Richard Whately (1 February 1787 – 8 October 1863) was an English academic, rhetorician, logician, philosopher, economist, and theologian who also served as a reforming
Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin. He was a leading
Broad Churchman, a prolific and combative author over a wide range of topics, a flamboyant character, and one of the first reviewers to recognise the talents of
Jane Austen
Jane Austen (; 16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist known primarily for her six major novels, which interpret, critique, and comment upon the British landed gentry at the end of the 18th century. Austen's plots of ...
.
Life and times
He was born in London, the son of the Rev. Dr.
Joseph Whately
Rev. Canon Joseph Whately or Whateley (1730–1797) was an English clergyman and Gresham Professor of Rhetoric.
Life
He was the youngest brother of the politician Thomas Whately. He was vicar of Widford, Hertfordshire, from 1768 to 1790, and pr ...
(1730–1797). He was educated at a private school near
Bristol
Bristol () is a city, ceremonial county and unitary authority in England. Situated on the River Avon, it is bordered by the ceremonial counties of Gloucestershire to the north and Somerset to the south. Bristol is the most populous city in ...
, and at
Oriel College, Oxford
Oriel College () is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in Oxford, England. Located in Oriel Square, the college has the distinction of being the oldest royal foundation in Oxford (a title formerly claimed by University College, wh ...
, from 1805. He obtained a B.A. in 1808, with double second-class honours, and the prize for the English essay in 1810; in 1811 he was elected Fellow of Oriel, and in 1814 took
holy orders. After graduation he acted as a private tutor, in particular to
Nassau William Senior
Nassau William Senior (; 26 September 1790 – 4 June 1864), was an English lawyer known as an economist. He was also a government adviser over several decades on economic and social policy on which he wrote extensively.
Early life
He was born ...
who became a close friend, and to
Samuel Hinds.
Early married life
After his marriage to writer
Elizabeth Whately ( Pope) in 1821, Whately lived in Oxford. He had had to give up his college fellowship, which could not be held by married men, and at this period lived by tutoring and his pen. An uncle,
William Plumer
William Plumer (June 25, 1759December 22, 1850) was an American lawyer, Baptist lay preacher, and politician from Epping, New Hampshire. He is most notable for his service as a Federalist in the United States Senate (1802–1807), and the sevent ...
, presented him with a living,
Halesworth
Halesworth is a market town, civil parish and electoral ward in north-eastern Suffolk, England. The population stood at 4,726 in the 2011 Census. It lies south-west of Lowestoft, on a tributary of the River Blyth, upstream from Southwold. T ...
in Suffolk; in August 1822 Whately moved there. Two of his daughters were writer
Jane Whately and missionary
Mary Louisa Whately. In 1825, he was appointed principal of
St. Alban Hall, a position obtained for him by his mentor
Edward Copleston
Edward Copleston (2 February 177614 October 1849) was an English churchman and academic, Provost of Oriel College, Oxford, from 1814 till 1828 and Bishop of Llandaff from 1827.
Life
Born into an ancient West Country family, Copleston was born ...
, who wanted to raise the notoriously low academic standards at the Hall, which was also a target for expansion by Oriel.
Whately returned to Oxford, though giving up only in 1831 the Suffolk living, where he had seen the social effects of unemployment.
A reformer, Whately was initially on friendly terms with
John Henry Newman
John Henry Newman (21 February 1801 – 11 August 1890) was an English theologian, academic, intellectual, philosopher, polymath, historian, writer, scholar and poet, first as an Anglican ministry, Anglican priest and later as a Catholi ...
. They fell out over
Robert Peel's candidacy for the
Oxford University
Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...
seat in Parliament.
In 1829 Whately was elected as
Drummond Professor of Political Economy
The Drummond Professorship of Political Economy at All Souls College, Oxford has been held by a number of distinguished individuals, including three Nobel laureates. The professorship is named after and was founded by Henry Drummond.
List of ...
at Oxford in succession to Nassau William Senior. His tenure of office was cut short by his appointment to the
archbishopric of Dublin in 1831. He published only one course of ''Introductory Lectures'' in two editions (1831 & 1832).
