The State Space Corporation "Roscosmos" (russian: Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности «Роскосмос»), commonly known simply as Roscosmos (russian: Роскосмос), is a
state corporation
A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a government entity which is established or nationalised by the ''national government'' or ''provincial government'' by an executive order or an act of legislation in order to earn profit for the governmen ...
of the
Russian Federation
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
responsible for
space flights,
cosmonautics programs, and
aerospace research.
Originating from the
Soviet space program
The Soviet space program (russian: Космическая программа СССР, Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR) was the national space program of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), active from 1955 until the dissoluti ...
founded in the 1950s, Roscosmos emerged following the
dissolution of the Soviet Union
The dissolution of the Soviet Union, also negatively connoted as rus, Разва́л Сове́тского Сою́за, r=Razvál Sovétskogo Soyúza, ''Ruining of the Soviet Union''. was the process of internal disintegration within the Sov ...
in 1991. It initially began as the Russian Space Agency, which was established on 25 February 1992
[25 февраля 1992 года образовано Российское космическое агентство, в настоящее время – Федеральное космическое агентство (Роскосмос).](_blank)
/ref>[russian: Российское космическое агентство, ''Rossiyskoye kosmicheskoye agentstvo'', or RKA (russian: РКА).] and restructured in 1999 and 2004, as the Russian Aviation and Space Agency[russian: Российское авиационно-космическое агентство, ''Rossiyskoye aviatsionno-kosmicheskoye agentstvo'', commonly known as (russian: Росавиакосмос), established on 25 May 1999.] and the Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), respectively.[russian: Федеральное космическое агентство (Роскосмос), ''Federalnoye kosmicheskoye agentstvo (Roskosmos)''.] In 2015, the Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) was merged with the United Rocket and Space Corporation
The United Rocket and Space Corporation (russian: Объединенная ракетно-космическая корпорация) or URSC was a Russian Joint-stock company, joint-stock corporation formed by the Government of Russia, Russian go ...
, a government corporation, to re-nationalize the Russian space industry
Russia's space industry comprises more than 100 companies and employs 250,000 people. Most of the companies are descendants of Soviet design bureaux and state production companies. The industry entered a deep crisis following the dissolution of t ...
, leading to Roscosmos in its current form.
Roscosmos is headquartered in Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
, with its main Mission Control Center in the nearby city of Korolyov, and the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center
The Yuri A. Gagarin State Scientific Research-and-Testing Cosmonaut Training Center (GCTC; Russian: Центр подготовки космонавтов имени Ю. А. Гагарина) is a Russian training facility responsible for train ...
located in Star City in Moscow Oblast
Moscow Oblast ( rus, Моско́вская о́бласть, r=Moskovskaya oblast', p=mɐˈskofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ), or Podmoskovye ( rus, Подмоско́вье, p=pədmɐˈskovʲjə, literally "under Moscow"), is a federal subject of Rus ...
. Its launch facilities include Baikonur Cosmodrome
The Baikonur Cosmodrome ( kk, Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы, translit=Baiqoñyr ğaryş ailağy, ; russian: Космодром Байконур, translit=Kosmodrom Baykonur, ) is a spaceport in an area of southern Kazakhstan leased to R ...
in Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...
, the world's first and largest spaceport, and Vostochny Cosmodrome
The Vostochny Cosmodrome (russian: Космодром Восточный, ''Kosmodrom Vostochny'', "Eastern Spaceport") is a Russian spaceport (still partly under construction) above the 51st parallel north in the Amur Oblast, in the Russian ...
, which is being built in the Russian Far East
The Russian Far East (russian: Дальний Восток России, r=Dal'niy Vostok Rossii, p=ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲiɪ) is a region in Northeast Asia. It is the easternmost part of Russia and the Asian continent; and is admini ...
in Amur Oblast
Amur Oblast ( rus, Аму́рская о́бласть, r=Amurskaya oblast, p=ɐˈmurskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located on the banks of the Amur and Zeya Rivers in the Russian Far East. The administrative ...
. Its director
Director may refer to:
Literature
* ''Director'' (magazine), a British magazine
* ''The Director'' (novel), a 1971 novel by Henry Denker
* ''The Director'' (play), a 2000 play by Nancy Hasty
Music
* Director (band), an Irish rock band
* ''Di ...
since July 2022 is Yury Borisov
Yury Ivanovich Borisov (russian: Юрий Иванович Борисов; born 31 December 1956) is a Russian politician, former military strategist, and mathematician currently serving as Director General of Roscosmos.
From 2018 to 2022, he ...
.
As the main successor to the Soviet space program, Roscosmos' legacy includes the world's first satellite, first human spaceflight, and first space station (Salyut
The ''Salyut'' programme (russian: Салют, , meaning "salute" or "fireworks") was the first space station programme, undertaken by the Soviet Union. It involved a series of four crewed scientific research space stations and two crewed ...
). Its current activities include the International Space Station, wherein it is a major partner. On 22 February 2019, Roscosmos announced the construction of its new headquarters in Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
, the National Space Centre
The National Space Centre is a museum and educational resource covering the fields of space science and astronomy, along with a space research programme in partnership with the University of Leicester. It is located on the north side of the city ...
. Its Astronaut Corps
Human spaceflight (also referred to as manned spaceflight or crewed spaceflight) is spaceflight with a crew or passengers aboard a spacecraft, often with the spacecraft being operated directly by the onboard human crew. Spacecraft can also be ...
is the first in the world's history.
History
The Soviet space program
The Soviet space program (russian: Космическая программа СССР, Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR) was the national space program of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), active from 1955 until the dissoluti ...
did not have central executive agencies. Instead, its organizational architecture was multi-centered; it was the design bureaus and the council of designers that had the most say, not the political leadership. The creation of a central agency after the separation of Russia from the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
was therefore a new development. The Russian Space Agency was formed on 25 February 1992, by a decree of President Yeltsin
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin ( rus, Борис Николаевич Ельцин, p=bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn, a=Ru-Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin.ogg; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician wh ...
. Yuri Koptev
Yuri Nikolayevich Koptev (russian: Юрий Николаевич Коптев, March 13, 1940, Voroshilovsk) is a former General Director of the Russian Space Agency (Roscosmos), serving in that role from 1992 to 2004. He was replaced in 2004 by ...
, who had previously worked with designing Mars landers at NPO Lavochkin
NPO Lavochkin (russian: НПО Лавочкина, OKB-301, also called Lavochkin Research and Production Association or shortly Lavochkin Association, LA) is a Russian aerospace company. It is a major player in the Russian space program, being th ...
, became the agency's first director.
