Rozella M

''Rozella'' is a fungal genus of obligate endoparasites of a variety of hosts, including Oomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Blastocladiomycota. ''Rozella'' was circumscribed by French mycologist Marie Maxime Cornu in 1872. Considered one of the earliest diverging lineages of fungi, the widespread genus contains 27 species, with the most well studied being ''Rozella allomycis''. ''Rozella'' is a member of a large clade of fungi referred to as the Cryptomycota/Rozellomycota. While some can be maintained in dual culture with the host, most have not been cultured, but they have been detected, using molecular techniques, in soil samples, and in freshwater and marine ecosystems. Zoospores have been observed, along with cysts, and the cells of some species are attached to diatoms.

Morphology

''Rozella'' species grow inside their hosts. At first, the thallus is unwalled and indistinguishable from the host. As growth continues, the thallus will either form a zoosporangium using the wall of the host or a thick-walled resting spore that can be smooth or spiny. From its conception, there have been two divergent morphologies within the genus. Monosporangiate species form a single zoosporangium within the host. Polysporangiate species form multiple zoosporangia that are separated with septa.

Ecology

Most described species are parasites of Oomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Blastocladiomycota. ''Rozella itersoniliae'' is a parasite of the basidiomycete ''Itersonilia perplexans'', though some authors doubt its placement in the genus. ''Rozella coleochatis'' parasitizes a species of the green alga ''Coleochaete''.

Taxonomy

The genus name of ''Rozella'' is in honour of (1833–1900), who was a French Administrator and high official in the Ministry of Finance of France, botanist (Bryology, Mycology and Algology).

French mycologist Marie Maxime Cornu in 1872 circumscribed the genus to accommodate four species: ''R. septigena'', ''R. monoblepharidis-polymorphae'', ''R. rhipidii-spinosi'', and ''R. apodyae-brachynematis''. Later authors shortened these to ''R. septigena'', ''R. monoblepharidis'', ''R. rhipidii'', and ''R. apodyae''. Based on the monosporangiate/polysporangiate differences in development and morphology, Fischer circumscribed ''Pleolpidium'' using ''R. monoblepharidis'' as the type and leaving ''R. septigena'' as the type species in ''Rozella.'' Clemonts and Shear also designated ''R. setigena'' as the type of ''Rozella'' in 1931. Later, ''R. allomycis'' and ''R. achlyae'' were described, and later authors treated ''Pleolpidium'' as a synonym of ''Rozella''. Batko later circumscribed ''Skirgiella'' to accommodate the polysporangiate species and retained the monosporangiate species in ''Rozella''. However, because this removed the type from the genus, it was nomenclaturally invalid. Additionally, molecular phylogenies consistently group monosporangiate and polysporangiate species together, thus validating the monophyly of the genus.

Traditionally, ''Rozella'' has been classified as a member of Chytridiomycota, either as a member of Chytridiales or Spizellomycetales. However, molecular phylogenies place it well outside of Chytridiomycota with a plethora of environmental sequences. There is considerable debate over the name of this larger clade: Cryptomycota, Rozellida, Rozellamycota.

Notable Species

''Rozella allomycis''

''Rozella allomycis'' is one of the most extensively studied species; it was first described by Foust in 1937. Foust did not provide a Latin description, which invalidated the name; Doweld, in 2014, validated the name and corrected the specific epithet to ''allomycetis''.

''Rozella allomycis'' can parasitize multiple ''Allomyces'' species, including ''A. macrogynus'' and ''A. arbuscula''. For ''A. macrogynus'', it is able to parasitize both the sporophyte and the gametophyte. ''R. allomycis'' zoospores are chemotaxically attached to ''Allomyces''. Once in contact, the zoospore encysts and germinates. The host cell wall is penetrated with an infection tube, and the contents of the zoospore are injected into the host. The infection tube causes an invagination of the host cell membrane, which then envelopes the ''R. allomycis'' protoplast. Host mitochondria are recruited to the host-parasite interface. Sometimes, host mitochondria are found within the ''R. allomycis'' protoplast within three-membrane vacuoles, which is evidence the ''R. allomycis'' protoplast is phagocytizing the host cytoplasm as it grows. As it grows, the ''R. allomycis'' protoplast completely fills a portion of the host, which is separated by a host septum. The protoplast develops into a zoosporangium and releases zoospores. As the infection progresses, ''R. allomycis'' protoplasts will instead form resting spores with thick, spiny walls.

''Rozella polyphagi''

''Rozella polyphagi'' was first described in 1938 by F. K. Sparrow as a parasite of ''Polyphagus laevis'', though it also parasitizes ''Polyphagus euglenae''. ''Rozella polyphagi'' infects both the prosporangium and the sporangium of the host and exists as an unwalled protoplast within the host. Host mitochondria could be observed within ''R. polyphagi'' protoplast vacuoles; cytoplasmic extensions of ''R. polyphagi'' around host cytoplasm also occur. This suggests that ''Rozella polyphagi'' phagocytizes host cytoplasm.

''Rozella rhizoclosmatii''

A species of ''Rozella'' on ''Rhizoclosmatium'' was first reported in a molecular phylogeny simply as ''Rozella'' ex ''Rhizoclosmatium'' and was later named ''Rozella rhizoclosmatii''. The species causes hypertrophy of infected ''Rhizoclosmatium'' and completely fills the host. In contrast to other ''Rozella'' species, infection does not take place when the host is growing. ''Rozella rhizoclosmatii'' zoospores are attracted to and infect the zoospores of ''Rhizoclosmatium''.

Species

* ''Rozella achlyae'' Shanor 1942
* ''Rozella allomyces'' Nabel 1939
* ''Rozella allomycis'' Faust 1937
* ''Rozella apodyae-brachynematis'' Cornu 1872
* ''Rozella barrettii'' Karling 1942
* ''Rozella blastocladiae'' (Minden 1911) Sparrow 1938
* ''Rozella canterae'' Sparrow 1960
* ''Rozella chytriomycetis'' Karling 1946
* ''Rozella cladochytrii'' Karling 1941
* ''Rozella coleochaetes'' Sparrow 1965
* ''Rozella cuculus'' (Butler 1907) Sparrow 1938
* ''Rozella diplophlyctidis'' Karling 1987
* ''Rozella endochytrii'' Karling 1941
* ''Rozella irregularis'' (Butler 1907) Sparrow 1938
* ''Rozella laevis'' Karling 1942
* ''Rozella longicollis'' Karling 1966
* ''Rozella longisporangia'' Willoughby & Rigg 1983
* ''Rozella marina'' (Sparrow 1936) Sparrow 1938
* ''Rozella monoblepharidis-polymorphae'' Cornu 1872
* ''Rozella multimorpha'' Letcher et al. 2017
* ''Rozella parva'' Canter 1969
* '' Rozella polyphagia'' (Sparrow 1933) Sparrow 1938
* ''Rozella rhipidii-spinosi'' Cornu 1872
* ''Rozella rhizoclosmatii'' Letcher & Longcore 2017
* ''Rozella rhizophlycti'' Karling 1942
* ''Rozella rhizophydii'' Karling 1944
* ''Rozella septigena'' Cornu 1872

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q148740

Holomycota
Eukaryote genera
Endoparasites