is the causal agent of crown gall disease (the formation of tumours) in over 140 species of eudicots. It is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative soil bacterium. Sympto ...
'', ''
Methylobacterium organophilum ''Methylobacterium organophilum'' is a facultatively methylotrophic bacteria from the genus of Methylobacterium which was isolated from sediments from the Lake Mendota in Madison Madison may refer to: People * Madison (name), a given name ...
'', ''
Ensifer adhaerens Ensifer, sword-bearer in Latin, may refer to: * Spatharios, a type of Roman body guards * ''Ensifer'' (bacterium), a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria See also * Ensifera * Ensiferum Ensiferum (Latin: , n adj., meaning "sword bearing") is a F ...
'', and '' Bradyrhizobium japonicum''. Natural genetic transformation is a sexual process involving DNA transfer from one bacterial cell to another through the intervening medium, and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome by homologous recombination.


See also

*
Lar1 LAR1 ('Lichen-Associated Rhizobiales 1') refers to a specific bacterial lineage in the order Hyphomicrobiales (formerly Rhizobiales) that has most frequently been found directly in association with lichens. This lineage is currently known to assoc ...


Notes


References


Further reading

* * * * * {{Authority control Bacteria orders Soil biology