In the early years, the agency suffered from lack of authority
In the fields of sociology and political science, authority is the legitimate power of a person or group over other people. In a civil state, ''authority'' is practiced in ways such a judicial branch or an executive branch of government.''The N ...
as the powerful design bureaus fought to protect their own spheres of operation and to survive. For example, the decision to keep Mir in operation beyond 1999 was not made by the agency, but by the private shareholder board of the Energia design bureau. Another example is that the decision to develop the new Angara rocket
The Angara rocket family (Russian: Ангара) is a family of launch vehicles being developed by the Moscow-based Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. The launch vehicles are to put between and into low Earth orbit and are ...
was rather a function of Khrunichev
The Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center (''Государственный космический научно-производственный центр (ГКНПЦ) имени М. В. Хру́ничева'' in Russian) is a ...
's ability to attract resources than a conscious long-term decision by the agency.
Crisis years
The 1990s saw serious financial problems due to the decreased cash flow, which encouraged the space agency to improvise and seek other ways to keep space programs running. This resulted in the agency's leading role in commercial satellite launches and space tourism
Space tourism is human space travel for recreational purposes. There are several different types of space tourism, including orbital, suborbital and lunar space tourism.
During the period from 2001 to 2009, seven space tourists made eight s ...
. Scientific missions, such as interplanetary probes or astronomy missions during these years played a very small role, and although the agency had connections with the Russian aerospace forces, its budget was not part of Russia's defense budget; nevertheless, the agency managed to operate the Mir
''Mir'' (russian: Мир, ; ) was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia. ''Mir'' was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986 to&n ...
space station well past its planned lifespan, contributed to the International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest modular space station currently in low Earth orbit. It is a multinational collaborative project involving five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA ...
, and continued to fly Soyuz Soyuz is a transliteration of the Cyrillic text Союз (Russian and Ukrainian, 'Union'). It can refer to any union, such as a trade union (''profsoyuz'') or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Сою́з Сове́тских Социалис ...
and Progress
Progress is the movement towards a refined, improved, or otherwise desired state. In the context of progressivism, it refers to the proposition that advancements in technology, science, and social organization have resulted, and by extension wi ...
missions.
Start of ISS cooperation in 2000
On 31 October 2000, a Soyuz spacecraft lifted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 10:53 a.m. Kazakhstan time. On board were Expedition One Commander William M. (Bill) Shepherd of NASA and cosmonauts Sergei Krikalev
Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev (russian: Сергей Константинович Крикалёв, also transliterated as Sergei Krikalyov; born 27 August 1958) is a Russian mechanical engineer, former cosmonaut and former head of the Yuri Ga ...
and Yuri Gidzenko
Yuri Pavlovich Gidzenko (russian: link=no, Юрий Павлович Гидзенко; born March 26, 1962) is a Russian cosmonaut. He was a test cosmonaut of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center (TsPK). Gidzenko has flown into space thre ...
of Roscosmos. The trio arrived at the International Space Station on 2 November, marking the start of an uninterrupted human presence on the orbiting laboratory.
2004: New director
In March 2004, the agency's director Yuri Koptev
Yuri Nikolayevich Koptev (russian: Юрий Николаевич Коптев, March 13, 1940, Voroshilovsk) is a former General Director of the Russian Space Agency (Roscosmos), serving in that role from 1992 to 2004. He was replaced in 2004 by ...
was replaced by Anatoly Perminov
Anatoly Nikolayevich Perminov (russian: Анатолий Николаевич Перминов; born 16 June 1945) is a Russian rocket scientist and a mechanical engineer. He served as the General Director of Russian Federal Space Agency in 2004 ...
, who had previously served as the first commander of the Space Forces.
Improved situation in 2005–2006
The Russian economy
The economy of Russia has gradually transformed from a planned economy into a mixed market-oriented economy.
—Rosefielde, Steven, and Natalia Vennikova. “Fiscal Federalism in Russia: A Critique of the OECD Proposals.” Cambridge Jou ...
boomed throughout 2005 from high prices for exports, such as oil and gas, the outlook for future funding in 2006 appeared more favorable. This resulted in the Russian Duma approving a budget of 305 billion ruble
The ruble (American English) or rouble (Commonwealth English) (; rus, рубль, p=rublʲ) is the currency unit of Belarus and Russia. Historically, it was the currency of the Russian Empire and of the Soviet Union.
, currencies named ''rub ...
s (about US$11 billion) for the Space Agency from January 2006 until 2015, with overall space expenditures in Russia total about 425 billion rubles for the same time period. The budget for 2006 was as high as 25 billion rubles (about US$900 million), which is a 33% increase from the 2005 budget. Under the current 10-year budget approved, the budget of the Space Agency shall increase 5–10% per year, providing the space agency with a constant influx of money. In addition to the budget, Roscosmos plans to have over 130 billion rubles flowing into its budget by other means, such as industry investments and commercial space launches. It is around the time US-based ''The Planetary Society
The Planetary Society is an American internationally-active non-governmental nonprofit organization. It is involved in research, public outreach, and political space advocacy
Space advocacy is supporting or advocating for a human use of out ...
'' entered a partnership with Roscosmos.
*New science missions: Koronas Foton
Koronas-Foton (russian: Коронас-Фотон), also known as CORONAS-Photon (Complex Orbital Observations Near-Earth of Activity of the Sun-Photon), was a Russian Sun, Solar research satellite. It is the third satellite in the Russian Corona ...
(launched in January 2009), Spektr R
Spektr (russian: Спектр; en, Spectrum) (TKM-O, 77KSO, 11F77O) was the fifth module of the Mir Space Station. The module was designed for remote observation of Earth's environment containing atmospheric and surface research equipment. Sp ...
(RadioAstron, launched in July 2011), Intergelizond (2011), Spektr RG (Roentgen Gamma, 2015), Spektr UV (Ultra Violet, 2016), Spektr M (2018), Celsta (2018) and Terion (2018)
*Resumption of Bion missions with Bion-M
The Bion satellites (russian: Бион), also named Biocosmos, is a series of Soviet (later Russian) biosatellites focused on space medicine.
Bion space program Bion precursor flights and Bion flights
The Soviet biosatellite program bega ...
(2013)
*New weather satellites Elektro L
Elektro is the nickname of a robot built by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in its Mansfield, Ohio facility between 1937 and 1938. Seven feet tall (2.1 m), weighing 265 pounds (120.2 kg), humanoid in appearance, he could walk by voice ...
(launched in January 2011) and Elektro P
Elektro is the nickname of a robot built by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in its Mansfield, Ohio facility between 1937 and 1938. Seven feet tall (2.1 m), weighing 265 pounds (120.2 kg), humanoid in appearance, he could walk by voice ...
(2015)
2006–2012
The federal space budget for the year 2009 was left unchanged despite the global economic crisis, standing at about 82 billion rubles ($2.4 billion).
In 2011, the government spent 115 billion rubles ($3.8 bln) in the national space programs.
The proposed project core budget for 2013 to be around 128.3 billion rubles. The budget for the whole space program is 169.8 billion rubles. ($5.6 bln).
