Runglish, Ruslish, Russlish (russian: рунглиш, руслиш, русслиш), or Russian English, is a term describing a language born out of a mixture of the
English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ide ...
and
Russian languages. This is a common among Russian speakers who speak English as a second language, and it is mainly spoken in
post-Soviet States
The post-Soviet states, also known as the former Soviet Union (FSU), the former Soviet Republics and in Russia as the near abroad (russian: links=no, ближнее зарубежье, blizhneye zarubezhye), are the 15 sovereign states that wer ...
.
![Russian-English flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Russian-English_flag.PNG)
The earliest of these
portmanteau
A portmanteau word, or portmanteau (, ) is a blend of words[affix
In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. Affixes may be derivational, like English ''-ness'' and ''pre-'', or inflectional, like English plural ''-s'' and past tense ''-ed''. They ar ...](_blank)
es, with the purpose of using it in everyday communication.
Runglish is a
neologism
A neologism Greek νέο- ''néo''(="new") and λόγος /''lógos'' meaning "speech, utterance"] is a relatively recent or isolated term, word, or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use, but that has not been fully accepted int ...
used to represent at least two different combinations of Russian and English:
pidgin
A pidgin , or pidgin language, is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups of people that do not have a language in common: typically, its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn from s ...
and informal
latinizations of the Cyrillic alphabet.
Although less widespread than other
pidgin
A pidgin , or pidgin language, is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups of people that do not have a language in common: typically, its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn from s ...
s and
creoles, such as
Tok Pisin
Tok Pisin (,Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh ; Tok Pisin ), often referred to by English speakers as "New Guinea Pidgin" or simply Pidgin, is a creole language spoken throughout Papua New Guinea. It is an ...
, Runglish is spoken in a number of English-Russian communities, such as in
Southern Australia
The term Southern Australia is generally considered to refer to the states and territories of Australia of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, the Australian Capital Territory and South Australia. The part of Western Australia south of lati ...
and most notably the Russian-speaking community of
Brighton Beach in
Brooklyn
Brooklyn () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Kings County, in the U.S. state of New York. Kings County is the most populous county in the State of New York, and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, be ...
,
New York
New York most commonly refers to:
* New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York
* New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States
New York may also refer to:
Film and television
* '' ...
.
Brighton Beach has been nicknamed ''Little
Odessa
Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. The city is also the administrativ ...
'' due to its population of Russian-speaking immigrants from
Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
and
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
. Runglish is considered to be used and spoken by at least 130 million people. This number mainly consists of Russian-speaking immigrants and their descendants.
Origins
History
The appearance of Runglish has been caused by a number of social, scientific and political factors from the 19th to 21st centuries.
One of the multiple causes for the blending of the two languages is the increased immigration of Russian speaking communities to the English-speaking parts of the world, and specifically the United States. The main periods of the immigration are the following:
*
The Imperial Russian religious prosecutions (
pogrom
A pogrom () is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews. The term entered the English language from Russian to describe 19th- and 20th-century attacks on Jews in the Russia ...
s),
*
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and ad ...
,
*
Russian Civil War
, date = October Revolution, 7 November 1917 – Yakut revolt, 16 June 1923{{Efn, The main phase ended on 25 October 1922. Revolt against the Bolsheviks continued Basmachi movement, in Central Asia and Tungus Republic, the Far East th ...
,
*
Soviet era repressions
*
Post-Soviet period.
The exposure of English to Russian speech and literature continued with the fall of the
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
, as the
Iron Curtain
The Iron Curtain was the political boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolizes the efforts by the Soviet Union (USSR) to block itself and its s ...
had been eliminated, which opened a possibility for international tourism and communication. Additionally important was the expansion of international contacts, the creation of partnerships and alliances in which English was the main language of communication, state computerization, and, most importantly, the introduction of the Internet.
Brighton Beach
In the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
, Runglish is used in a number of Russian communities. Runglish is particularly popular among the Russian-speaking community in
Brighton Beach in New York. Brighton Beach, a small area in New York, is rightfully considered the capital of "Russian English".
Before the
Great Depression
The Great Depression (19291939) was an economic shock that impacted most countries across the world. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagio ...
, Brighton Beach used to be a fashionable destination. However, as the economic crisis progressed, luxurious life in the southern part of Brooklyn came to an end, and poor immigrants began populating it instead of wealthy European tourists. For a long time, Brighton Beach was considered to be poor, inaccessible and criminal.
