This list of rulers of

Estonia Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...

starts with the ancient counties (''maakond'') and parishes (''kihelkond'') each headed by ''Seniores'' and ''Meliores'' (Elders) as noted by

Henry of Livonia Henry of Latvia ( la, Henricus de Lettis, german: Heinrich von Lettland, lv, Latviešu Indriķis, et, Läti Henrik; 1187 – after 1259), also known in the English-speaking world as Henry of Livonia, was a priest, missionary and historian. He ...

. The administrative jurisdiction of the parish and county elders was limited, the counties themselves remained autonomous until the Teutonic and Danish conquest of Estonia in the 13th century. Ending with the states and the rulers of states (starting from the time of the first successful

Danish Danish may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the country of Denmark People * A national or citizen of Denmark, also called a "Dane," see Demographics of Denmark * Culture of Denmark * Danish people or Danes, people with a Danish a ...

conquest in 1219) who either ruled or laid claims of

sovereignty Sovereignty is the defining authority within individual consciousness, social construct, or territory. Sovereignty entails hierarchy within the state, as well as external autonomy for states. In any state, sovereignty is assigned to the perso ...

over some parts of the territory of present-day

, as well as the leaders of the independent

Republic of Estonia A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...

since 1918.

Ancient counties

Alempois

Title: Elder (-1224)

Harju

Title: Elder (-1224)

Järva

Title: Elder (-1224)

Jogentagana

Title: Elder (-1224)

Läänemaa

Title: Elder (-1224)

Mõhu

Title: Elder (-1224)

Nurmekund Nurmekund (Low German: ''Nurmegunde'') was a small independent country (ancient Estonian county) on the north coast of Lake Võrtsjärv in Central Estonia, bordered by Sakala, Alempois, Järvamaa, Mõhu, and Ugandi. Nurmekund had an area of ap ...

Title: Elder (-1224)

Revala Revala (also ''Rävälä'', la, Revalia, by Henry of Livonia ''Revele'', by Danish Census Book ''Revælæ'') was an Ancient Estonian county. It was located in northern Estonia, by the Gulf of Finland and corresponded roughly to the present terr ...

Title: Elder (-1224)

Saaremaa Saaremaa is the largest island in Estonia, measuring . The main island of Saare County, it is located in the Baltic Sea, south of Hiiumaa island and west of Muhu island, and belongs to the West Estonian Archipelago. The capital of the island i ...

Title: Elder – It is probable that these men, whose names appear on a treaty with the Order of the Brethren of the Sword in 1251, were the chiefs of administrative units on Saaremaa, Muhu, and Sõrve. Their "signatures" were, in all likelihood, phonetically "Latinized" by the authors of the document. * Ylle * Culle *

Enu ENU, also known as ''N''-ethyl-''N''-nitrosourea (chemical formula C3H7N3O2), is a highly potent mutagen. For a given gene in mice, ENU can induce 1 new mutation in every 700 loci. It is also toxic at high doses. The chemical is an alkylatin ...

* Muntelene * Tappete * Yalde *

Melete In Greek mythology, Melete (Μελέτη) was one of the three original Boeotian muses before the Nine Olympian Muses were founded. Her sisters were Aoede and Mneme. She was the muse of thought and meditation. Melete literally means "ponder" ...

Cake Cake is a flour confection made from flour, sugar, and other ingredients, and is usually baked. In their oldest forms, cakes were modifications of bread, but cakes now cover a wide range of preparations that can be simple or elaborate, ...

Sakala

Title: Elder (-1223) * before 1211–21 September 1217

Lembitu Lembitu (Estonian also: Lembit, died 21 September 1217) was an ancient Estonian senior (elder) from Sakala County and military leader in the struggle against conquest of the Estonian lands by the German Livonian Brothers of the Sword at the ...

* 21 September 1217 – ? Unnepeve * Meeme

Ugandi Ugandi (Latin: ''Ungannia'' or ''Ugaunia''; lv, Ugaunija; Low German: ''Uggn'') was an independent county between the east coast of Lake Võrtsjärv and west coast of Lake Pskov, bordered by Vaiga, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Sakala, Tālava, and The ...

Title: Elder (-1224)

Vaiga Vaiga was a small landlocked ancient Estonian county in the eastern part of the territory of Estonia. It territory now belongs to the eastern part of Jõgeva County. See also *Livonian Crusade The Livonian crusade refers to the various mil ...

Title: Elder (-1224)

Virumaa Virumaa ( la, Vironia; Low German: ''Wierland''; Old Norse: ''Virland'') is a former independent county in Ancient Estonia. Now it is divided into Ida-Viru County or Eastern Vironia and Lääne-Viru County or Western Vironia. Vironians built ma ...

Title: Elder (-1224) * Kyriavanus * Tabelinus

Rulers of Estonia

Part of the Kingdom of Denmark

House of Estridsen The House of Estridsen was a dynasty that provided the kings of Denmark from 1047 to 1412. The dynasty is named after its ancestor Estrid Svendsdatter. The dynasty is sometimes called the ''Ulfinger'', after Estrid's husband, Ulf Jarl. The dyna ...

In 1346, Northern Estonia is sold to the Livonian Order. This Order was already ruling Southern Estonia since 1237.

Southern Estonia

Bishoprics of Livonia (Bishopric of Riga) and Estonia (Bishopric of Leal)

Livonian Order

* 1237–1238

Hermann Balk Hermann Balk (died March 5, 1239, Würzburg), also known as Hermann von Balk or Hermann Balke, was a Knight-Brother of the Teutonic Order and its first '' Landmeister'', or Provincial Master, in both Prussia and Livonia. From 1219 to 1227, he serv ...

''(Balke)'' * 1238–1241 Dietrich von Grüningen * 1241–1244 Andreas von Velven ''(Felben)'' * 1244–1245 Heinrich von Heimburg * 1245–1247 Dietrich von Grüningen * 1247–1253 Andreas von Stirland * 1253–1254 Eberhard von Seine ''(Seyn)'' * 1254–1257

Anno von Sangershausen Anno von Sangerhausen (died 8 July 1273) served as the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order from 1256 to 1273. Sangerhausen originated from near Eisleben in Thuringia. His relatives were the vassals of the Thuringian counts. In 1254 he was named a ...

* 1257–1261

Burchard von Hornhausen Burkhard von Hornhausen (* before 1252; † July 13 1260 in the Battle of Durbe) was from 1257 to 1260 Landmeister in Livonia of the Teutonic Order. He was the first commander and directed the construction of the Königsberg Castle.Walter James ...

* 1261 ....... Georg von Eichstadt * 1261–1263

Werner von Breithausen Werner may refer to: People * Werner (name), origin of the name and people with this name as surname and given name Fictional characters * Werner (comics), a German comic book character * Werner Von Croy, a fictional character in the ''Tomb Rai ...

* 1263–1266 Konrad von Mandern ''(Manstadt)'' * 1266–1270 Otto von Lutterberg * 1271 ....... Andreas von Westphalen * 1271–1273 Walther von Nordeck ''(Nortecken)'' * 1273–1279

Ernst von Ratzeburg Ernst von Ratzeburg or Rassburg (died 5 March 1279) was a member of the Livonian Order. He acted as its Master from 1273 until his death at the Battle of Aizkraukle The Battle of Aizkraukle or Ascheraden was fought on 5 March 1279 between the ...

''(Rassburg)'' * 1279–1280 Gerhard von Katzenelnbogen * 1280–1282

Konrad von Feuchtwangen Konrad von Feuchtwangen ( en, Conrad of Feuchtwangen) (before 1230 – 4 July 1296 in Prague) was the 13th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights from 1290 to 1296. Biography He was probably descended from a ministerial family connected with th ...