By 2015, the amount of the budget can be increased to 199.2 billion rubles.[Бюджет на 2013 год предполагает рекордное финансирование космонавтики](_blank)
Spacecorp.ru. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
Priorities of the Russian space program include the new Angara rocket family
The Angara rocket family (Russian: Ангара) is a family of launch vehicles being developed by the Moscow-based Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. The launch vehicles are to put between and into low Earth orbit and are ...
and development of new communications, navigation and remote Earth sensing spacecraft. The GLONASS
GLONASS (russian: ГЛОНАСС, label=none, ; rus, links=no, Глобальная навигационная спутниковая система, r=Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema, t=Global Navigation Satellite System) is ...
global navigation satellite system has for many years been one of the top priorities and has been given its own budget line in the federal space budget. In 2007, GLONASS received 9.9 billion rubles ($360 million), and under the terms of a directive signed by Prime Minister
A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not ...
Vladimir Putin in 2008, an additional $2.6 billion will be allocated for its development.
Space station funding issues
Due to International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest modular space station currently in low Earth orbit. It is a multinational collaborative project involving five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA ...
involvements, up to 50% of Russia's space budget is spent on the crewed space program . Some observers have pointed out that this has a detrimental effect on other aspects of space exploration, and that the other space powers spend much lesser proportions of their overall budgets on maintaining human presence in orbit.
Despite the considerably improved budget, attention of legislative and executive authorities, positive media coverage and broad support among the population, the Russian space program continues to face several problems. Wages in the space industry are low; the average age of employees is high (46 years in 2007), and much of the equipment is obsolete. On the positive side, many companies in the sector have been able to profit from contracts and partnerships with foreign companies; several new systems such as new rocket upper stages have been developed in recent years; investments have been made to production lines, and companies have started to pay more attention to educating a new generation of engineers and technicians.
2011: New director
On 29 April 2011, Perminov was replaced with Vladimir Popovkin
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Popovkin (russian: Владимир Александрович Поповкин; 25 September 1957 – 18 June 2014) was the General Director of the Russian Federal Space Agency and former First Deputy Defense Minister of R ...
as the director of Roscosmos. The 65-year-old Perminov was over the legal age for state officials, and had received some criticism after a failed GLONASS
GLONASS (russian: ГЛОНАСС, label=none, ; rus, links=no, Глобальная навигационная спутниковая система, r=Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema, t=Global Navigation Satellite System) is ...
launch in December 2010. Popovkin is a former commander of the Russian Space Forces
The Russian Space Forces ( rus, Космические войска России, Kosmicheskie voyska Rossii, KV) are a branch of the Russian Aerospace Forces, that provides aerospace warning, air and space sovereignty, and other related protect ...
and First Deputy Defense Minister of Russia.[Popovkin replaces Perminov at Russian space agency](_blank)
RIA Novosti 2011-04-29
2013-2015 reorganization of the Russian space sector
As a result of a series of reliability problems, and proximate to the failure of a July 2013 Proton M
A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol , H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 ''e'' elementary charge. Its mass is slightly less than that of a neutron and 1,836 times the mass of an electron (the proton–electron mass ...
launch, a major reorganization of the Russian space industry was undertaken. The United Rocket and Space Corporation
The United Rocket and Space Corporation (russian: Объединенная ракетно-космическая корпорация) or URSC was a Russian Joint-stock company, joint-stock corporation formed by the Government of Russia, Russian go ...
was formed as a joint-stock
A joint-stock company is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares (certificates of ownership). Shareholders are ...
corporation by the government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a ...
in August 2013 to consolidate the Russian space
Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction. In classical physics, physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider ...
sector. Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin
Dmitry Olegovich Rogozin (russian: link=no, Дми́трий Оле́гович Рого́зин; born 21 December 1963) is a Russian politician who served as director general of Roscosmos from 2018 to July 2022. He previously served as deputy p ...
said "the failure-prone space sector is so troubled that it needs state supervision to overcome its problems."[
]
Three days following the Proton M launch failure, the Russian government had announced that "extremely harsh measures" would be taken "and spell the end of the ussianspace industry as we know it."[
]
Information indicated then that the government intended to reorganize in such a way as to "preserve and enhance the Roscosmos space agency."[
More detailed plans released in October 2013 called for a re-nationalization of the "troubled space industry," with sweeping reforms including a new "unified command structure and reducing redundant capabilities, acts that could lead to tens of thousands of layoffs."][ According to Rogozin, the Russian space sector employs about 250,000 people, while the United States needs only 70,000 to achieve similar results. He said: "Russian space productivity is eight times lower than America's, with companies duplicating one another's work and operating at about 40 percent efficiency."][
]
Under the 2013 plan, Roscosmos was to "act as a federal executive body and contracting authority for programs to be implemented by the industry."[
In 2016, the ]state agency
A government or state agency, sometimes an appointed commission, is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the machinery of government
The machinery of government (sometimes abbreviated as MoG) is the interconnected structures and proc ...
was dissolved and the Roscosmos brand moved to the state corporation
A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a government entity which is established or nationalised by the ''national government'' or ''provincial government'' by an executive order or an act of legislation in order to earn profit for the governmen ...
, which had been created in 2013 as the United Rocket and Space Corporation
The United Rocket and Space Corporation (russian: Объединенная ракетно-космическая корпорация) or URSC was a Russian Joint-stock company, joint-stock corporation formed by the Government of Russia, Russian go ...
, with the specific mission to renationalize the Russian space sector.
In 2018, Russian
Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including:
*Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries
*Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...
President Vladimir Putin said "it 'is necessary to drastically improve the quality and reliability of space and launch vehicles' ... to preserve Russia's increasingly threatened leadership in space." In November 2018 Alexei Kudrin
Alexei Leonidovich Kudrin ( rus, Алексе́й Леони́дович Ку́дрин, p=ɐlʲɪkˈsʲej lʲɪɐˈnʲidəvʲɪtɕ ˈkudrʲɪn; born 12 October 1960) is a Russian liberal politician and economist. Previously he served as the Ch ...
, head of Russian financial audit agency, named Roscosmos as the public enterprise with "the highest losses" due to "irrational spending" and outright theft
Theft is the act of taking another person's property or services without that person's permission or consent with the intent to deprive the rightful owner of it. The word ''theft'' is also used as a synonym or informal shorthand term for some ...
and corruption
Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense which is undertaken by a person or an organization which is entrusted in a position of authority, in order to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's personal gain. Corruption m ...
.
In September 2021, “Roscosmos” announced the revenue going down by 25 billion roubles and net income - by 1 billion roubles in 2020, due to reduction of profit from foreign contracts, to increase in show-up pay, stay-at-home days and personnel health expenses because of COVID-19. According to “Roscosmos”, this impact would be still significant in two years to come as well.