Archbishop of Dublin
Whately's appointment by
Lord Grey to the see of Dublin came as a political surprise. The aged
Henry Bathurst had turned the post down. The new Whig administration found Whately, well known at
Holland House
Holland House, originally known as Cope Castle, was an early Jacobean country house in Kensington, London
London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a popul ...
and effective in a parliamentary committee appearance speaking on
tithe
A tithe (; from Old English: ''teogoþa'' "tenth") is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a contribution to a religious organization or compulsory tax to government. Today, tithes are normally voluntary and paid in cash or cheques or more r ...
s, an acceptable option. Behind the scenes
Thomas Hyde Villiers
Thomas may refer to:
People
* List of people with given name Thomas
* Thomas (name)
* Thomas (surname)
* Saint Thomas (disambiguation)
* Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and Doctor of the Church
* Thomas the ...
had lobbied
Denis Le Marchant on his behalf, with the Brougham Whigs. The appointment was challenged in the
House of Lords
The House of Lords, also known as the House of Peers, is the Bicameralism, upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Membership is by Life peer, appointment, Hereditary peer, heredity or Lords Spiritual, official function. Like the ...
, but without success.
In Ireland, Whately's bluntness and his lack of a conciliatory manner caused opposition from his own clergy, and from the beginning he gave offence by supporting state endowment of the Catholic clergy. He enforced strict discipline in his diocese; and he published a statement of his views on Sabbath (''Thoughts on the Sabbath'', 1832). He lived in Redesdale House in
Kilmacud
Kilmacud () is a suburban area of Dublin in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Ireland, at least partly contiguous with Stillorgan.
Name
''Kilmacud'' is an anglicisation of the Irish name , "church of aintMochuda". The identity of the dedicatee Moc ...
, just outside Dublin, where he could garden. He was concerned to reform the
Church of Ireland
The Church of Ireland ( ga, Eaglais na hÉireann, ; sco, label= Ulster-Scots, Kirk o Airlann, ) is a Christian church in Ireland and an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion. It is organised on an all-Ireland basis and is the second ...
and the
Irish Poor Laws
The Irish Poor Laws were a series of Acts of Parliament intended to address social instability due to widespread and persistent poverty in Ireland. While some legislation had been introduced by the pre-Union Parliament of Ireland prior to the ...
.
He considered
tithe commutation essential for the Church.
Irish national education 1831 to 1853
In 1831, Whately attempted to establish a national and non-sectarian system of education in Ireland, on the basis of common instruction for Protestants and Catholics alike in literary and moral subjects, religious instruction being taken apart.
In 1841, Catholic archbishops
William Crolly
William Crolly (8 June 1780 – 8 April 1849) was the Bishop of Down and Connor from 1825 to 1835, and the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh from 1835 to 1849.
Early life and education
A native of Ballykilbeg near Downpatrick, Crolly w ...
and
John MacHale
, native_name_lang =
, title = Archbishop of Tuam
, image = John MacHale.jpg
, image_size =
, alt =
, caption =
, church = Roman Catholic Church
, archdiocese = Tuam
, elected =
, appointed =
, term_start =
, term_end =
, p ...
debated whether to continue the system, with the more moderate Crolly supporting Whately's gaining papal permission to go on, given some safeguards. In 1852, the scheme broke down due to the opposition of the new ultramontanist Catholic archbishop of Dublin,
Paul Cullen, who would later become the first Irish prelate named Cardinal. Whately withdrew from the Education Board the following year.
Later life
During the famine years of 1846 and 1847 the archbishop and his family tried to alleviate the miseries of the people.
On 27 March 1848, Whately became a member of the
Canterbury Association
The Canterbury Association was formed in 1848 in England by members of parliament, peers, and Anglican church leaders, to establish a colony in New Zealand. The settlement was to be called Canterbury, with its capital to be known as Christchurch ...
.
He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (abbreviation: AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, and ...
in 1855.
From 1856 onwards symptoms of decline began to manifest themselves in a
paralytic affection of Whately's left side. Still he continued his public duties.
Death
In the summer of 1863 Whately was prostrated by an
ulcer
An ulcer is a discontinuity or break in a bodily membrane that impedes normal function of the affected organ. According to Robbins's pathology, "ulcer is the breach of the continuity of skin, epithelium or mucous membrane caused by sloughing o ...
in the leg, and after several months of acute suffering he died on 8 October 1863.