Soon, Brighton Beach became a home for many immigrants from all over the world, particularly from the
USSR
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
. The arrival of Russian-speaking immigrants helped to gradually develop a former disadvantaged neighbourhood into a powerful community with its own infrastructure, lifestyle and language.
![Brighton_Beach_-_20151226_-_05_-_The_Boulevard_Under_the_Elevated_Tracks](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Brighton_Beach_-_20151226_-_05_-_The_Boulevard_Under_the_Elevated_Tracks.jpg)
The following are the examples of the Runglish words that are widely used on daily basis in Brighton Beach:
* Driving: Драйвить, ''Draivit'' (proper Russian: вести машину/ехать, ''vyesti mashinu/yekhat'')
* Case: Kейс, ''Keis'' (proper Russian: портфель-атташе, ''portfel-attashe,'' also дело, ''delo'' as in ''legal case'')
* Donuts: Донаты, ''Donaty'' (proper Russian: пончики, ''ponchiki'')
* Appointments: Аппойнтменты, ''Appoyntmenty'' (proper Russian: Назначения
а приём ''naznacheniya
a priyom')
NASA
![ISS Expedition 1 crew portrait](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/ISS_Expedition_1_crew_portrait.jpg)
The term "Runglish" was popularized by
Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev in 2000, describing the way Russian and American cosmonauts spoke on the International Space Station.
Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev said: "We say jokingly that we communicate in 'Runglish,' a mixture of Russian and English languages, so that when we are short of words in one language we can use the other, because all the crew members speak both languages well." Ever since, NASA has begun listing Runglish as one of the on-board languages.
In culture
Runglish is widely used in poetry (
Vladimir Mayakovsky "American Russians"), music (
Splean
Splean (russian: Сплин) is a popular Russian rock band, formed in Saint Petersburg in 1994.Андрей Бурлака. Рок-энциклопедия. Популярная музыка в Ленинграде – Петербурге. 1965 ...
"
My English-Russian dictionary") and in prose (
Arthur С. Clarke's 1982 novel,
2010: Odyssey Two"). A monthly published periodical called ''Wind—New Zealand Russian'' existed from 1996 to 2003.
Literature
A small subplot in
Arthur C. Clarke
Sir Arthur Charles Clarke (16 December 191719 March 2008) was an English science-fiction writer, science writer, futurist, inventor, undersea explorer, and television series host.
He co-wrote the screenplay for the 1968 film '' 2001: A Spac ...
's novel ''
2010: Odyssey Two'' concerned the crew of a Russo-American spaceship, who attempted to break down boredom with a ''Stamp Out Russlish!!'' campaign. As the story went, both crews were fully fluent in each other's languages, to the point that they found themselves crossing over languages in mid-conversation, or even simply speaking the other language even when there was no-one who had it as their native tongue present.
Robert Heinlein’s novel ''
The Moon is a Harsh Mistress'' is written in the heavily Russian-influenced English (much Russian vocabulary, some Russian grammar) of a joint Australian/Russian penal colony on the Moon.
A Clockwork Orange
The 1962 novel
''A Clockwork Orange'' by
Anthony Burgess is partially written in a
Russian-influenced
argot
A cant is the jargon or language of a group, often employed to exclude or mislead people outside the group.McArthur, T. (ed.) ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (1992) Oxford University Press It may also be called a cryptolect, argot ...
called "
Nadsat", which takes its name from the Russian suffix that is equivalent to '-teen' in English.
The language in the novel is a secret, used as boundary separating the teen world from the adult.
There are multiple examples of the words used by teenagers in the novel:
* droog - друг - friend;
* ooko - ухо - ear;
* oomny - умный - smart;
* oozhassny - ужасный - horrible/awful;
* oozy - цепь (узы) - chain/bond;
* osoosh - осушать/вытирать - drain/wipe;
* otchkies – очки - glasses.
* korova - корова - cow
* moloko - молоко - milk
Even though "Nadsat" is a
fictional
Fiction is any creative work, chiefly any narrative work, portraying individuals, events, or places
Place may refer to:
Geography
* Place (United States Census Bureau), defined as any concentration of population
** Census-designated place, ...
constructed language
A constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language whose phonology, grammar, and vocabulary, instead of having developed naturally, are consciously devised for some purpose, which may include being devised for a work of fiction. ...
that is very different from Runglish, it exemplifies a common usage of a slang combining the English and Russian languages.