In October 2021, “Roscosmos” put on hold for one month the tests of rocket engines in engineering bureau of chemical automatics in Voronezh
Voronezh ( rus, links=no, Воро́неж, p=vɐˈronʲɪʂ}) is a city and the administrative centre of Voronezh Oblast in southwestern Russia straddling the Voronezh River, located from where it flows into the Don River. The city sits on the ...
to deliver 33 tons of saved oxygen by day to local medical centers due to pandemic.
Future plans
* In March 2021, Roscosmos signed a memorandum of cooperative construction of a lunar base called the International Lunar Research Station
The International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) () is a planned lunar base currently being developed by Roscosmos and the China National Space Administration (CNSA), with other partners planning to join later on. The ILRS will serve as a compre ...
with the China National Space Administration
China National Space Administration (CNSA; ) is the government agency of the People's Republic of China that is responsible for civil space administration and international space cooperation, including organizing or leading foreign exchanges ...
.”
* In April 2021, Roscosmos announced that it will be departing the ISS program after 2024. In its place, it was announced that a new space station (Russian Orbital Service Station
The Russian Orbital Service Station (russian: Российская орбитальная служебная станция, ''Rossiyskaya orbital'naya sluzhebnaya stantsiya'') (ROSS, russian: РОСС) is a proposed Russian orbital space stat ...
) will be constructed starting in 2025.
* In December 2021, Government of Russia
The Government of Russia exercises executive power in the Russian Federation. The members of the government are the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers, and the federal ministers. It has its legal basis in the Constitution of the Russia ...
confirmed determination of the agreement with Roscosmos for development of next-gen space systems, the document been provided for the officials in July, 2020.
* From 2024 on Roscosmos headquarters will be situated in the new National Space Center in Moscow district of Fili.
Current programs
ISS involvement
Roscosmos is one of the partners in the International Space Station program
The International Space Station programme is tied together by a complex set of legal, political and financial agreements between the fifteen nations involved in the project, governing ownership of the various components, rights to crewing and ...
; it contributed the core space modules Zarya Zarya may refer to:
*Zorya, personification of dawn in Slavic mythology
* Zarya (antenna), a type of medium-wave broadcasting antenna used in former Soviet Union
*Zarya (ISS module) is a module of the International Space Station.
* ''Zarya'' (magazi ...
and Zvezda, which were both launched by Proton rockets and later were joined by NASA's Unity Module
upright=1.0, The ''Unity'' module as seen in May 2011
The ''Unity'' connecting module, also known as Node 1, is the first U.S.-built component of the International Space Station (ISS). It connects the Russian and United States segments of th ...
. The Rassvet module was launched aboard and is primarily used for cargo storage and as a docking port for visiting spacecraft. The Nauka module is the final planned component of the ISS, launch was postponed several times from the initially planned date in 2007, but attached to ISS in July 2021. Roscosmos is furthermore responsible for expedition crew launches by Soyuz-TMA spacecraft and resupplies the space station with Progress
Progress is the movement towards a refined, improved, or otherwise desired state. In the context of progressivism, it refers to the proposition that advancements in technology, science, and social organization have resulted, and by extension wi ...
space transporters. After the initial ISS contract with NASA expired, Roscosmos and NASA, with the approval of the US government, entered into a space contract running until 2011, according to which Roscosmos will sell NASA spots on Soyuz spacecraft for approximately $21 million per person each way (thus $42 million to and back from the ISS per person) as well as provide Progress transport flights ($50 million per Progress as outlined in the Exploration Systems Architecture Study
The Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) is the official title of a large-scale, system level study released by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in November 2005 of his goal of returning astronauts to the Moon and ...
). Roscosmos announced that according to this arrangement, crewed Soyuz Soyuz is a transliteration of the Cyrillic text Союз (Russian and Ukrainian, 'Union'). It can refer to any union, such as a trade union (''profsoyuz'') or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Сою́з Сове́тских Социалис ...
flights would be doubled to 4 per year and Progress
Progress is the movement towards a refined, improved, or otherwise desired state. In the context of progressivism, it refers to the proposition that advancements in technology, science, and social organization have resulted, and by extension wi ...
flights also doubled to 8 per year beginning in 2008.
Roscosmos also has provided space tourism
Space tourism is human space travel for recreational purposes. There are several different types of space tourism, including orbital, suborbital and lunar space tourism.
During the period from 2001 to 2009, seven space tourists made eight s ...
for fare-paying passengers to ISS through the Space Adventures
Space Adventures, Inc. is an American space tourism company founded in 1998 by Eric C. Anderson. Its offerings include zero-gravity atmospheric flights, orbital spaceflights (with the option to participate in a spacewalk), and other spacefl ...
company. As of 2009, six space tourists have contracted with Roscosmos and have flown into space, each for an estimated fee of at least $20 million (USD
The United States dollar (symbol: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ or U.S. Dollar, to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, American dollar, or colloquially buck) is the official ...
).
Continued international collaboration in ISS missions has been thrown into doubt by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which began in 2014. The invasion has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides. It has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. An ...
and related sanctions on Russia.
Scientific programs
Roscosmos operates a number of programs for Earth science, communication, and scientific research. Future projects include the Soyuz Soyuz is a transliteration of the Cyrillic text Союз (Russian and Ukrainian, 'Union'). It can refer to any union, such as a trade union (''profsoyuz'') or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Сою́з Сове́тских Социалис ...
successor, the Prospective Piloted Transport System
Orel (russian: Орёл, , Eagle) or Oryol, formerly Federation (russian: Федерация, Federatsiya}), and PPPTS (russian: Перспективная Портативный Пилотируемая Транспортная Система, ...
, scientific robotic missions to one of the Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury (planet), Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Mars (mythology), Roman god of war. Mars is a terr ...
moons as well as an increase in Lunar orbit research satellites.
*Luna-Glob
Luna-Glob (russian: Луна-Глоб, meaning ''Lunar sphere'') is a Moon exploration programme by Roscosmos meant to progress toward the creation of a fully robotic lunar base. When completed, the programme will continue with crewed lunar missi ...
Moon orbiter and lander, planned for 2022
*Venera-D
Venera-D (russian: Венера-Д, ) is a proposed Russian space mission to Venus that would include an orbiter and a lander to be launched in 2029. The orbiter's prime objective is to perform observations with the use of a radar. The lander, ba ...
Venus lander, planned for 2029
*Fobos-Grunt
Fobos-Grunt or Phobos-Grunt (russian: link=no, Фобос-Грунт, where ''грунт'' refers to the ''ground'' in the narrow geological meaning of any type of soil or rock exposed on the surface) was an attempted Russian sample return mis ...
Mars mission, lost in low Earth orbit in 2012
*Mars 96
Mars 96 (sometimes called Mars-8) was a failed Mars mission launched in 1996 to investigate Mars by the Russian Space Forces and not directly related to the Soviet Mars probe program of the same name. After failure of the second fourth-stage bu ...