Works
Whately was a prolific writer, a successful expositor and Protestant apologist in works that ran to many editions and translations. His ''Elements of Logic'' (1826) was drawn from an article "Logic" in the ''
Encyclopædia Metropolitana
''The Encyclopædia Metropolitana'' was an encyclopedic work published in London, from 1817 to 1845, by part publication. In all it came to quarto, 30 vols., having been issued in 59 parts (22,426 pages, 565 plates).
Origins
Initially the proje ...
''. The companion article on "Rhetoric" provided ''Elements of Rhetoric'' (1828).
In these two works Whately introduced
erotetic logic
Erotetics or erotetic logic is a part of logic, devoted to logical analysis of questions. It is sometimes called the logic of questions and answers.
Overview
The idea was originally developed by Richard Whately. For example, he noted the ambiguity ...
.
In 1825 Whately published a series of ''Essays on Some of the Peculiarities of the Christian Religion'', followed in 1828 by a second series ''On some of the Difficulties in the Writings of St Paul'', and in 1830 by a third ''On the Errors of Romanism traced to their Origin in Human Nature''. In 1837 he wrote his handbook of ''Christian Evidences'', which was translated during his lifetime into more than a dozen languages.
In the Irish context, the ''Christian Evidences'' was adapted to a form acceptable to Catholic beliefs, with the help of
James Carlile
James Carlile (1784–1854) was a Scottish clergyman from Paisley. He was a joint minister of a Scots church in Dublin and an Irish commissioner of education. He introduced a different style of education in Ireland whereby children of differen ...
.
Selective listing
Whately's works included:
*181
''Historic Doubts relative to Napoleon Buonaparte'' a ''jeu d'ésprit'' directed against excessive
scepticism
Skepticism, also spelled scepticism, is a questioning attitude or doubt toward knowledge claims that are seen as mere belief or dogma. For example, if a person is skeptical about claims made by their government about an ongoing war then the p ...
as applied to the
Gospel
Gospel originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was set out. In this sense a gospel can be defined as a loose-knit, episodic narrative of the words an ...
history
*182
''On the Use and Abuse of Party Spirit in Matters of Religion''(
Bampton Lectures
The Bampton Lectures at the University of Oxford, England, were founded by a bequest of John Bampton. They have taken place since 1780.
They were a series of annual lectures; since the turn of the 20th century they have typically been biennial ...
)
*1825 ''Essays on Some of the Peculiarities of the Christian Religion''
*182
''Elements of Logic''*182
''Elements of Rhetoric''*182
''On some of the Difficulties in the Writings of St Paul''*1830 ''On the Errors of Romanism traced to their Origin in Human Nature''
*183
''Introductory Lectures on Political Economy'' 1st ed. (London: B. Fellowes). Eight lectures.
*1832 ''Introductory Lectures on Political Economy'', 2nd ed. (London: B. Fellowes). Nine lectures and appendix.
*183
''A view of the Scripture revelations concerning a future state'' lectures advancing belief in
Christian mortalism
Christian mortalism is the Christian belief that the human soul is not naturally immortal and may include the belief that the soul is “sleeping” after death until the Resurrection of the Dead and the Last Judgment, a time known as the in ...
.
*183
''Thoughts on the Sabbath''*1836 ''Charges and Tracts''
*1839 ''Essays on Some of the Dangers to Christian Faith''
*1841 ''The Kingdom of Christ''
*1845 onwards "Easy Lessons": on Reasoning, On Morals, On Mind, and on the British Constitution
(Linked works are from
Internet Archive
The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, ...
)
Editor
*
William Wake
William Wake (26 January 165724 January 1737) was a priest in the Church of England and Archbishop of Canterbury from 1716 until his death in 1737.
Life
Wake was born in Blandford Forum, Dorset, and educated at Christ Church, Oxford. He took ...
(1866) ''Treatises of Predestination'',
*
Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban (; 22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626), also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Bacon led the advancement of both ...
(1858
Bacon's Essays with Annotations See
Essays (Francis Bacon)
]
''Essayes: Religious Meditations. Places of Perswasion and Disswasion. Seene and Allowed'' (1597) was the first published book by the philosopher, statesman and jurist Francis Bacon. The ''Essays'' are written in a wide range of styles, from t ...
*
William Paley
William Paley (July 174325 May 1805) was an English clergyman, Christian apologist, philosopher, and utilitarian. He is best known for his natural theology exposition of the teleological argument for the existence of God in his work ''Natu ...