* 1282 ....... Mangold von Sternberg ''(Manhold von Sternberg)'' * 1282–1288 Wilhelm von Nindorf ''(Wilken von Endorp, Willekin von Endorp)'' * 1288–1290 Konrad von Hazzigenstein ''(Konrad von Hattstein, Konrad von Herzogenstein)'' * 1290–1293

Halt von Hohembach Halt may refer to: * Halt (railway), a small railway station * HLT (x86 instruction), aka "HALT" * Highly accelerated life test, a product stress testing methodology * ''The Halt'', a 2019 film * Charles I. Halt (born 1939), United States Air Fo ...

''(Balthasar Holte)'' * 1294–1295 Heinrich von Dinkelaghe ''(Heinrich II von Dumpshagen)'' * 1296–1298

Bruno Bruno may refer to: People and fictional characters *Bruno (name), including lists of people and fictional characters with either the given name or surname * Bruno, Duke of Saxony (died 880) * Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne, ...

* 1298–1305 Gottfried von Rogge * 1305–1306 Wennemar I * 1307–1322 Gerhard von Jork ''(Gerhard II von Jocke, Conrad von Jocke or Conrad von Jorke)'' * 1322–1324

Konrad Kesselhut Konrad is a Germans, German (with variants ''Kunz'' and ''Kunze'') given name and surname that means "bold counselor" and may refer to: People Given name Surname *Alexander Konrad (1890–1940), Russian explorer *Antoine Konrad (born 1975), bir ...

''(Konrad Ketelhoed, Johannes Ungenade)'' * 1324–1328 Reimar Hane * 1328–1340

Eberhard von Monheim Eberhard is an old Germanic name meaning the strength or courage of a wild boar. People First name *Eberhard of Friuli (815–866), Duke and key figure in the Carolingian Empire *Eberhard of Béthune (died 1212), Flemish grammarian *Eberhard I, Du ...

* 1340–1345

Burchard von Dreileben Burchard (and all variant spellings) may refer to: __NOTOC__ People * Burchard (name), Burchard and all related spellings as a given name and surname * Burckhardt, or (de) Bourcard, a family of the Basel patriciate * Burchard-Bélaváry family, an a ...

* 1345–1346 Goswin von Herike

Northern and Southern Estonia (reunited)

Livonian Order

* 1346–1359 Goswin von Herike * 1359–1364

Arnold von Vietinghof Arnold may refer to: People * Arnold (given name), a masculine given name * Arnold (surname), a German and English surname Places Australia * Arnold, Victoria, a small town in the Australian state of Victoria Canada * Arnold, Nova Scotia Uni ...

* 1364–1385 Wilhelm von Friemersheim ''(Vrymersheim, Vrimersheim)'' * 1385–1388 Robin von Eltz * 1388–1389 Johann von Ohle * 1389–1401 Wennemar von Bruggenei ''(Wennemar Hasenkamp von Brüggeneye, Wolmer von Brüggeney)'' * 1401–1413 Konrad von Vietinghof * 1413–1415

Dietrich Tork Dietrich () is an ancient German name meaning "Ruler of the People.” Also "keeper of the keys" or a "lockpick" either the tool or the profession. Given name * Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg (c. 1398 – 1440) * Thierry of Alsace (german: Dietric ...

* 1415–1424 Siegfried Lander von Spanheim * 1424–1433 Cysse von Rutenberg ''(Zisse, Cisse von dem Rutenberg)'' * 1433–1435 Frank von Kersdorf * 1435–1437 Heinrich von Bockenvorde ''(Schüngel)'' * 1438–1450 Heinrich Vincke von Oberbergen ''(Overberg)'' * 1450–1469 Johann von Mengeden ''(Osthoff)'' * 1470–1471

Johann Wolthus von Herse Johann, typically a male given name, is the German language, German form of ''Iohannes'', which is the Latin language, Latin form of the Greek language, Greek name ''Iōánnēs'' (), itself derived from Hebrew language, Hebrew name ''Johanan (name ...

* 1471–1483 Bernhard von der Borch * 1483–1494

Johann Freitag von Loringhoven Johann, typically a male given name, is the German form of ''Iohannes'', which is the Latin form of the Greek name ''Iōánnēs'' (), itself derived from Hebrew name '' Yochanan'' () in turn from its extended form (), meaning "Yahweh is Gracious ...

* 1494–1535

Wolter von Plettenberg Wolter (or Walter) von Plettenberg (c. 1450 – February 28, 1535) was the Master (''Landmeister'') of the Livonian Order from 1494 to 1535 and one of the greatest leaders of the Teutonic knights. He was an important early Baltic German. ...

* 1535–1549

Hermann von Bruggenei Hermann or Herrmann may refer to: * Hermann (name), list of people with this name * Arminius, chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci tribe in the 1st century, known as Hermann in the German language * Éditions Hermann, French publisher * Hermann, Miss ...

''(Hermann Hasenkamp von Brüggeneye)'' * 1549–1551

Johann von der Recke Johann, typically a male given name, is the German language, German form of ''Iohannes'', which is the Latin language, Latin form of the Greek language, Greek name ''Iōánnēs'' (), itself derived from Hebrew language, Hebrew name ''Johanan (name ...

* 1551–1557 Heinrich von Galen * 1557–1559 Johann Wilhelm von Fürstenberg * 1559–1561

Gotthard Kettler Gotthard Kettler, Duke of Courland (also ''Godert'', ''Ketteler'', german: Gotthard Kettler, Herzog von Kurland; 2 February 1517 – 17 May 1587) was the last Master of the Livonian Order and the first Duke of Courland and Semigallia. Biography K ...

*1247–1251 ''vacant'' *1251–1263 Unknown person *1263–1268

Alexander Alexander is a male given name. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history. Variants listed here are Aleksandar, Al ...

*1268–1288 Friedrich von Haseldorf *1289–1299 Bernhard I *1303–1312 Dietrich II Vyshusen *1312–1313 ''vacant'' *1313–1323

Nikolaus Nicholas is a male given name and a surname. The Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church, and the Anglican Churches celebrate Saint Nicholas every year on December 6, which is the name day for "Nicholas". In Greece, the name and its ...

(''acting'') *1323–1341 Engelbert von Dolen *1341–1342 ''vacant'' *1342–1344 Wescelus *1344–1346 ''vacant'' *1346–1373 Johannes I Viffhusen *1373–1377 Heinrich I Velde *1377–1379 ''vacant'' *1379–1400 Dietrich III Damerow *1400–1400 ''vacant'' *1400–1410 Heinrich II Wrangel *1410–1411 ''vacant'' *1411–1413 Bernhard II Bülow *1413–1440 Dietrich IV Resler *1440–1442 ''vacant'' *1442–1459 Bartholomäus Savijerwe *1459–1468 Helmich von Mallinkrodt *1468–1468 ''vacant'' *1468–1473 Andreas Peper *1473–1473 ''vacant'' *1473–1485 Johannes II Bertkow *1485–1485 ''vacant'' *1485–1498 Dietrich V Hake *1498–1499 ''vacant'' *1499–1505 Johannes III von der Rope *1505–1513 Gerhard Schrove *1513–1514 ''vacant'' *1514–1514 Johannes IV Duesborg *1514–1518

Christian Bomhower Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a Monotheism, monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ (title), Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive ...

*1518–1518 ''vacant'' *1518–1527 Johannes V Blankenfeld, Archbishop of Riga (1524–1527) *1527–1532 ''vacant'' *1532–1543 Johannes VII Bey *1543–1544 ''vacant'' *1544–1551 Jodokus von der Recke (Jost von der Recke) *1551–1554 ''vacant'' *1554–1558 Hermann II Wesel In 1558, during the

Livonian War The Livonian War (1558–1583) was the Russian invasion of Old Livonia, and the prolonged series of military conflicts that followed, in which Tsar Ivan the Terrible of Russia (Muscovy) unsuccessfully fought for control of the region (pre ...

, Dorpat ceased to exist. *1229–1234 ''vacant'' *1234–1260

Heinrich I Heinrich () is a German given name of ancient Germanic origin and cognate of ''Henry''. Female forms are ''Henrike'' and ''Henriette''. The most famous patron saint is Henry (died 1024), as the German Emperor Henry II. Monarchs and royalty * ...