Mars mission, lost in low Earth orbit in 1996
Rockets
Roscosmos uses a family of several launch rockets, the most famous of them being the R-7, commonly known as the Soyuz Soyuz is a transliteration of the Cyrillic text Союз (Russian and Ukrainian, 'Union'). It can refer to any union, such as a trade union (''profsoyuz'') or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Сою́з Сове́тских Социалис ...
rocket that is capable of launching about 7.5 tons into low Earth orbit (LEO). The Proton rocket
Proton (Russian: Протон) (formal designation: UR-500) is an expendable launch system used for both commercial and Russian government space launches. The first Proton rocket was launched in 1965. Modern versions of the launch system are sti ...
(or UR-500K) has a lift capacity of over 20 tons to LEO. Smaller rockets include Rokot
Rokot (russian: Рокот meaning ''Rumble'' or ''Boom''), also transliterated Rockot, was a Russian space launch vehicle that was capable of launching a payload of into a Earth orbit with 63° inclination. It was based on the UR-100N (SS-1 ...
and other Stations.
Currently rocket development encompasses both a new rocket system, Angara
The Angara ( Buryat and mn, Ангар, ''Angar'', "Cleft"; russian: Ангара́, ''Angará'') is a major river in Siberia, which traces a course through Russia's Irkutsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai. It drains out of Lake Baikal and is ...
, as well as enhancements of the Soyuz rocket, Soyuz-2
Soyuz-2 (GRAU index 14A14) is a modernized version of the Soviet Soyuz rocket. In its basic form, it is a three-stage launch vehicle for placing payloads into low Earth orbit. Compared to the previous versions of the Soyuz, the first-stage bo ...
and Soyuz-2-3. Two modifications of the Soyuz, the Soyuz-2.1a and Soyuz-2.1b have already been successfully tested, enhancing the launch capacity to 8.5 tons to LEO.
Operational
Under development
New piloted spacecraft
One of Roscosmos's projects that was widely covered in the media in 2005 was Kliper
Kliper (Клипер, English: Clipper) was an early-2000s proposed partially- reusable crewed spacecraft concept by RSC Energia. Due to lack of funding from the ESA and RSA, the project was indefinitely postponed by 2006.
Designed primarily to ...
, a small lifting body
A lifting body is a fixed-wing aircraft or spacecraft configuration in which the body itself produces lift. In contrast to a flying wing, which is a wing with minimal or no conventional fuselage, a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage wi ...
reusable spacecraft. While Roscosmos had reached out to ESA
, owners =
, headquarters = Paris, Île-de-France, France
, coordinates =
, spaceport = Guiana Space Centre
, seal = File:ESA emblem seal.png
, seal_size = 130px
, image = Views in the Main Control Room (1205 ...
and JAXA
The is the Japanese national air and space agency. Through the merger of three previously independent organizations, JAXA was formed on 1 October 2003. JAXA is responsible for research, technology development and launch of satellites into orb ...
as well as others to share development costs of the project, it also stated that it will go forward with the project even without the support of other space agencies. This statement was backed by the approval of its budget for 2006–2015, which includes the necessary funding of Kliper
Kliper (Клипер, English: Clipper) was an early-2000s proposed partially- reusable crewed spacecraft concept by RSC Energia. Due to lack of funding from the ESA and RSA, the project was indefinitely postponed by 2006.
Designed primarily to ...
. However, the Kliper program was cancelled in July 2006,[www.flightglobal.com]
/ref> and has been replaced by the new Orel project. , no crafts were launched.
Space systems
"Resurs-P" is a series of Russian commercial Earth observation satellite
An Earth observation satellite or Earth remote sensing satellite is a satellite used or designed for Earth observation (EO) from orbit, including spy satellites and similar ones intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, me ...
s capable of acquiring high-resolution imagery (resolution up to 1.0 m). The spacecraft is operated by Roscosmos as a replacement of the Resurs-DK No.1
Resurs-DK No.1, also called Resurs-DK1, was a commercial Earth observation satellite capable of transmitting high-resolution imagery (up to 0.9 m) to the ground stations as it passed overhead. The spacecraft was operated by NTs OMZ, the Russian ...
satellite.
Create HEO space system "Arctic" to address the hydrological and meteorological problems in the Arctic region and the northern areas of the Earth, with the help of two spacecraft "Arktika-M" and in the future within the system can create a communications satellite "Arktika-MS" and radar satellites "Arktika-R."
The launch of two satellites "Obzor-R" (Review-R) Remote Sensing of the Earth, with the AESA radar and four spacecraft "Obzor-O" (Review-O) to capture the Earth's surface in normal and infrared light in a broad swath of 80 km with a resolution of 10 meters. The first two satellites of the projects planned for launch in 2015.
Gonets
Gonets (Russian Гонец, for ''Messenger'') is a Russian civilian low Earth orbit communications satellite system. It consists of a number of satellites, derived from Strela military communications satellites. The first two satellites, whic ...
: Civilian low Earth orbit communication satellite system. On 2016, the system consists of 13 satellites (12 Gonets-M and 1 Gonets-D1).
Deep space network
Since 1991, Russia inherited and maintains a large network of deep space network after the collapse of Soviet Union.
Gecko mating experiment
On 19 July 2014, Roscosmos launched the Foton-M4 satellite
Foton-M No.4 is a Russian microgravity and bioscience research spacecraft launched in July 2014 as part of the Foton programme. It is the fourth spacecraft in the Foton-M series, and the first to use the 34KSM configuration incorporating the equi ...
containing, among other animals and plants, a group of five geckos
Geckos are small, mostly carnivorous lizards that have a wide distribution, found on every continent except Antarctica. Belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, geckos are found in warm climates throughout the world. They range from .
Geckos ar ...
. The five geckos, four females and one male, were used as a part of the Gecko-F4 research program aimed at measuring the effects of weightlessness on the lizards' ability to procreate and develop in the harsh environment. However, soon after the spacecraft exited the atmosphere, mission control lost contact with the vessel which led to an attempt to reestablish communication that was only achieved later in the mission. When the satellite returned to Earth after its planned two-month mission had been cut short to 44 days, the space agency
This is a list of government agency, government agencies engaged in activities related to outer space and space exploration.
As of 2022, 77 different government space agencies are in existence, 16 of which have launch capabilities. Six govern ...
researchers reported that all the geckos had perished during the flight.
The exact cause that led to the deaths of the geckos was declared unknown by the scientific team in charge of the project. Reports from the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems
An institute is an organisational body created for a certain purpose. They are often research organisations (research institutes) created to do research on specific topics, or can also be a professional body.
In some countries, institutes can ...
in Russia have indicated that the lizards had been dead for at least a week prior to their return to Earth. A number of those connected to the mission have theorized that a failure in the vessel's heating system may have caused the cold blooded reptiles to freeze to death.
Included in the mission were a number of fruit flies, plants, and mushrooms which all survived the mission.