: (1837)
''A_View_of_the_Evidences_of_Christianity,_in_three_parts''*_William_Paley:_''Moral_Philosophy''.
_Character
Humphrey_Lloyd_(physicist).html" ;"title="796
''A View of the Evidences of Christianity, in three parts''* William Paley: ''Moral Philosophy''.
Character
Humphrey_Lloyd_told_Caroline_Fox.html" ;"title="Humphrey Lloyd (physicist)">Humphrey Lloyd told Caroline Fox">Humphrey Lloyd (physicist)">Humphrey Lloyd told Caroline Fox that Whately's eccentric behaviour and body language was exacerbated in Dublin by a sycophantic circle of friends. He was a great talker, a wit, and loved punning. In Oxford his white hat, rough white coat, and huge white dog earned for him the sobriquet of the White Bear, and he exhibited the exploits of his climbing dog in
Christ Church Meadow.
Views
A member of the loose group called the
Oriel Noetics, Whately supported religious liberty, civil rights, and freedom of speech for dissenters, Roman Catholics, Jews, and even atheists. He took the line that the
civil disabilities
Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life o ...
imposed on non-Anglicans made the state only nominally Christian, and supported
disestablishment. He was a follower of Edward Copleston, regarded as the founder of the Noetics taken as
apologist
Apologetics (from Greek , "speaking in defense") is the religious discipline of defending religious doctrines through systematic argumentation and discourse. Early Christian writers (c. 120–220) who defended their beliefs against critics and ...
s for the orthodoxy of the
Church of England
The Church of England (C of E) is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain ...
.
A devout Christian, Whately took a practical view of Christianity. He disagreed with the
Evangelical
Evangelicalism (), also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide Interdenominationalism, interdenominational movement within Protestantism, Protestant Christianity that affirms the centrality of being "bor ...
party and generally favoured a more intellectual approach to religion. He also disagreed with the later Tractarian emphasis on ritual and church authority.
Instead, he emphasised careful reading and understanding of the Bible.
His cardinal principle was that of
Chillingworth —‘the
Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts of a ...
, and the Bible alone, is the religion of
protestants;’ and his
exegesis
Exegesis ( ; from the Greek , from , "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text. The term is traditionally applied to the interpretation of Biblical works. In modern usage, exegesis can involve critical interpretation ...
was directed to determine the general tenor of the scriptures to the exclusion of
dogmas
Dogma is a belief or set of beliefs that is accepted by the members of a group without being questioned or doubted. It may be in the form of an official system of principles or doctrines of a religion, such as Roman Catholicism, Judaism, Islam o ...
based on isolated texts. There is no reason to question his reception of the central doctrines of the
faith
Faith, derived from Latin ''fides'' and Old French ''feid'', is confidence or trust in a person, thing, or In the context of religion, one can define faith as "belief in God or in the doctrines or teachings of religion".
Religious people often ...
, though he shrank from theorising or even attempting to formulate them with precision. On
election
An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office.
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has opera ...
he held, broadly speaking, the
Arminian view, and his antipathy to
Calvinism
Calvinism (also called the Reformed Tradition, Reformed Protestantism, Reformed Christianity, or simply Reformed) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Cal ...
was intense. He dwelt more on the life than on the
death of Christ
The crucifixion and death of Jesus occurred in 1st-century Judea, most likely in AD 30 or AD 33. It is described in the four canonical gospels, referred to in the New Testament epistles, attested to by other ancient sources, and considere ...
, the necessity of which he denied.
Whately took a view of
political economy
Political economy is the study of how economic systems (e.g. markets and national economies) and political systems (e.g. law, institutions, government) are linked. Widely studied phenomena within the discipline are systems such as labour ...
as an essentially logical subject. It proved influential in Oxford. The Noetics were reformers but largely centrist in politics, rather than strong Whigs or Tories. One of Whately's initial acts on going to Dublin was to endow a
chair of political economy in
Trinity College Trinity College may refer to:
Australia
* Trinity Anglican College, an Anglican coeducational primary and secondary school in , New South Wales
* Trinity Catholic College, Auburn, a coeducational school in the inner-western suburbs of Sydney, New ...
. Its first holder was
Mountifort Longfield
Samuel Mountifort Longfield (1802 – 21 November 1884) was an Irish lawyer, judge, mathematician, and academic. He was the first Professor of Political Economy at Trinity College, Dublin.