Examples
Word formation in Runglish have some specific features:
# Hybrids, i.e. words formed by joining the foreign roots of Russian suffixes, prefixes and endings, for example: юзать (to use - использовать), зафрендить (to befriend), пофиксить (to fix - исправить), пошерить (to share – делиться), прочекапить (to check up - проверить);
# Confusion of languages in phrases like that: забукать номер в отеле (to book – зарезервировать), зачекиниться в аэропорту (to check in – зарегистрироваться);
# Loan translation or calque, i.e. a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation. For example: аккаунт (account - учетная запись), брифинг (briefing – информационное совещание), трафик (traffic – дорожное движение), спичрайтер (speechwriter – составитель текстовых речей), мануал (User's manual - инструкция по применению), адаптер (adapter – переходник), коннектор (connector – соединитель, ''soyedinitel''), cплиттер (splitter – разветвитель, ''razvetvitel'')
# Borrowing of English language abbreviation: АСАП (ASAP – “as soon as possible” - как можно быстрее), ИМХО (IMHO – “in my humble opinion” – по моему скромному мнению), бтв (BTW – "by the way" – если что), ЛЭД (
LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor Electronics, device that Light#Light sources, emits light when Electric current, current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy i ...
– light-emitting diode; in Russian: светодиод, ''svyetodiod'') etc.
Linguists have highlighted the following spheres, where Runglish is actively used:
# Designation of new activities and professions, for example: «мерчендайзер» (merchandiser), «фрилансер» (freelancer), «менеджер» (manager), «супервайзер» (supervisor);
# Designation of new areas of human knowledge: «блог» (blog), «пиар» (PR), «промоушн» (promotion);
# Designation of items: «лэптоп» (laptop), «мэйк-ап» (make-up), «постер» (poster), «чипы» (
microchip
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, usually silicon. Large numbers of tiny M ...
s), «чипсы» (
potato chips);
# Designation of
musical genres
This is a list of music genres and styles. Music can be described in terms of many genres and styles. Classifications are often arbitrary, and may be disputed and closely related forms often overlap. Larger genres and styles comprise more specifi ...
: «транс» (
trance
Trance is a state of semi-consciousness in which a person is not self-aware and is either altogether unresponsive to external stimuli (but nevertheless capable of pursuing and realizing an aim) or is selectively responsive in following the dir ...
), «фолк» (folk), «рэп» (rap), «эмбиент» (ambient), «ар-эн-би» (R'n'B), «фьюжн» (
fusion jazz
Jazz fusion (also known as fusion and progressive jazz) is a music genre that developed in the late 1960s when musicians combined jazz harmony and improvisation with rock music, funk, and rhythm and blues. Electric guitars, amplifiers, and keyb ...
), «лаунж» (
lounge music
Lounge music is a type of easy listening music popular in the 1950s and 1960s. It may be meant to evoke in the listeners the feeling of being in a place, usually with a tranquil theme, such as a jungle, an island paradise or outer space. The rang ...
), «дип хаус» (
deep house
Deep house is a subgenre of house music that originated in the 1980s, initially fusing elements of Chicago house with the lush chords of 1980s jazz-funk and touches of soul music. Its origins are attributed to the early recordings of Larry Heard ( ...
). Dmitry Kuplinov uses word «музяка» ("''
muzak
Muzak is an American brand of background music played in retail stores and other public establishments. The name has been in use since 1934, and has been owned by a division or subsidiary of one or another company ever since. In 1981, Westingh ...
''-ah") for the
background music in his streams.
# Designation of terms to give them prestige: «джоб-оффер» (job offer), «клиент» (client), «кейс» (case), «Джейсэм» (GSM), «cаттелит» (satellite, as in "satellite city");
Some Russian brands use an English name to imply some "western" concept used in its business model.
* "
Fix Price
Fix Price is a Russia-based chain of discount variety stores. The chain includes 4,162 stores in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Latvia, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan.
The company was founded by Sergei Lomakin and Artem Khachatryan in 2007, foun ...
" chain of stores are a prime example of that: the store originally introduced the "everything costs X" concept of fixed price.
Runglish as Russians' lish
Runglish has some peculiarities which distinguish it from regular English. That's because Russian language is a
synthetic language
A synthetic language uses inflection or agglutination to express Syntax, syntactic relationships within a sentence. Inflection is the addition of morphemes to a root word that assigns grammatical property to that word, while agglutination is the ...
: words in Russian use various
morphemes, which depend on
grammatical cases, declensions and some other traits; while, as a rule of thumb, every letter in Russian has its own only sound.