*1260–1262 ''vacant'' *1262–1285? Herman I de Bekeshoevede *1285?–1290? ''vacant'' *1290?–1294

Heinrich II Henry II may refer to: Kings *Henry II of England (1133–89), reigned from 1154 *Henry II of Jerusalem and Cyprus (1271–1324), reigned from 1285; king of Jerusalem in name only from 1291 *Henry II of Castile (1334–79), reigned 1366–67 and ...

*1294–1297? ''vacant'' *1297?–1307? Konrad I *1307?–1310 ''vacant'' *1310–1321 Hartung (Garttungus) *1321–1322 ''vacant'' *1322–1337 Jakob *1337–1338 ''vacant'' *1338–1362 Hermann II Osenbrügge *1362–1363 ''vacant'' *1363–1374

Konrad II Conrad II ( – 4 June 1039), also known as and , was the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1027 until his death in 1039. The first of a succession of four Salian emperors, who reigned for one century until 1125, Conrad ruled the kingdoms ...

*1374–1381

Heinrich III Henry III may refer to: * Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (1017–1056) * King Henry III of Castile (1379–1406) * King Henry III of England (1207–1272) * King Henry III of France (1551–1589) * King Henry III of Navarre (1553–1610), also King ...

*1381–1385 ''vacant'' *1385–1419

Winrich von Kniprode Winrich von Kniprode was the 22nd Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. He was the longest serving Grand Master, holding the position for 31 years (1351–1382). Winrich von Kniprode was born in 1310 in Monheim am Rhein near Cologne. He served a ...

*1419–1420 ''vacant'' *1420–1423 Kaspar Schuwenflug *1423–1423 ''vacant'' *1423–1432 Christian Kuband *1432–1432 ''vacant'' *1432–1438 Johannes I Schutte *1438–1439 ''vacant'' *1439–1449 Ludolf Grove (''acting'') *1449–1449 Ludolf Grove (''acting'' in Saaremaa (Ösel)); Johannes II Creul (in Läänemaa (Wiek); Bishop since 1939) *1449–1457 Ludolf Grove (in Saaremaa (Ösel)); Johannes II Creul (in Läänemaa (Wiek)) *1457–1458 Ludolf Grove *1458–1458 ''vacant'' *1458–1463 Johannes Vatelkanne (''acting'') *1463–1468 Johannes Vatelkanne (''acting''); Jodokus Hoenstein (Bishop since 1460) *1468–1471 Jodokus Hoenstein *1471–1471 ''vacant'' *1471–1491 Peter Wedberg (Wetberch) *1491–1515 Johannes III Orgas *1515–1527

Johannes IV Kievel Johannes is a Medieval Latin form of the personal name that usually appears as "John" in English language contexts. It is a variant of the Greek and Classical Latin variants (Ιωάννης, ''Ioannes''), itself derived from the Hebrew name '' Yeh ...

*1527–1527 ''vacant'' *1527–1530

Georg von Tiesenhausen Georg Heinrich Patrick Baron von Tiesenhausen (May 18, 1914 – June 4, 2018) was a Baltic-German-born American rocket scientist. After being brought to the United States in 1953 as part of Operation Paperclip, he was part of Wernher von Braun ...

*1530–1532 ''vacant'' *1532–1541 Reinhold von Buxhövden *1532–1534 Reinhold von Buxhövden (in Saaremaa (Ösel);

Wilhelm Wilhelm may refer to: People and fictional characters * William Charles John Pitcher, costume designer known professionally as "Wilhelm" * Wilhelm (name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or surname Other uses * Mount ...

(''acting'' in Läänemaa (Wiek)) *1534–1541 Reinhold von Buxhövden *1541–1542 ''vacant'' *1542–1559

Johannes V von Münchhausen Johannes is a Medieval Latin form of the personal name that usually appears as "John" in English language contexts. It is a variant of the Greek and Classical Latin variants (Ιωάννης, ''Ioannes''), itself derived from the Hebrew name '' Yeh ...

*1559–1572

Magnus, Duke of Holstein Magnus of Denmark or Magnus of Holstein ( – ) was a Prince of Denmark, Duke of Holstein, and a member of the House of Oldenburg. As a vassal of Tsar Ivan IV of Russia, he was the titular King of Livonia from 1570 to 1578. Early life Duke Magnu ...

*1572–1573 ''vacant'' In 1573, Ösel-Wiek was annexed by Denmark.

Duchy of Estonia

Part of the
Swedish Empire The Swedish Empire was a European great power that exercised territorial control over much of the Baltic region during the 17th and early 18th centuries ( sv, Stormaktstiden, "the Era of Great Power"). The beginning of the empire is usually ta ...
(1561–1721)

House of Vasa The House of Vasa or Wasa Georg Starbäck in ''Berättelser ur Sweriges Medeltid, Tredje Bandet'' pp 264, 275, 278, 291–296 & 321 ( sv, Vasaätten, pl, Wazowie, lt, Vazos) was an early modern royal house founded in 1523 in Sweden. Its memb ...

, width=auto,

Eric XIV Eric XIV ( sv, Erik XIV; 13 December 153326 February 1577) was King of Sweden from 1560 until he was deposed in 1569. Eric XIV was the eldest son of Gustav I (1496–1560) and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg (1513–1535). He was also ruler of Est ...

(''Erik XIV'')
1561– 29 September 1568, , Eric XIV of Sweden

, ,

Tre Kronor (castle) Tre Kronor (; "Three Crowns") was a castle located in Stockholm, Sweden, on the site where Stockholm Palace is today. It is believed to have been a citadel that Birger Jarl built into a royal castle in the middle of the 13th century. The name "T ...

, 13 December 1533 son of

Gustav I Gustav I, born Gustav Eriksson of the Vasa noble family and later known as Gustav Vasa (12 May 1496 – 29 September 1560), was King of Sweden from 1523 until his death in 1560, previously self-recognised Protector of the Realm ('' Riksföre ...

and

Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg (''Katarina'' in Swedish) (24 September 1513 – 23 September 1535) was the first wife of Gustav I of Sweden and thus Queen of Sweden from 1531 until her death in 1535. Life Catherine was born in Ratzeburg to Magnus ...

, ,

Karin Månsdotter Karin Månsdotter (in English Catherine; 6 November 1550 – 13 September 1612) was first a mistress of King Eric XIV of Sweden and then briefly queen as his wife. Early life Karin was born in Stockholm to a soldier and later prison guard na ...

, , Died (Poisoned) while imprisoned in

Örbyhus Örbyhus is a locality situated in Tierp Municipality, Uppsala County, Sweden with 2,153 inhabitants in 2018. Örbyhus Castle, located a few kilometers from the village, is where king Eric XIV of Sweden was imprisoned until his death from arsenic ...

Castle, 26 February 1577. Aged 43, buried at

Västerås Cathedral Västerås Cathedral (Swedish: ''Västerås domkyrka'') is the seat of the Diocese of Västerås in the Province of Västmanland, Sweden. The church building is a five-tiered cathedral, with copper-covered roof as well as a west tower with side ...

, - , width=auto, John III (''Johan III'')
30 September 1568 – 17 November 1592, , John III of Sweden

, , Stegeborg Castle, Östergötland, 20 December 1537 son of

and

Margaret Leijonhufvud Margaret Leijonhufvud (née ''Margareta Eriksdotter''; 1 January 1516 – 26 August 1551) was Queen of Sweden from 1536 to 1551 by marriage to King Gustav I. She played a political role as the advisor of, and the intermediary to, her spouse the ...

, ,

Catherine Jagellonica Catherine Jagiellon ( pl, Katarzyna Jagiellonka; sv, Katarina Jagellonica, Lithuanian: ''Kotryna Jogailatė''; 1 November 1526 – 16 September 1583) was a Polish princess and Queen of Sweden as the first wife of King John III. As such, she ...