Launch control
The Russian Space Forces
The Russian Space Forces ( rus, Космические войска России, Kosmicheskie voyska Rossii, KV) are a branch of the Russian Aerospace Forces, that provides aerospace warning, air and space sovereignty, and other related protect ...
is the military counterpart of the Roscosmos with similar mission objectives as of the United States Space Force
The United States Space Force (USSF) is the space service branch of the U.S. Armed Forces, one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and the world's only independent space force. Along with its sister branch, the U.S. Air Force, the Space ...
. The Russian branch was formed after the merging of the space components of the Russian Air Force
" Air March"
, mascot =
, anniversaries = 12 August
, equipment =
, equipment_label =
, battles =
, decorations =
, bat ...
and the Aerospace Defense Forces (VKO) in 2015. The Space Forces controls Russia's Plesetsk Cosmodrome
Plesetsk Cosmodrome ( rus, Космодром «Плесецк», r=Kosmodrom "Plesetsk", p=kəsmɐˈdrom plʲɪˈsʲet͡sk) is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200&n ...
launch facility. Roscosmos and the Space Forces share control of the Baikonur Cosmodrome
The Baikonur Cosmodrome ( kk, Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы, translit=Baiqoñyr ğaryş ailağy, ; russian: Космодром Байконур, translit=Kosmodrom Baykonur, ) is a spaceport in an area of southern Kazakhstan leased to R ...
, where Roscosmos reimburses the VKO for the wages of many of the flight controllers during civilian launches. Roscosmos and the Space Forces also share control of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center
The Yuri A. Gagarin State Scientific Research-and-Testing Cosmonaut Training Center (GCTC; Russian: Центр подготовки космонавтов имени Ю. А. Гагарина) is a Russian training facility responsible for train ...
. It has been announced that Russia is to build another spaceport in Tsiolkovsky, Amur Oblast
Tsiolkovsky (russian: Циолковский) is a closed town in Amur Oblast, Russia, located on the Bolshaya Pyora River (a tributary of the Zeya), from the border with China and north of Blagoveshchensk, the administrative center of the obl ...
. The Vostochny Cosmodrome
The Vostochny Cosmodrome (russian: Космодром Восточный, ''Kosmodrom Vostochny'', "Eastern Spaceport") is a Russian spaceport (still partly under construction) above the 51st parallel north in the Amur Oblast, in the Russian ...
is scheduled to be finished by 2018.
Subsidiaries
As of 2017, Roscosmos had the following subsidiaries:
* United Rocket and Space Corporation
The United Rocket and Space Corporation (russian: Объединенная ракетно-космическая корпорация) or URSC was a Russian Joint-stock company, joint-stock corporation formed by the Government of Russia, Russian go ...
* Strategicheskiye Punkty Upravleniya
* Glavcosmos
Glavkosmos (russian: Главкосмос) is a subsidiary of the Russian State Space Corporation Roscosmos.
On 26 February 1985, the Ministry of General Machine Building of the USSR issued an order that formed the Main Department for the creati ...
* Salavat Chemical Plant
* Turbonasos
* Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology
Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology (MITT; russian: Акционерное общество «Корпорация Московский институт теплотехники», , JSC Corporation "Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology") i ...
* IPK Mashpribor
* NPO Iskra
NPO may refer to:
Medicine
* ''Nil per os'', Latin for "nothing by mouth", a medical instruction to withhold oral intake of food and fluids
* neurogenic pulmonary oedema
Science
* North Pacific Oscillation, a teleconnection pattern in atmospheri ...
* Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau
The JSC Makeyev Design Bureau (russian: ГРЦ Макеева; also known as Makeyev OKB) is a Russian missile design company located in Miass, Russia.
Established in December 1947 as SKB-385 in Zlatoust (see Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant), th ...
*
* Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev
JSC Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev (russian: Информационные спутниковые системы имени академика М. Ф. Решетнёва, Informatsionnye sputnikovye systemy imeny akademika M. F. Reshetnyov ...
* Russian Space Systems
Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including:
*Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries
*Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...
* Sistemy precizionnogo priborostroenia
* Progress Rocket Space Centre
The Progress Rocket Space Centre (russian: Ракетно-космический центр «Прогресс»), formerly known as TsSKB-Progress (russian: ЦСКБ-Прогресс), is a Russian joint-stock company under the jurisdiction ...
* Chemical Automatics Design Bureau
Chemical Automatics Design Bureau (CADB), also KB Khimavtomatika (russian: Конструкторское бюро химавтоматики, КБХА, KBKhA), is a Russian OKB, design bureau founded by the NKAP (People's Commissariat of the Ai ...
* NPO Energomash
NPO Energomash “V. P. Glushko” is a major Russian rocket engine manufacturer. The company primarily develops and produces liquid propellant rocket engines. Energomash originates from the Soviet design bureau OKB-456, which was founded in 1 ...
* Proton-PM
OJSC Proton-PM (Russian: ) is a Russian engine and heavy machinery manufacturing plant. It is located in the city of Perm, in the Perm Krai, on the bank of the Kama River. It started in 1958 as the specialized branch of Plant No. 19 named after I. ...
* Tekhnicheskiy Tsentr Novator
* AO EKHO
AO, aO, Ao, or ao may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* Adults Only, an entertainment rating
* AO Music (AOmusic), a world-music fusion group consisting of Jay Oliver, Miriam Stockley and others
* Ao: The Last Hunter, a 2010 prehistoric d ...
* NIIMP-K
* TSKB Geofizika
* Osoboye Konstruktorskoye Byuro Protivopozharnoy Tekhniki
*
* NII komandnykh priborov
* NPO Avtomatiki
NPO Avtomatiki - State Enterprise Scientific Production Association Of Automation (russian: Научно-производственное объединение автоматики) is a company based in Yekaterinburg, Russia. It is currently a ...
* Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant
The JSC Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant (ZlatMash) is an arms manufacturing plant in Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. It produced many of the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons, including the R-39 Submarine-launched ballistic missile.
The pla ...
* Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant
JSC Krasmash (stylized KrasMash), the Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant (russian: Красноярский машиностроительный завод) is a company based in Krasnoyarsk, Russia and established in 1932. It is currently a Roscos ...
* Miass Machine-Building Plant
* Moskovskiy zavod elektromekhanicheskoy apparatury
tg, Маскав
, image_skyline =
, imagesize =
, image_caption =
, image_flag =
, image_seal =
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, pushpin_map = Tajikistan
, pushpin_label_position =bottom
, pushpin_mapsize =
, pushpin_m ...
* Nauchno-issledovatelskiy Institut Elektromekhaniki
* NPO Novator
NPO Novator (Novator Design Bureau, OKB Novator, OKB Lyulyev; russian: Опытное конструкторское бюро «Новатор» им. Люльева Л. В.) is a Russian company that designs long-range anti-aircraft missiles. It ...