* Runglish speakers hardly make any distinction between closed/open and long/short vowels (examples: "heat" vs "hit"; "port" vs "pot").
* Consonants/soundless at the end of words may be confused ("leave" vs "leaf").
* Absence of "θ" and "ð" in Russian phonology causes words to be mispronounced (examples: "''th''ing" vs "sing", "then" vs "zen")
* "Runglish" fail to differentiate articles (''а''/''an'' vs ''the'' vs
zero article
An article is any member of a class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases. The category of articles constitutes a part of speech.
In English, both "the" and "a(n)" ar ...
), as articles do not exist in Russian grammar.
* Tenses are
broken in Runglish, as instead of 12 tenses (simple tenses, continuous tenses, perfect tenses, perfect-continuous tenses), Russian language only has 3 (past, present, future).
** Russian language has "forms" instead: either perfective or imperfective aspect.
* Sometimes prepositions are misused ("during" vs "for", "in" vs "at"/"оn").
* It is very common for Runglish speakers to misuse double negation ("I didn't do ''nothing''" (instead of "I didn't do anything"); and use wrong tags ("You don't like it, do you?" - Runglisher may ambiguously answer "Yes, I don't" / "No, I like it").
* G and J may be confused in Runglish speech: programmers in Russia would often pronounce "
Git" as "Jit", confusing it with another "JIT" -
Just-in-time compilation technology. Another example:
GSM abbreviation in Runglish sounds as "Jay Sam".
Transliteration-related speech issues
The pronunciation of the letter R varies between many languages, and Russian is no exception: in Russian, the typical sound would be close to the "Japanese "R" sound, or "burst-like R" (to English ears, with a hint of "D") as in drilling noises. Conversely, English "R" may be hard to interpret for a Russian as "r" and not a "v/w" sound if any ("horny" vs "honey").
Words "bat"/"bad"/"bet"/"bed" are especially difficult for Runglishers to tell apart.
* A/E letters and D/T letters can be confusing for a Russian.
* The "T" sound in English sounds softer, compared to Russian way to say "T"; but it's the other way round for "D". Therefore, "d" and "t" may be confused in Runglish. In fact, words like "card" and "standard" can be found in Russian as "карта" and "стандарт".
* The
Æ ">Æ.html" ;"title="Æ">Æ diphthong (as in "bad" or "bat") can be a problem. While Russian language has "Я" letter with its sound, close to "æ"; the letter is almost never used to transcribe that sound. Russians unironically transliterate "and" the same way they transliterate "end": "
Энд"
** There is no strict "A with
sound in English word --->
Э with "eh" in the resulting word" rule, though. In some words (e.g. "caliber"/"calorie"/"bar"/"plastic"/"card"/"standard"/"bank"), Russian language replaces the "Æ"-like sounds with "
cyrillic А" letter and "
ɐ" sound.
** Instead, most words with "-ia", are transliterated as "-
и я". Older example:
malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. S ...
and ''малярия'', recent example:
Costa Concordia
''Costa Concordia'' () was a cruise ship operated by Costa Crociere. She was the first of her class, followed by sister ships ''Costa Serena'', ''Costa Pacifica'', ''Costa Favolosa'' and ''Costa Fascinosa'', and ''Carnival Splendor'' built for ...
was immideately transliterated as ''Коста Конкордия''.
Incidentally, there are "krem" and "lin" words in Runglish. Both words illustrate the issues with pronunciation of "-ea-".
* Words "cream" and "cram" are homophones in Runglish: ''Крем'', "krem" word may refer both to creamy goods and (sometimes) to crammed second-hand clothing.
* Meanwhile, word "lean" is borrowed as ''Лин'', "lin": term "Lean Philosophy" would be translated to Russian as ''Философия Лин''. In this phrase, word "Lin" sounds like an oriental name to a Russian, rather than an occidental noun.
Simple past/present/future tenses
Runglish has improper use of simple tenses (''X did Y'') in place of "perfect" ones (''X have done Y'').
* In Russian language verbs have "forms" instead; "imperfect form" (imperfective aspect) or "perfect form" (perfective aspect). The idea of "perfect" form of a verb is used in Russian language on situations "simple" tenses in English cover (I did X = Я ''сделал'' Х); while any "imperfect" verb would be often used in situations English speaker would use "continuous" form (I was doing X = Я делал Х)
Misused negation
* "
We don't need no education" line implies misused double negation (additional "no" in place of "any"). Meanwhile, in Runglish, the second "no" may mean of some kind of "additional negating". In fact, that phrase would translate as «Нам не нужно никакого образования» into Russian.