(1562 – 1583),

Gunilla Bielke Gunilla Bielke; Swedish: ''Gunilla Johansdotter Bielke af Åkerö'' (25 June 1568 – 19 July 1597) was Queen of Sweden as the second wife of King John III. Queen Gunilla is acknowledged to have acted as the political adviser to John III and to h ...

(1585–1597), ,

, 17 November 1592, aged 54, buried at

Uppsala Cathedral Uppsala Cathedral ( sv, Uppsala domkyrka) is a cathedral located between the University Hall of Uppsala University and the Fyris river in the centre of Uppsala, Sweden. A church of the Church of Sweden, the national church, in the Lutheran tra ...

, - , width=auto,

Sigmund In Norse mythology, Sigmund ( non, Sigmundr , ang, Sigemund) is a hero whose story is told in the Völsunga saga. He and his sister, Signý, are the children of Völsung and his wife Hljod. Sigmund is best known as the father of Sigurð the dr ...

(''Sigismund'')
17 November 1592 – 24 July 1599, , Zygmunt III Waza 2

, ,

Gripsholm Castle Gripsholm Castle ( sv, Gripsholms slott) is a castle in Mariefred, Södermanland, Sweden. It is located by lake Mälaren in south central Sweden, in the municipality of Strängnäs, about 60 km west of Stockholm. Since Gustav Vasa, Gripshol ...

, 20 June 1566, son of John III and

Catherine Jagellonica of Poland Catherine Jagiellon ( pl, Katarzyna Jagiellonka; sv, Katarina Jagellonica, Lithuanian: ''Kotryna Jogailatė''; 1 November 1526 – 16 September 1583) was a Polish princess and Queen of Sweden as the first wife of King John III. As such, she ...

., , Anna of Austria (1592–1598),

Constance of Austria Constance of Austria (german: Konstanza; pl, Konstancja; 24 December 1588 – 10 July 1631) was Queen of Poland as the second wife of King Sigismund III Vasa and the mother of King John II Casimir. Biography Constance was a daughter of Charles ...

(1605–1631), ,

Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...

, Poland, 30 April 1632, aged 65, buried at

Wawel Cathedral The Wawel Cathedral ( pl, Katedra Wawelska), formally titled the Royal Archcathedral Basilica of Saints Stanislaus and Wenceslaus, is a Roman Catholic cathedral situated on Wawel Hill in Kraków, Poland. Nearly 1000 years old, it is part of the ...

Kraków Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...

, Poland , - , width=auto, Charles IX (''Karl IX'')
22 March 1604 – 30 October 1611
also as regent Duke Charles, 1599–1604, , Charles IX of Sweden

, ,

, 4 October 1550 son of

and

, ,

Maria of Palatinate-Simmern Maria may refer to: People * Mary, mother of Jesus * Maria (given name), a popular given name in many languages Place names Extraterrestrial *170 Maria, a Main belt S-type asteroid discovered in 1877 *Lunar maria (plural of ''mare''), large, da ...

(1579–1589),

Christina of Holstein-Gottorp Christina of Holstein-Gottorp (13 April 1573 in Kiel – 8 December 1625 at Gripsholm Castle) was Queen of Sweden as the second wife of King Charles IX. She served as regent in 1605, during the absence of her spouse, and in 1611, during the m ...

(1592–1611), ,

Nyköping Castle Nyköping Castle (Swedish: Nyköpingshus) is a Medieval castle, located in Nyköping, from the Birger Jarl era, partly in ruins, mostly known for the Nyköping Banquet which took place here in 1317. Information plaque, Nyköpingshus Construction ...

, 30 October 1611, aged 61, buried at

Strängnäs Cathedral Strängnäs Cathedral ( sv, Strängnäs domkyrka) is a Lutheran cathedral church in Strängnäs, Sweden, since the Protestant Reformation the seat of the Church of Sweden Diocese of Strängnäs. Architecture Construction of the cathedral began ...

, - , width=auto, Gustav II Adolph (''Gustav II Adolf'')
30 October 1611 – 6 November 1632, , Gustav II of Sweden

, ,

, 9 December 1594, son of Charles IX and

., ,

Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg (11 November 1599 – 28 March 1655) was a German princess and Queen of Sweden as the consort of King Gustav II Adolph (''Gustavus Adolphus''). She was a daughter of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, and Anna ...

, , 6 November 1632, in the Battle of Lützen,

Electorate of Saxony The Electorate of Saxony, also known as Electoral Saxony (German: or ), was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356–1806. It was centered around the cities of Dresden, Leipzig and Chemnitz. In the Golden Bull of 1356, Emperor Charles ...

, aged 37, buried in

Riddarholmen Church Riddarholmen Church ( sv, Riddarholmskyrkan) is the church of the former medieval Greyfriars Monastery in Stockholm, Sweden. The church serves as the final resting place of most Swedish monarchs. Riddarholmen Church is located on the island o ...

, - , width=auto, Christina (''Kristina'')
6 November 1632 – 6 June 1654, , Swedish queen Drottning Kristina portrait by Sébastien Bourdon stor

, ,

Stockholm Stockholm () is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, largest city of Sweden as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, largest urban area in Scandinavia. Approximately 980,000 people liv ...

, 8 DecemberNote that the birth date is 8 December in the

Julian calendar The Julian calendar, proposed by Roman consul Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on , by edict. It was designed with the aid of Greek mathematicians and astronomers such as Sosigenes of Alexandr ...

, which was in effect in Sweden at the time, corresponding to 18 December in the

Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It was introduced in October 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian calendar. The principal change was to space leap years dif ...

. 1626, daughter of

Gustavus Adolphus Gustavus Adolphus (9 December Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">N.S_19_December.html" ;"title="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="/nowiki>Old Style and New Style dates">N.S 19 December">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="/now ...

and

, , Unmarried, , Rome, 19 April 1689, aged 62, buried at

St. Peter's Basilica The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican ( it, Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica ( la, Basilica Sancti Petri), is a church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City, the papal e ...

Vatican City Vatican City (), officially the Vatican City State ( it, Stato della Città del Vaticano; la, Status Civitatis Vaticanae),—' * german: Vatikanstadt, cf. '—' (in Austria: ') * pl, Miasto Watykańskie, cf. '—' * pt, Cidade do Vati ...

, -

House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken The House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch of the Wittelsbach dynasty, was the ruling dynasty of Sweden from 1654 to 1720. By this point it had splintered into several different houses. The Royal House of Sweden was represented by the bra ...
, a branch of the
House of Wittelsbach The House of Wittelsbach () is a German dynasty, with branches that have ruled over territories including Bavaria, the Palatinate, Holland and Zeeland, Sweden (with Finland), Denmark, Norway, Hungary (with Romania), Bohemia, the Electorate ...

Charles X Gustav Charles X Gustav, also Carl Gustav ( sv, Karl X Gustav; 8 November 1622 – 13 February 1660), was King of Sweden from 1654 until his death. He was the son of John Casimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg and Catherine of Sweden. Afte ...

(''Karl X Gustav'')
6 June 1654 – 13 February 1660, , , ,

, 8 November 1622, son of John Casimir,

Count Palatine A count palatine (Latin ''comes palatinus''), also count of the palace or palsgrave (from German ''Pfalzgraf''), was originally an official attached to a royal or imperial palace or household and later a nobleman of a rank above that of an ord ...

of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg and Catharina of Sweden (daughter of Charles IX), ,

Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp (23 October 1636 – 24 November 1715) was Queen of Sweden from 1654 until 1660 as the wife of King Charles X Gustav. She served as regent during the minority of her son, King Charles XI, from 1660 until 1672, ...

, ,

Gothenburg Gothenburg (; abbreviated Gbg; sv, Göteborg ) is the second-largest city in Sweden, fifth-largest in the Nordic countries, and capital of the Västra Götaland County. It is situated by the Kattegat, on the west coast of Sweden, and has ...