* PKP IRIS PKP may stand for:
Organizations
* Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930, original Filipino communist party
* Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas, underground Filipino Maoist party
* Phi Kappa Phi, oldest all-discipline honor society in the United Stat ...
* NPP Geofizika-Kosmos
NPP may refer to:
Politics
*National People's Power, Sri Lanka
*National Patriotic Party, Liberia
*National People's Party (The Gambia)
*National People's Party (India), a political party in India founded by PA Sangma
*National Peoples Party (Pa ...
* NPP Kvant
NPP may refer to:
Politics
*National People's Power, Sri Lanka
*National Patriotic Party, Liberia
*National People's Party (The Gambia)
*National People's Party (India), a political party in India founded by PA Sangma
*National Peoples Party (Pa ...
* NPP Polyus
NPP may refer to:
Politics
*National People's Power, Sri Lanka
*National Patriotic Party, Liberia
*National People's Party (The Gambia)
*National People's Party (India), a political party in India founded by PA Sangma
*National Peoples Party (Pa ...
* Ispytatelnyy tekhnicheskiy tsentr - NPO PM
* NPO PM - Maloye Konstruktorskoye Byuro
NPO may refer to:
Medicine
* ''Nil per os'', Latin for "nothing by mouth", a medical instruction to withhold oral intake of food and fluids
* neurogenic pulmonary oedema
Science
* North Pacific Oscillation, a teleconnection pattern in atmospheri ...
* NPO PM - Razvitiye
NPO may refer to:
Medicine
* ''Nil per os'', Latin for "nothing by mouth", a medical instruction to withhold oral intake of food and fluids
* neurogenic pulmonary oedema
Science
* North Pacific Oscillation, a teleconnection pattern in atmospheri ...
* Sibpromproyekt
* Scientific Research Institute of Precision Instruments
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for ...
* NIIFI
* NPO Izmeritelnoy Tekhniki
NPO may refer to:
Medicine
* ''Nil per os'', Latin for "nothing by mouth", a medical instruction to withhold oral intake of food and fluids
* neurogenic pulmonary oedema
Science
* North Pacific Oscillation, a teleconnection pattern in atmospheri ...
* OKB MEI
OKB is a transliteration of the Russian initials of "" – , meaning 'experiment and design bureau'. During the Soviet era, OKBs were closed institutions working on design and prototyping of advanced technology, usually for military applications. ...
* 106 Experimental Optical and Mechanical Plant
1 (one, unit, unity) is a number representing a single or the only entity. 1 is also a numerical digit and represents a single unit of counting or measurement. For example, a line segment of ''unit length'' is a line segment of length 1. I ...
* OAO Bazalt OAO, a three-letter acronym, may stand for:
*Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, the name of four NASA scientific satellites
* Open joint-stock company (russian: Открытое Aкционерное Oбщество), business incorporation in Russi ...
* Nauchno-inzhenernyy tsentr elektrotekhnicheskogo universiteta
*
* NPO Tekhnomash
Tekhnomash Scientific Production Association (russian: НПО «Техномаш») is a company based in Moscow, Russia. It is currently part of Roscosmos.
NPO Tekhnomash specializes in the production of equipment and technology for the manufact ...
* Keldysh Research Center
The State Scientific Centre Keldysh Research Center (russian: Центр Келдыша) is a research institute in Moscow, Russia. It is based at 8 Onezhskaya Street (:ru:Онежская улица (Москва), street article in Russian W ...
* Arsenal Design Bureau
Arsenal Design Bureau (russian: Конструкторское бюро «Арсенал», Konstruktorskoye byuro Arsenal) is an engineering company active in the fields of space technology
Space technology is technology for use in outer space, ...
* MOKB Mars
* NTTS Okhrana
* NII Mashinostroyeniya
FSUE Research and Development Institute of Mechanical Engineering (Russian: ), also known as NIIMash, is a Russian rocket engine design and manufacturing company specialized in small thrusters. It is located in the city of Nizhnyaya Salda, Sverd ...
* NPO Lavochkin
NPO Lavochkin (russian: НПО Лавочкина, OKB-301, also called Lavochkin Research and Production Association or shortly Lavochkin Association, LA) is a Russian aerospace company. It is a major player in the Russian space program, being th ...
*
* OKB Fakel
EDB Fakel (Russian ''ОКБ "Факел"'') is a Russian electric propulsion system development company. It is located in Kaliningrad in Kaliningrad Oblast. It was founded in 1955 as a ''Propulsion laboratory'' of the Soviet Academy of Sciences; ...
* MNII Agat
* TsNIIMash
TsNIIMash (russian: ЦНИИмаш) is a Russian rocket and spacecraft scientific center, dealing with all phases of development from conceptual design to flight test. The Institute is the main analytical center of Roskosmos in the field of syste ...
* Centre for Operation of Space Ground-based Infrastructure (TsENKI)
* NTTS Zarya
* Gagarin Research and Test Cosmonaut Training Centre (Gagarin TsPK)
* NITs RKP
Historic Russian (Soviet) space gallery
People
File:Sergey Korolyov.jpg, Sergei Korolev
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (russian: Сергей Павлович Королёв, Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov, sʲɪrˈɡʲej ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ kərɐˈlʲɵf, Ru-Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.ogg; ukr, Сергій Павлович Корольов, ...
, the mind behind the first satellite, the first craft to deliver a human into orbit, and the craft from which the first spacewalk was performed.
File:Gagarin in Sweden.jpg, Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin
Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin; Gagarin's first name is sometimes transliterated as ''Yuriy'', ''Youri'', or ''Yury''. (9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut who became the first human to journey into outer space. Tr ...
, the first human to fly in space and to orbit the Earth.
File:Leonow, Alexei.png, Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov
Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov. (30 May 1934 – 11 October 2019) was a Soviet and Russian cosmonaut, Air Force major general, writer, and artist. On 18 March 1965, he became the first person to conduct a spacewalk, exiting the capsule during th ...
, the first person to perform a spacewalk.
File:RIAN archive 612748 Valentina Tereshkova.jpg, Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova ( rus, Валентина Владимировна Терешкова, links=no, p=vɐlʲɪnʲˈtʲinə vlɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvnə tʲɪrʲɪʂˈkovə, a=Valentina Tereshkova.ogg; born 6 March 1937) is an engine ...
, the first woman to fly in space.
Spacecraft
Image:Vostok spacecraft.jpg, Vostok Vostok refers to east in Russian but may also refer to:
Spaceflight
* Vostok programme, Soviet human spaceflight project
* Vostok (spacecraft), a type of spacecraft built by the Soviet Union
* Vostok (rocket family), family of rockets derived from ...
was the first spacecraft to carry a human being in space.
Image:Voskhod 1 and 2.svg, Voskhod was the first spacecraft capable of carrying more than 1 cosmonaut.