Life
He was son of Mountifort Longfield, vicar of Desert ...
. Later, in 1846, he founded the
Dublin Statistical Society with William Neilson Hancock.
Whately's view of political economy, and that common to the early holders of the Trinity college professorship, addressed it as a type of
natural theology. He belonged to the group of supporters of
Thomas Malthus
Thomas Robert Malthus (; 13/14 February 1766 – 29 December 1834) was an English cleric, scholar and influential economist in the fields of political economy and demography.
In his 1798 book '' An Essay on the Principle of Population'', Mal ...
that included
Thomas Chalmers
Thomas Chalmers (17 March 178031 May 1847), was a Scottish minister, professor of theology, political economist, and a leader of both the Church of Scotland and of the Free Church of Scotland. He has been called "Scotland's greatest nine ...
, some others of the Noetics,
Richard Jones and
William Whewell
William Whewell ( ; 24 May 17946 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. He was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. In his time as a student there, he achieved ...
from Cambridge. He saw no inconsistency between science and Christian belief, differing in that way from some Christian critics of Malthus. He differed also from Jones and Whewell, expressing the view that the
inductive method
Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning in which a general principle is derived from a body of observations. It consists of making broad generalizations based on specific observations. Inductive reasoning is distinct from ''deductive'' re ...
was of less use for political economy than the
deductive method, properly applied.
In periodicals Whately discussed other public questions. He addressed, for example, the subject of
transportation
Transport (in British English), or transportation (in American English), is the intentional movement of humans, animals, and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, land (rail and road), water, cable, pipeline, ...
and the "secondary punishments" on those who had been transported; his pamphlet on this topic influenced the politicians
Lord John Russell
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, (18 August 1792 – 28 May 1878), known by his courtesy title Lord John Russell before 1861, was a British Whig and Liberal statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1846 to 1852 and a ...
and
Henry George Grey
Lieutenant-General Sir Henry George Grey GCB GCH (25 October 1766 – 11 January 1845) was a British Army officer who served as acting Governor of Cape Colony.
Military career
Born the son of General Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey, Henry joined ...
.
Legacy
Whately was an important figure in the revival of
Aristotelian logic in the early nineteenth century. The ''Elements of Logic'' gave an impetus to the study of logic in Britain,
and in the United States of America, logician
Charles Sanders Peirce
Charles Sanders Peirce ( ; September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism".
Educated as a chemist and employed as a scientist for t ...
(1839–1914) wrote that his lifelong fascination with logic began when he read Whately's ''Elements'' as a 12-year-old boy.
Whately's view of rhetoric as essentially a method for persuasion became an orthodoxy, challenged in mid-century by
Henry Noble Day. ''Elements of Rhetoric'' is still cited, for thought about
presumption
In the law of evidence, a presumption of a particular fact can be made without the aid of proof in some situations. The invocation of a presumption shifts the Legal burden of proof, burden of proof from one party to the opposing party in a court t ...
,
burden of proof, and
testimony
In law and in religion, testimony is a solemn attestation as to the truth of a matter.
Etymology
The words "testimony" and "testify" both derive from the Latin word ''testis'', referring to the notion of a disinterested third-party witness.
...
.
In 1864 Jane Whately, his daughter, published ''Miscellaneous Remains'' from his commonplace book and in 1866 his ''Life and Correspondence'' in two volumes. ''The Anecdotal Memoirs of Archbishop Whately'', by
William John Fitzpatrick
William John Fitzpatrick (31 August 1830 – 24 December 1895) was an Irish historian.
Life
He was born at Thomas Street, Dublin.
His father, John FitzPatrick, was a successful merchant or trader who left his son a competence.
FitzPatrick was e ...
, was published in 1864.
Family
Whately married
Elizabeth Pope (third daughter of William Pope, born 7 October and baptised 22 December 1795 at
Hillingdon, Middlesex) at
Cheltenham on 3 July 1821. She later authored some Christian literature herself, dying 25 April 1860. Her younger sister Charlotte married
Baden Powell in 1837.