, 13 February 1660, aged 37, buried in

, - ,

Charles XI Charles XI or Carl ( sv, Karl XI; ) was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death, in a period of Swedish history known as the Swedish Empire (1611–1721). He was the only son of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein- ...

(''Karl XI'')
13 February 1660 – 5 April 1697, , Charles XI of Sweden (1691)

, ,

, 24 November 1655 son of

Charles X Charles X (born Charles Philippe, Count of Artois; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830. An uncle of the uncrowned Louis XVII and younger brother to reigning kings Louis XVI and Loui ...

and

, ,

Ulrike Eleonora of Denmark Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark (11 September 1656 – 26 July 1693) was Queen of Sweden as the wife of King Charles XI. She is often admired for her generosity and charity. The name ''Ulrike'' is a Danish version of the name; in Swedish she is c ...

, ,

, 5 April 1697, aged 41, buried in

, - ,

Charles XII Charles XII, sometimes Carl XII ( sv, Karl XII) or Carolus Rex (17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718 O.S.), was King of Sweden (including current Finland) from 1697 to 1718. He belonged to the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch line of t ...

(''Karl XII'')
5 April 1697 – 30 November 1718, , Karl XII 1706

, ,

, 17 June 1682 son of

and

Ulrika Eleonora the Elder Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark (11 September 1656 – 26 July 1693) was Queen of Sweden as the wife of King Charles XI. She is often admired for her generosity and charity. The name ''Ulrike'' is a Danish version of the name; in Swedish she is ca ...

, , Unmarried, , Fredrikshald, Norway, 30 November 1718, aged 36, buried in

, - , Ulrica Eleanor (''Ulrika Eleonora'')
5 December 1718 – 29 February 1720, , Ulrica Eleanor of Sweden (1688) c 1725 by Georg Engelhard Schröder

, ,

, 23 January 1688 daughter of

and

, ,

Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel Frederick I ( sv, Fredrik I; 28 April 1676 – 5 April 1751) was prince consort of Sweden from 1718 to 1720, and King of Sweden from 1720 until his death and (as ''Frederick I'') also Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel from 1730. He ascended the throne f ...

, ,

, 24 November 1741, aged 53, buried in

, -

House of Hesse The House of Hesse is a European dynasty, directly descended from the House of Brabant. They ruled the region of Hesse, one branch as prince-electors until 1866, and another branch as grand dukes until 1918. Burke's Royal Families of the World, ...

, width=auto,

Frederick Frederick may refer to: People * Frederick (given name), the name Nobility Anhalt-Harzgerode *Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode (1613–1670) Austria * Frederick I, Duke of Austria (Babenberg), Duke of Austria from 1195 to 1198 * Frederick ...

(''Fredrik I av Hessen'')
24 March 1720 – 10 September 1721, , Fredrik av Hessen

, ,

Kassel Kassel (; in Germany, spelled Cassel until 1926) is a city on the Fulda River in northern Hesse, Germany. It is the administrative seat of the Regierungsbezirk Kassel and the district of the same name and had 201,048 inhabitants in December 2020 ...

, (in today's Germany), 23 April 1676 son of

Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel Charles of Hesse-Kassel (german: Karl von Hessen-Kassel; 3 August 1654 – 23 March 1730), of the House of Hesse, was the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel from 1670 to 1730. Childhood Charles was the second son of William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kass ...

and Princess

Maria Amalia of Courland Princess Maria Anna Amalia of Courland (12 June 1653 – 16 June 1711) was Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel through her marriage to Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. She was the child of Jacob Kettler, Duke of Courland and Semigallia and Mar ...

, , Louise Dorothea of Prussia

Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden Ulrika Eleonora or Ulrica Eleanor (23 January 1688 – 24 November 1741), known as Ulrika Eleonora the Younger, was Queen of Sweden, reigning in her own right from 5 December 1718 until her abdication on 29 February 1720 in favour of her husband ...

, ,

, 25 March 1751, aged 74, buried in

, - On 10 September 1721, Sweden ceded Estonia to the

Tsardom of Russia The Tsardom of Russia or Tsardom of Rus' also externally referenced as the Tsardom of Muscovy, was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of Tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter I i ...

, in the

Treaty of Nystad The Treaty of Nystad (russian: Ништадтский мир; fi, Uudenkaupungin rauha; sv, Freden i Nystad; et, Uusikaupunki rahu) was the last peace treaty of the Great Northern War of 1700–1721. It was concluded between the Tsardom of ...

Governors during Swedish rule

*1561–1562 *1562–1562

Henrik Klasson Horn Henrikki Laavunpoika of Kankainen, or Henrik Klasson Horn (c. 1512–1595), was a Swedish military officer and Governor-General of Finland. He was an ancestor of the noble Swedish family, Horn af Kanckas. Biography He was the son of Kl ...

*1562–1564

Svante Stensson Sture Svante Stensson Sture or Svante Sture the Younger (born 1 May 1517 in Stockholm, d. 24 May 1567 in the Sture Murders at Uppsala Castle) was a Swedish count, riksmarsk and statesman. From 1562 to 1564, during the Livonian War, he was governor of E ...

*1564–1565 *1565–1568

*1568–1570 *1570–1572 *1572–1574

Clas Åkesson Tott Clas Åkesson Tott (c. 1530–1596) was a military Field Marshal (1572) and member of the Privy Council of Sweden (1575). In the Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557), he was the rittmeister of the cavalry squadron ''Upplandsfanan''. He became respo ...

*1574–1575

Pontus de la Gardie Baron Pontus De la Gardie (c. 1520 – 5 November 1585) was a French nobleman and a general in the service of Denmark and Sweden. Life and career He was born Ponce d'Escouperie in Caunes-Minervois (Aude), Languedoc, a son of Jacques Escop ...

*1576–1578 *1576–1577 Nilsson Hans Eriksson Finne *1577–1580 *1580–1581 *1582–1583 Göran Boije af Gennäs (2nd time) *1583–1585

Pontus De la Gardie Baron Pontus De la Gardie (c. 1520 – 5 November 1585) was a French nobleman and a general in the service of Denmark and Sweden. Life and career He was born Ponce d'Escouperie in Caunes-Minervois (Aude), Languedoc, a son of Jacques Escop ...

*1585–1588 *1588–1588

Hans Wachtmeister Hans Wachtmeister af Johannishus, ( – ) was admiral general of the Swedish Navy and advisor to King Charles XI of Sweden and King Charles XII of Sweden. He served in the Scanian War of 1675–1679 and during the following twenty years of p ...

*1588–1590 Gustaf Axelsson Banér *1590–1592 *1592–1600 Göran Boije af Gennäs (3rd time) *1600–1601 *1601–1602 *1605–1608

Axel Nilsson Ryning Axel Nilsson Ryning, born 1552, died 8 January 1620, was a Swedish Lord High Admiral, Marshal, Councilor, and Baron to Tuna farm in Österåker parish in the current Österåker municipality in Österskär in Åkersberga, Stockholm county. Son ...

*1611–1617

Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstierna Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstierna af Korsholm och Wasa, 1st Count of Korsholma and Vaasa, Finnish: ''Gabriel Pentinpoika Oxenstierna'', (18 March 1586 at Lindholmen Castle, Västergötland – 12 December 1656 at Edsberg Manor, Sollentuna) was a ...

*1617–1619

Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud (1577–1657) was a Swedish officer who served as Governor of Duchy of Estonia between 1617 and 1619 and Governor-General of Swedish Livonia in 1628. External links Hästehufvud, Anders Eriksson– Svenskt biograf ...

*1619–1622

Jacob de la Gardie Field Marshal and Count Jacob Pontusson De la Gardie (Reval, 20 June 1583 – Stockholm, 22 August 1652) was a statesman and a soldier of the Swedish Empire, and a Marshal from 1620 onward. He was Privy Councilor from 1613 onward, Governor o ...