Image:Soyuz TMA-6 spacecraft.jpg, Soyuz Soyuz is a transliteration of the Cyrillic text Союз (Russian and Ukrainian, 'Union'). It can refer to any union, such as a trade union (''profsoyuz'') or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Сою́з Сове́тских Социалис ...
is the longest-serving crewed spacecraft design in history (1967– ), upgraded regularly.
Image:ISS Progress cargo spacecraft.jpg, Progress
Progress is the movement towards a refined, improved, or otherwise desired state. In the context of progressivism, it refers to the proposition that advancements in technology, science, and social organization have resulted, and by extension wi ...
is the longest-serving uncrewed cargo spacecraft (1978– ).
Image:Antonov An-225 with Buran at Le Bourget 1989 Manteufel.jpg, The Soviet space program produced the canceled Space Shuttle Buran
''Buran'' (russian: Буран, , meaning "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard"; GRAU index serial number: 11F35 1K, construction number: 1.01) was the first spaceplane to be produced as part of the Soviet/Russian Buran programme, Buran program. Besides d ...
based on the discontinued Buran program
The ''Buran'' program (russian: Буран, , "Snowstorm", "Blizzard"), also known as the "VKK Space Orbiter program" (russian: ВКК «Воздушно-Космический Корабль», lit=Air and Space Ship), was a Soviet Union, Sovi ...
.
Launch vehicles
Image:Soyuz TMA-2 launch.jpg, Soyuz rockets are responsible for launching all Soyuz Soyuz is a transliteration of the Cyrillic text Союз (Russian and Ukrainian, 'Union'). It can refer to any union, such as a trade union (''profsoyuz'') or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Сою́з Сове́тских Социалис ...
and Progress spacecraft
The Progress (russian: Прогресс) is a Russian expendable cargo spacecraft. Its purpose is to deliver the supplies needed to sustain a human presence in orbit. While it does not carry a crew, it can be boarded by astronauts when docked t ...
into space.
Image:Proton Zvezda crop.jpg, Proton
A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol , H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 ''e'' elementary charge. Its mass is slightly less than that of a neutron and 1,836 times the mass of an electron (the proton–electron mass ...
rockets are the heavylift workhorse of Russian space industry.
Space stations
File:Mir on 24 September 1996.jpg, First permanently crewed and "third-generation" space station, the Soviet/Russian Mir
''Mir'' (russian: Мир, ; ) was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia. ''Mir'' was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986 to&n ...
, which orbited the Earth from 1986 until 2001.
File:International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg, Russia and the United States are the main partners of the International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest modular space station currently in low Earth orbit. It is a multinational collaborative project involving five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA ...
(ISS).
Radio telescopes
File:Tna400.jpg, The TNA-70 radio telescope is operational and is located in Crimea
Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a pop ...
( Russian-annexed, internationally recognised as part of Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
).
File:Radio telescope of Kalyazin.jpg, The RT-64
There are two radio telescopes designated RT-64 (TNA-1500), both in Russia and with similar specifications.
With their 64m antenna diameter, they are among the largest radio telescopes in the world.
They are:
* the Bear Lakes RT-64 radio telesc ...
with its their 64m antenna diameter. It is located in Kalyazin
Kalyazin (russian: Каля́зин) is a town and the administrative center of Kalyazinsky District in Tver Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Volga River, northeast of Tver, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:
...
.
File:RT-70-KH-9.jpg, The RT-70 antenna dish aerial taken from the NASA satellites.
File:Антенна П-2500 (РТ-70) ВЦДКС - panoramio (1).jpg, The Yevpatoria RT-70 radio telescope
The Yevpatoria RT-70 radio telescope (P-2500, RT-70) is an RT-70 radio telescope and planetary radar at the Center for Deep Space Communications, Yevpatoria, Crimea. In the scientific literature is often called Evpatoria Planetary Radar (EPR).
...
File:ADU-1000-4.jpg, The transmitting arrays at the Pluton
In geology, an igneous intrusion (or intrusive body or simply intrusion) is a body of intrusive igneous rock that forms by crystallization of magma slowly cooling below the surface of the Earth. Intrusions have a wide variety of forms and com ...
complex in Crimea.
See also
*United Rocket and Space Corporation
The United Rocket and Space Corporation (russian: Объединенная ракетно-космическая корпорация) or URSC was a Russian Joint-stock company, joint-stock corporation formed by the Government of Russia, Russian go ...
*American space program
The space policy of the United States includes both the making of space policy through the legislative process, and the implementation of that policy in the United States' civilian and military space programs through regulatory agencies. The early ...
*List of crewed spacecraft
This is a list of all crewed spacecraft types that have flown into space, including sub-orbital flights above 80 km, Space Stations that have been visited by at least one crew, and spacecraft currently planned to operate with crew in the f ...
*Russian space industry
Russia's space industry comprises more than 100 companies and employs 250,000 people. Most of the companies are descendants of Soviet design bureaux and state production companies. The industry entered a deep crisis following the dissolution of t ...
** Ministry of general Machine Building of the Soviet Union
**TsNIIMash
TsNIIMash (russian: ЦНИИмаш) is a Russian rocket and spacecraft scientific center, dealing with all phases of development from conceptual design to flight test. The Institute is the main analytical center of Roskosmos in the field of syste ...
(Russian: ЦНИИмаш) is the Central Research Institute of Machine Building, an institute of the Russian aeronautics and space formed in 1946
**List of cosmonauts
This is a list of cosmonauts who have taken part in the missions of the Soviet space program and the Russian Federal Space Agency, including ethnic Russians and people of other ethnicities.
Soviet and Russian cosmonauts born outside Russia are ...
**List of Russian aerospace engineers
This list of Russian aerospace engineers includes the designers of aircraft, rocketry and spacecraft, and developers of auxiliary aerospace technologies from the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation.
See also the :Russian ...
*Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records
This timeline of Russian Innovation encompasses key events in the history of technology in Russia, from the Grand Duchy of Moscow up to the Russian Federation.
The entries in this timeline fall into the following categories:
* indigenous invent ...
*International Space Olympics The International Space Olympics (ISO) is an annual two-week competition for teenagers aged from 14 to 18, held in Korolyov, Russia. The competition includes examinations in Mathematics, Physics, Computer Science, and English Literature, in additio ...
*Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"
The Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration" (russian: Медаль "За заслуги в освоении космоса") is a state decoration of the Russian Federation aimed at recognising achievements in the space program. It was established ...
*List of government space agencies
This is a list of government agencies engaged in activities related to outer space and space exploration.
As of 2022, 77 different government space agencies are in existence, 16 of which have launch capabilities. Six government space agencies ...
Explanatory notes
References
External links
*
Roscosmos official site
Russian Space Program
{{authority control
*
1992 establishments in Russia
Companies based in Moscow
Government agencies established in 1992
Government-owned companies of Russia
Organizations based in Moscow
Russian state corporations
Space agencies
Science and technology in Russia