Silent letters and historically defined spelling
In Russian language, the letters with voiceless sounds (like the "e" in words like "dice" or "prone") is exceptionally rare
(with the exception of ''designated'' "soundless" letters Ь (soft sign) and Ъ (hard sign)); it may be challenging to learn proper
pronunciation
Pronunciation is the way in which a word or a language is spoken. This may refer to generally agreed-upon sequences of sounds used in speaking a given word or language in a specific dialect ("correct pronunciation") or simply the way a particular ...
since the very idea of "silencing" letters may feel foreign to a person from Russia.
In Russian, it's vanishingly rare to mix letters to represent one complex sound, where 2 "usual" letters
form a double-tone, let alone 3-4 letters would be used for 1 sound; a combination of those may look misleading to a Russian. A basic example:
Borscht spelling (with "sch" plus silent "t") may be such a word; in Russian Cyrillic, the same word is ''борщ'';
Overly "official" vocabulary
Such a
lish may fail to feel neutral and clear to western English speakers, since many words, widely used in Russian in day-to-day chat, can be perceived as official-styled, and may sound like a show-off attempt.
* Say, along with "Беречь еду" ("to save food") phrase, Russians would use "''Экономить'' еду" (to "''economy''" food) in same exact meaning.
Such day-to-day use of "officially sounding" borrowed words instead of words native for Russian language is often called out by Russians as "канцелярит" (''kan-tsee-lya-rit''), basically, language people from offices would "get infected with".
Different meanings of similar "official-sounding" words
Meanwhile, phrase "To ration food" (strict saving of food) won't directly translate into Russian; similar-sounding word "рацион" (pronounced ''rah-tsee-on'') normally means "one's regular diet" instead.
Mixup of such words (due to influence of Continental European languages) may also be called out as "runglish".
* The very word "канцелярия" refers to accounting and office clerks who make internal reports, rather than chancellors. Therefore, "канцелярит" may be loosely translated as "''clerk's soreness''" or "''clerk''-itis''"; and the word refers to a specific style of speech, with use of words people not working in offices wouldn't use much.
Runglish in Russia
![Teenagers in Moscow](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Teenagers_in_Moscow.jpg)
With the increase in globalization after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, English has made its way into the language used in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and other ex-soviet states. Runglish is used everyday when talking about politics, economics and other fields of modern life.
For many people, English seems more prestigious and therefore the mixing of words help to indicate the level of education and involvement in the world community where English is dominant.
Today, Runglish can be often see in various articles and news headlines of official media - «Снегопад в России: травмы, пробки и блэкаут» ("Snowstorm in Russia: injuries, traffic, and blackout"; «Снеговики, волки, сасквочи. Предшественники сочинских маскотов» ("Snowmen, wolves, and sasquatches. Predecessors of Sochi Olympics mascots").
Young people, who are known for their creativity, also are big contributors to the popularization of Runglish. The use of anglicisms has been on the rise in recent years, and is now an essential part of the youth's vocabulary.
Criticism
The opinions of linguists on the effects of Runglish are divided. Whether some argue that incorporation of foreign words into Russian language enriches it and broadens the culture, others claim that "the large-scale penetration of English is destroying the system of the Russian language, its identity and culture".
In 2006,
Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin; (born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who holds the office of president of Russia. Putin has served continuously as president or prime minister since 1999: as prime min ...
signed the decree "On holding a year of the Russian language". Following that,
2007
File:2007 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: Steve Jobs unveils Apple's first iPhone; TAM Airlines Flight 3054 overruns a runway and crashes into a gas station, killing almost 200 people; Former Pakistani Prime Minister of Pakistan, Pr ...
had been declared the "Year of the Russian Language" in Russia and abroad, in order to promote the importance and beauty of
Russian and limit the usage of foreign words. The rector of A. Pushkin State Institute of the Russian Language Yuri Prokhorov admitted that it was impossible to stop the tendency of the widespread use of foreign terms. However, he believed that the bigger issue was that a large number of Russians could not use their own language correctly.
References
{{Russian language
English-based pidgins and creoles
Russian-based pidgins and creoles
Macaronic forms of English
Russian-American culture
Russian-Australian culture
Russian-Canadian culture
Russian-New Zealand culture