*1622–1626

Per Gustafsson Banér Per Gustafsson Banér, also known as Peder Gustafsson Banér (28 June 1588 – 13 July 1644) was a Swedish nobleman and member of the Privy Council of Sweden. Banér was the son of Gustaf Banér who was one of the noblemen executed in 1600 at the ...

*1626–1628 *1628–1642 *1642–1646 *1646–1653 *1653–1655 *1655–1656 *1656–1674 *1674–1681 Andreas Lennartson Torstensson *1681–1687 Robert Johannson Lichton *1687–1704

Axel Julius De la Gardie Axel Julius de la Gardie (1637–1710) was a Swedish Field Marshal and was appointed Governor-General over Estonia. Axel Julius was the son of military commander Jacob De la Gardie and Ebba Brahe. He became colonel of an infantry regiment and a ...

*1704–1706

Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach (1653–1721) was Governor General of Swedish Estonia from 1704 to 1706. Biography Born in Livonia, into the Schlippenbach noble family participated as a captain in the Swedish army Scanian War under Charles XI and s ...

*1706–1709

Niels Jonsson Stromberg af Clastorp Niels Jonsson Stromberg af Clastorp (March 25, 1646 – August 16, 1723) was a Swedish soldier and Governor-General of Swedish Estonia from 1706 to 1709. He was born with the family name Brattman which was ennobled to Strömberg in 1674, and after ...

*1709–1710 Carl Gustaf von Nieroth

Part of the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...
(1721–1917)

House of Romanov The House of Romanov (also transcribed Romanoff; rus, Романовы, Románovy, rɐˈmanəvɨ) was the reigning imperial house of Russia from 1613 to 1917. They achieved prominence after the Tsarina, Anastasia Romanova, was married to th ...

Governors during Russian rule

*1710–1711 Rudolph Felix Bauer –

General-Governor Governor-general (plural ''governors-general''), or governor general (plural ''governors general''), is the title of an office-holder. In the context of governors-general and former British colonies, governors-general are appointed as viceroy t ...

*1711–1719 Prince

Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov Prince Aleksander Danilovich Menshikov (russian: Алекса́ндр Дани́лович Ме́ншиков, tr. ; – ) was a Russian statesman, whose official titles included Generalissimo, Prince of the Russian Empire and Duke of Izhora ...

– General-Governor *1719–1728 Count

Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin Count Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin (also ''Apraxin''; russian: Фёдор Матве́евич Апра́ксин; 27 October 1661 10 November 1728, Moscow) was one of the first Russian admirals, governed Estonia and Karelia from 1712 to 1723, was ...

– General-Governor *1728–1736 Friedrich Baron von Löwen *1736–1738 Sebastian Ernst von Manstein *1738–1740

Gustaf Otto Douglas Count Gustaf (also Gustav) Otto Douglas (23 February 1687 – 2 February 1771) was a Swedish mercenary of Scottish descent, grandson of Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge. He was captured by the Russian army in the Battle of Poltava during the ro ...

*1740–1743 Woldemar von Löwendahl *1743–1753 Peter August Friedrich von Holstein-Beck (1696–1775) *1753–1758 Prince Vladimir Petrovich Dolgorukiy *1758–1775 Peter August Friedrich von Holstein-Beck – General-Governor *1775–1792 Count George Browne – General-Governor *1783–1786 Georg Friedrich von Grotenhielm *1786–1797 Heinrich Johann Baron von Wrangell *1797–1808 Andreas von Langell *1808–1809 Peter Friedrich Georg von Oldenburg (1784–1812) *1809–1811 Vacant *1811–1816 Grand Duke Paul Friedrich August von Oldenburg (1783–1853) *1816–1819 Berend Baron Üxküll *1819–1832 Gotthard Wilhelm Baron Budberg von Bönninghausen *1832–1833 Otto Wilhelm von Essen *1833–1841 Paul Friedrich von Benckendorff *1842–1859 Johann Christoph Engelbrecht von Grünewaldt *1859–1868 Wilhelm Otto Cornelius Alexander Ulrich *1868–1870 Mikhail Nikolaiyevich Galkin-Vraskoy *1870–1875 Prince Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovskoiy-Glebov-Strezhnev *1875–1885 Viktor Petrovich Polivanov *1885–1894 Prince Sergey Vladimirovich *1894–1902 Yefstafiy Nikolaiyevich Skalon *1902–1905 Aleksey Valerianovich Bellegarde *1905–1906 Nikolay Georgiyevich von Bünting *1906–1907 Pyotr Petrovich Bashilov *1907–1915 Izmail Vladimirovich Korostovetch *1915–1917 Pyotr Vladimirovich Veryovkin

Russian Provisional Government, 1917

Title:

Chairman The chairperson, also chairman, chairwoman or chair, is the presiding officer of an organized group such as a board, committee, or deliberative assembly. The person holding the office, who is typically elected or appointed by members of the grou ...

(1917) * Georgy Evgenyevich Lvov (15 March (2 March) – 21 July (8 July) 1917) Title:

Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not ...

(1917) *

Alexander Kerensky Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky, ; Reforms of Russian orthography, original spelling: ( – 11 June 1970) was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who led the Russian Provisional Government and the short-lived Russian Republic for three months ...

(21 July (8 July) – 7 November (25 October) 1917)

Part of the
German Empire The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...
(1917–1918)

House of Hohenzollern The House of Hohenzollern (, also , german: Haus Hohenzollern, , ro, Casa de Hohenzollern) is a German royal (and from 1871 to 1918, imperial) dynasty whose members were variously princes, Prince-elector, electors, kings and emperors of Hohenzol ...

The
Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and ad ...
of 1917

(

independent Independent or Independents may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Artist groups * Independents (artist group), a group of modernist painters based in the New Hope, Pennsylvania, area of the United States during the early 1930s * Independ ...

de facto ''De facto'' ( ; , "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, whether or not they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with ''de jure'' ("by la ...

'') Title: Chairman of the Soviet Executive Committee of Estonia (''Eestimaa Nõukogude Täitevkomitee esimees'') (1917–18) *

Jaan Anvelt Jaan Anvelt (also known by the pseudonyms Eessaare Aadu, Jaan Holm, Jaan Hulmu, Kaarel Maatamees, Onkel Kaak; in Russian or ; 18 April 1884 – 11 December 1937), was an Estonian Bolshevik revolutionary and writer. He served the Russian SFSR ...

(5 November (23 October) 1917 – 4 March 1918) (

de jure In law and government, ''de jure'' ( ; , "by law") describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. In contrast, ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legally ...

'') Title: Gouvernement Commissioner (''Kubermangukomissar'') (1917–18) *

Jaan Poska Jaan Poska VR III/1 (; , Laiusevälja, Kreis Dorpat, Governorate of Livonia – 7 March 1920, Tallinn, Estonia) was an Estonian barrister and politician. Early life Poska was born the fifth of 12 children of a Russian Orthodox parish school ...

(28 November (15 November) 1917 – 24 February 1918)

Republic of Estonia

Title: Prime Minister (''Peaminister'') (1919–1920) *

Otto August Strandman Otto August Strandman ( – 5 February 1941) was an Estonian politician, who served as prime minister (1919) and State Elder of Estonia (1929–1931). He was one of the leaders of the centre-left Estonian Labour Party, that saw its biggest supp ...

(9 May – 18 November 1919) *

Jaan Tõnisson Jaan Tõnisson (; , – 1941?) was an Estonian statesman, serving as the Prime Minister of Estonia twice during 1919 to 1920, as State Elder (head of state and government) from 1927 to 1928 and in 1933, and as Foreign Minister of Estonia from ...

(18 November 1919 – 28 July 1920) * Ado (Aadu) Birk (28 – 30 July 1920) *Jaan Tõnisson (30 July – 26 October 1920) *

Ants Piip Ants Piip VR III/1 (also Anton or Hans Piip; in Tuhalaane, Kreis Fellin – 1 October 1942 in Nyrobsky camp, Perm Oblast, Russian SFSR) was an Estonian lawyer, diplomat and politician. Piip was the 1st Head of State of Estonia and the 5th ...