They had four daughters and a son, including:
*(Elizabeth)
Jane Whately (1822–1893), a religious author;
*
Edward William Whately, a cleric;
*
Mary Louisa Whately (1824–1889), a medical missionary in Egypt;
*Henrietta, who married in 1848 Charles Brent Wale, a barrister, son of
Sir Charles Wale
Sir Charles Wale Order of the Bath, KCB (16 August 1765 – 20 March 1845) was an England, English General and the last United Kingdom, British governor of Martinique between about 1812 and 1815. On 25 February 1831 he was appointed Colonel of the ...
;
*The youngest daughter Blanche, friend of
Mary Rosse
Mary Parsons, Countess of Rosse (; 14 April 1813 – 1885), was an Anglo-Irish amateur astronomer, architect, furniture designer, and pioneering photographer. Often known simply as Mary Rosse, she was one of the early practitioners of making pho ...
, married George Wale R.N., brother of Charles Brent Wale, in 1859, and died in March 1860.
A programme in the BBC television series ''
Who Do You Think You Are?'', broadcast on 2 March 2009, uncovered that Richard Whately was an ancestor of British actor
Kevin Whately
Kevin Whately (born 6 February 1951) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Neville "Nev" Hope in the British comedy drama '' Auf Wiedersehen, Pet'', Robert "Robbie" Lewis in the crime dramas '' Inspector Morse'' 1987–2000 an ...
.
Notes and references
Citations
Sources
*
;Attribution
*
Further reading
A modern biography is ''Richard Whately: A Man for All Seasons'' by Craig Parton . See also Donald Harman Akenson ''A Protestant in Purgatory: Richard Whately, Archbishop of Dublin'' (South Bend, Indiana 1981)
*Einhorn, Lois J. "Consistency in Richard Whately: The Scope of His Rhetoric." ''Philosophy & Rhetoric'' 14 (Spring 1981): 89–99.
*Einhorn, Lois J. "Richard Whately's Public Persuasion: The Relationship between His Rhetorical Theory and His Rhetorical Practice." ''Rhetorica'' 4 (Winter 1986): 47–65.
*Einhorn, Lois J. "Did Napoleon Live? Presumption and Burden of Proof in Richard Whately's Historic Doubts Relative to Napoleon Boneparte." ''Rhetoric Society Quarterly'' 16 (1986): 285–97.
*Giustino, David de. "Finding an archbishop: the Whigs and Richard Whately in 1831." ''Church History'' 64 (1995): 218–36.
*McKerrow, Ray E. "Richard Whately: Religious Controversialist of the Nineteenth Century." ''Prose Studies: 1800–1900'' 2 (1979): 160–87.
*McKerrow, Ray E. "Archbishop Whately: Human Nature and Christian Assistance." ''Church History'' 50.2 (1981): 166–189.
*McKerrow, Ray E. "Richard Whately on the Nature of Human Knowledge in Relation to the Ideas of his Contemporaries." ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 42.3 (1981): 439–455.
*McKerrow, Ray E. "Richard Whately's Theory of Rhetoric." In ''Explorations in Rhetoric''. ed. R. McKerrow. Glenview IL: Scott, Firesman, & Co., 1982.
*McKerrow, Ray E. "Richard Whately and the Revival of Logic in Nineteenth-Century England." ''Rhetorica'' 5 (Spring 1987): 163–85.
*McKerrow, Ray E. "Whately's Philosophy of Language." ''The Southern Speech Communication Journal'' 53 (1988): 211–226.
*Poster, Carol. "Richard Whately and the Didactic Sermon." ''The History of the Sermon: The Nineteenth Century''. Ed. Robert Ellison. Leiden: Brill, 2010: 59–113.
*Poster, Carol. "An Organon for Theology: Whately's Rhetoric and Logic in Religious Context". ''Rhetorica'' 24:1 (2006): 37–77.
*Sweet, William. "Paley, Whately, and 'enlightenment evidentialism'". ''International Journal for Philosophy of Religion'' 45 (1999):143-166.
External links
*
*
Works by Richard Whatelyat
Google Books
Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google Inc. that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical c ...
Introductory Lectures on Political Economy
{{DEFAULTSORT:Whately, Richard
1787 births
1863 deaths
English logicians
19th-century British economists
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford
Principals of St Alban Hall, Oxford
English rhetoricians
Anglican archbishops of Dublin
Burials at St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Canterbury Association
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
English philosophers
Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland
Drummond Professors of Political Economy
19th-century English Anglican priests
Anglican philosophers