(26 October – 20 December 1920) Title:

Head of State A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona who officially embodies a state Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representatitve of its international persona." in its unity and l ...

(''Riigivanem'') (1920–34) *

(20 December 1920 – 25 January 1921) *Konstantin Päts (25 January 1921 – 21 November 1922) * Juhan (Johann) Kukk (21 November 1922 – 2 August 1923) *Konstantin Päts (2 August 1923 – 26 March 1924) *

Friedrich Karl Akel Friedrich Karl Akel ( in Kaubi Manor, Kaubi Parish (now in Pornuse village, Mulgi Parish) – 3 July 1941 in Tallinn) was an Estonian diplomat and politician, a member of the International Olympic Committee, and Head of State of Estonia i ...

(26 March 1924 – 16 December 1924) *

Jüri Jaakson Jüri Jaakson VR III/1 ( in Karula, Kreis Fellin, Livonia, Russian Empire – 20 April 1942 in Sosva, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Soviet Union) was an Estonian businessman and politician. Life and career Jaakson studied in H. Treffner's Private H ...

(16 December 1924 – 15 December 1925) *

Jaan Teemant Jaan may refer to: *Jaan (given name) * ''Jaan'' (album), an Indian pop album by Sonu Nigam * ''Jaan'' (film), a 1996 Bollywood action film directed by Raj Kanwar *Gauhar Jaan (1873–1930), Indian singer and dancer *"Jaan Atki Muhammad Mumith ...

(15 December 1925 – 9 December 1927) *Jaan Tõnisson (9 December 1927 – 4 December 1928) *

August Rei August Rei VR III/1 ( – 29 March 1963) was an Estonian politician, the Head of State (''Riigivanem'') of Estonia in 1928–1929, and the Prime Minister in duties of the President of Estonia in the government in exile in 1945–1963. Early ...

(4 December 1928 – 9 July 1929) *

(9 July 1929 – 12 February 1931) *Konstantin Päts (12 February 1931 – 19 February 1932) *Jaan Teemant (19 February 1932 – 19 July 1932) *

Kaarel Eenpalu Kaarel Eenpalu (until 1935 Karl August Einbund) (, in Paju talu, Vesneri Parish (now Tartu Parish), Kreis Dorpat, Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire – 27 January 1942, in Kirov Oblast, Russian SFSR, USSR) was an Estonian journalist, pol ...

(19 July 1932 – 1 November 1932) *Konstantin Päts (1 November 1932 – 18 May 1933) *Jaan Tõnisson (18 May 1933 – 21 October 1933) *Konstantin Päts (21 October 1933 – 24 January 1934) Title: Prime Minister acting Head of State (''Peaminister Riigivanema ülesannetes'') (1934–37) *Konstantin Päts (24 January 1934 – 3 September 1937) Title: President-Regent (''Riigihoidja'') (1937–1938) *Konstantin Päts (3 September 1937 – 24 April 1938) Title: President of the Republic (1938–40) *Konstantin Päts (24 April 1938 – 21 June 1940) *

Johannes Vares Johannes Vares (pen name Barbarus or Vares-Barbarus – 29 November 1946) was an Estonian and Soviet poet, medical doctor, and politician. Vares was born in a farmer family in the village of Kiisa, near Viljandi, Estonia. He received secondary ...

(21 June – 21 July 1940 (Prime Minister acting as the President of Repuvblic, Soviet-installed collaborant) Title: Prime Minister acting President (''Peaminister Vabariigi Presidendi ülesandeis'') (1940–92) *

Jüri Uluots Jüri Uluots (13 January 1890 – 9 January 1945) was an Estonian prime minister, journalist, prominent attorney and distinguished Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Law at the University of Tartu. Early life Uluots was born in Kirbla Parish ...

(21 June 1940 – 9 January 1945) *

(9 January 1945 – 29 March 1963) *

Aleksander Varma Aleksander Warma Cross of Liberty (Estonia), VR I/3 (also Varma; – 23 December 1970) was an Estonian navy officer, diplomat and painter. Biography Aleksander Warma studied at marine schools of Käsmu and Narva, took a deep sea captain's exa ...

(Warma) (30 March 1963 – 23 December 1970) *

Tõnis Kint Tõnis Kint ( – 5 January 1991) was an Estonian politician. He served as "Prime Minister in duties of the President" (in other words, Estonian head of state in exile) from 23 December 1970 to 1 March 1990. From 7 April 1938 member of the Chamb ...

(23 December 1970 – 1 March 1990) *

Heinrich Mark Heinrich Mark (1 October 1911 – 2 August 2004) was an Estonian politician and Prime Minister of the Estonian Government in Exile. He was Prime Minister in duties of the President of the Republic of Estonia from 1 March 1990 to 6 October 1992, ...

(1 March 1990 – 15 September 1992) Title: Acting

(''Peaministri asetäitja'') (since 1944) *

Otto Tief Otto Tief ( – 5 March 1976) was an Estonian politician, military commander (during the Estonian War of Independence), and a lawyer. Tief was the acting prime minister of the last government of Estonia

(18 September 1944 – 12 January 1944, since 10 October 1944 Soviet prisoner) *

Johannes Sikkar Johannes Sikkar (October 15, 1897 – August 22, 1960) was the first head of the Estonian government in exile as Acting Prime Minister (January 12, 1953 – January 1, 1962). Biography Sikkar was born in Kõnnu, Tartu County. Sikkar served in t ...

Aleksander Warma Aleksander Warma Cross of Liberty (Estonia), VR I/3 (also Varma; – 23 December 1970) was an Estonian navy officer, diplomat and painter. Biography Aleksander Warma studied at marine schools of Käsmu and Narva, took a deep sea captain's exa ...

Enno Penno Enno Penno (22 April 1930, in Tallinn – 16 November 2016, in Stockholm) was an Estonian politician, who was acting as Acting Prime Minister of Estonia in exile from 1 March 1990 to 20 June 1992. See also * Heinrich Mark References *''This art ...

Title: Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia (in the body of Soviet Union) (1990–91) *

Arnold Rüütel Arnold Rüütel OIH () (born 10 May 1928) is an Estonian politician and agricultural scientist. He has served as the last chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR from 8 April 1983 to 29 March 1990, Chairman of the Su ...

(8 May 1990 – 20 August 1991) Title: Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia (''Eesti Vabariigi Ülemnõukogu esimees'') (1991–92) *

(20 August 1991 – 6 October 1992)

United Baltic Duchy

Title: Regent Councillor (1918) *

Adolf Pilar von Pilchau Adolf "Ulf" Konstantin Jakob Freiherr Pilar von Pilchau (23 May 1851 – 17 June 1925) was a Baltic German politician, regent of the United Baltic Duchy (1918). Pilar von Pilchau became the owner of the Audru, Audern Manorialism, manor, his bir ...

(9–19 November 1918)

Commune of the Working People of Estonia

Title: Chairman of the Council of The Commune of the Working People of Estonia (''Eesti Töörahva Komuuna Nõukogu esimees'') (1918–19) *

(29 November 1918 – 5 June 1919)

Estonia during the Soviet occupation

Title: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Estonian SSR (''Eesti NSV Ülemnõukogu Presiidiumi esimees'') (1940–88) * Johannes Vares-Barbarus (21 July 1940 – 29 November 1946) *

Nigol Andresen Nigol Andresen (pen name, Ormi Arp; 2 October 1899 Haljala Parish, Wierland County – 24 February 1985 Tartu) was an Estonian and Soviet Union, Soviet politician, writer, literary critic, and translator. He was a member of V Riigikogu. In 1940 ...

(1946–47) * Eduard Päll (1947–50) *

August Jakobson August Jakobson (2 September 1904 – 23 May 1963) was an Estonian writer and politician. He was one of the few Estonian playwright among his contemporaries whose plays were untouched by Soviet censorship and reached other Soviet states. He h ...

(1950–58) * Johan Eichfeld (1958–61) *

Aleksei Müürisepp Aleksei Müürisepp (17 July 1902, Välta, Kreis Ösel, Governorate of Livonia – 7 October 1970, Tartu) was a Soviet Estonia The Estonian SSR,, russian: Эстонская ССР officially the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic,, rus ...

(1961 – 7 October 1970) *

Aleksander Ansberg Aleksander Ansberg (27 February 1909 – 20 February 1975) was an Estonian politician. He was a member of the Communist Party of Estonia. Ansberg was born in Gatchina, in the Tsarskoselsky Uyezd of the Saint Petersburg Governorate of the Russian ...

(1970) *

Artur Vader Artur Vader (16 February 1920 – 25 May 1978) was the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1970 – 1978. He was born in Gorbovo, Liozna District, Vitebsk Region, Byelorussian SSR. He w ...

(22 December 1970 – 25 May 1978) *

Meta Vannas Meta Vannas (born Meta Jürgenson, 1949–1975 Meta Jangolenko; 9 January 1924 – 25 November 2002

(acting chairman; 1978) *

Johannes Käbin Johannes Käbin (), also known by his Russified name Ivan Gustavovich Kebin (; 24 September 1905, Kalvi, Kreis Wierland, Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire – 26 October 1999, Tallinn, Estonia) was an Estonian Soviet politician who led the ...

(1978–83) *

(8 April 1983 – 8 May 1990) Title: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia (1990–1992) *

(8 May 1990 – 6 October 1992)

Soviet Union

Title: Secretary General of the Central Committee of the

Communist Party of the Soviet Union "Hymn of the Bolshevik Party" , headquarters = 4 Staraya Square, Moscow , general_secretary = Vladimir Lenin (first) Mikhail Gorbachev (last) , founded = , banned = , founder = Vladimir Lenin , newspaper ...

(1940–91) *

Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secreta ...

(1940–53) *

Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (– 11 September 1971) was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and chairman of the country's Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. During his rule, Khrushchev s ...

(1953–64) *

Leonid Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev; uk, links= no, Леонід Ілліч Брежнєв, . (19 December 1906– 10 November 1982) was a Soviet Union, Soviet politician who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Gener ...

(1964–82) *

Yuri Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (– 9 February 1984) was the sixth paramount leader of the Soviet Union and the fourth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. After Leonid Brezhnev's 18-year rule, Andropov served in the po ...

(1982–84) *

Konstantin Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko uk, Костянтин Устинович Черненко, translit=Kostiantyn Ustynovych Chernenko (24 September 1911 – 10 March 1985) was a Soviet politician and the seventh General Secretary of the Commun ...

(1984–85) *

Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet politician who served as the 8th and final leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to dissolution of the Soviet Union, the country's dissolution in 1991. He served a ...

(1985–91)

Reichskommissariat Ostland

Title: ''Führer und Reichskanzler'' (1941–44) *

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Nazi Germany, Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his death in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the le ...

(7 July 1941 – 24 November 1944) Title: ''Generalkomissar für Estland'' (1941–44) *

Karl-Siegmund Litzmann Karl-Siegmund Litzmann (1 August 1893, in Minden, Province of Westphalia, Westphalia – August 1945, in Kappeln, Schleswig-Holstein) was the Nazi Germany, German General Commissioner for Generalbezirk Estland (Estonia) in the Reichskommissariat ...

(5 December 1941 – 18 September 1944) Title: ''Eesti Omavalitsuse juht'' (1941–45) * Hjalmar Mäe (15 September 1941 – 4 January 1945)

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rulers of Estonia Estonia history-related lists

Lists of Estonian people

Ancient counties

Alempois

Harju

Järva

Jogentagana

Läänemaa

Mõhu

Nurmekund Nurmekund (Low German: ''Nurmegunde'') was a small independent country (ancient Estonian county) on the north coast of Lake Võrtsjärv in Central Estonia, bordered by Sakala, Alempois, Järvamaa, Mõhu, and Ugandi. Nurmekund had an area of ap ...

Revala Revala (also ''Rävälä'', la, Revalia, by Henry of Livonia ''Revele'', by Danish Census Book ''Revælæ'') was an Ancient Estonian county. It was located in northern Estonia, by the Gulf of Finland and corresponded roughly to the present terr ...

Saaremaa Saaremaa is the largest island in Estonia, measuring . The main island of Saare County, it is located in the Baltic Sea, south of Hiiumaa island and west of Muhu island, and belongs to the West Estonian Archipelago. The capital of the island i ...

Sakala

Ugandi Ugandi (Latin: ''Ungannia'' or ''Ugaunia''; lv, Ugaunija; Low German: ''Uggn'') was an independent county between the east coast of Lake Võrtsjärv and west coast of Lake Pskov, bordered by Vaiga, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Sakala, Tālava, and The ...

Vaiga Vaiga was a small landlocked ancient Estonian county in the eastern part of the territory of Estonia. It territory now belongs to the eastern part of Jõgeva County. See also *Livonian Crusade The Livonian crusade refers to the various mil ...

Virumaa Virumaa ( la, Vironia; Low German: ''Wierland''; Old Norse: ''Virland'') is a former independent county in Ancient Estonia. Now it is divided into Ida-Viru County or Eastern Vironia and Lääne-Viru County or Western Vironia. Vironians built ma ...

Rulers of Estonia

Part of the Kingdom of Denmark

House of Estridsen The House of Estridsen was a dynasty that provided the kings of Denmark from 1047 to 1412. The dynasty is named after its ancestor Estrid Svendsdatter. The dynasty is sometimes called the ''Ulfinger'', after Estrid's husband, Ulf Jarl. The dyna ...

Southern Estonia

Bishoprics of Livonia (Bishopric of Riga) and Estonia (Bishopric of Leal)

Livonian Order

Northern and Southern Estonia (reunited)

Livonian Order

Duchy of Estonia

Part of the Swedish Empire The Swedish Empire was a European great power that exercised territorial control over much of the Baltic region during the 17th and early 18th centuries ( sv, Stormaktstiden, "the Era of Great Power"). The beginning of the empire is usually ta ... (1561–1721)

House of Vasa The House of Vasa or Wasa Georg Starbäck in ''Berättelser ur Sweriges Medeltid, Tredje Bandet'' pp 264, 275, 278, 291–296 & 321 ( sv, Vasaätten, pl, Wazowie, lt, Vazos) was an early modern royal house founded in 1523 in Sweden. Its memb ...

House of Hesse The House of Hesse is a European dynasty, directly descended from the House of Brabant. They ruled the region of Hesse, one branch as prince-electors until 1866, and another branch as grand dukes until 1918. Burke's Royal Families of the World, ...

Governors during Swedish rule

Part of the Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ... (1721–1917)

House of Romanov The House of Romanov (also transcribed Romanoff; rus, Романовы, Románovy, rɐˈmanəvɨ) was the reigning imperial house of Russia from 1613 to 1917. They achieved prominence after the Tsarina, Anastasia Romanova, was married to th ...

Governors during Russian rule

Russian Provisional Government, 1917

Part of the German Empire The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ... (1917–1918)

House of Hohenzollern The House of Hohenzollern (, also , german: Haus Hohenzollern, , ro, Casa de Hohenzollern) is a German royal (and from 1871 to 1918, imperial) dynasty whose members were variously princes, Prince-elector, electors, kings and emperors of Hohenzol ...

The Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and ad ... of 1917

Republic of Estonia

United Baltic Duchy

Commune of the Working People of Estonia

Estonia during the Soviet occupation

Soviet Union

Reichskommissariat Ostland

See also

References

Part of the
Swedish Empire The Swedish Empire was a European great power that exercised territorial control over much of the Baltic region during the 17th and early 18th centuries ( sv, Stormaktstiden, "the Era of Great Power"). The beginning of the empire is usually ta ...
(1561–1721)

Part of the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...
(1721–1917)

Part of the
German Empire The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...
(1917–1918)

The
Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and ad ...
of 1917