''Rhaphidophora'' is a genus in the family Araceae, occurring from tropical Africa eastwards through

Malesia Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms, and also a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical Kingdom. It has been given different definitions. The ...

and

Australasia Australasia is a region that comprises Australia, New Zealand and some neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. The term is used in a number of different contexts, including geopolitically, physiogeographically, philologically, and ecologica ...

to the Western Pacific. The genus consists of approximately 100 species.

Description

This is a genus of evergreen, robust, climbing plants. The flowers are bisexual, lacking a perigone. The

spathe In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of ...

is shed after flowering. The

ovule In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: the ''integument'', forming its outer layer, the ''nucellus'' (or remnant of the megasporangium), and the fe ...

s number eight or more and are superposed on two (rarely 3) parietal placentas of the

ovary The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the body. ...

. The flowers produce many, ellipsoid, straight

seed A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiospe ...

s with a brittle and smooth outer coat (testa). These are hemiepiphytes, plants capable of beginning life as a seed and sending roots to the soil, or beginning as a terrestrial plant that climbs a tree and then sends roots back to the soil. In rare cases they are terrestrial rheophytes (plants that grow in fast-flowing water). Their bast fibers have typically abundant, long and slender trichosclereids, merging with the fibers of the

sclerenchyma The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues that are neither Epidermis (botany), dermal nor Vascular tissue, vascular. It can be divided into three types based on the nature of the cell walls. # Parenchyma cells have thin primary walls and ...

. If the blade of the leaf is torn, many hairs become apparent. The leaf stalks bend abruptly at their top. The leaf margin is entire. The leaves are

pinnatifid Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common Anatomical terms of location#Axes, axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology (biology), morphology, in Crysta ...

to pinnatisect (cut with deep opposite lobing). The leaf venation is parallel (with veins running parallel for the length of the leaf), pinnate (one mid-vein with smaller veins branching off laterally) to reticulate (feather-veined).

Chemistry

Six compounds extracted from the dried leaves and stems of ''

Rhaphidophora decursiva ''Rhaphidophora decursiva'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Araceae. It is native to China, the Indian Subcontinent, and Indochina Mainland Southeast Asia, also known as the Indochinese Peninsula or Indochina, is the continent ...

'' have been shown to possess activity against one

malaria Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. S ...

l parasite, ''

Plasmodium falciparum ''Plasmodium falciparum'' is a Unicellular organism, unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of ''Plasmodium'' that causes malaria in humans. The parasite is transmitted through the bite of a female ''Anopheles'' mosqu ...

''. Polysyphorin and rhaphidecurperoxin showed the strongest antimalarial activity, while rhaphidecursinol A, rhaphidecursinol B, grandisin, and epigrandisin were less active. Rhaphidecursinol A and rhaphidecursinol B were determined to be

neolignans The lignans are a large group of low molecular weight polyphenols found in plants, particularly seeds, whole grains, and vegetables. The name derives from the Latin word for "wood". Lignans are precursors to phytoestrogens. They may play a role ...

, a major class of

phytoestrogens A phytoestrogen is a plant-derived xenoestrogen (see estrogen) not generated within the endocrine system, but consumed by eating plants or manufactured foods. Also called a "dietary estrogen", it is a diverse group of naturally occurring nonstero ...

, while rhaphidecurperoxin is a new

benzoperoxide Benzoyl peroxide is a chemical compound (specifically, an organic peroxide) with structural formula , often abbreviated as (BzO)2. In terms of its structure, the molecule can be described as two benzoyl (, Bz) groups connected by a peroxide () ...

Heterotypic synonyms

* ''Raphidophora'' Hassk., Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 9: 168 (1842), orth. var. * ''Afrorhaphidophora'' Engl. in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., Nachtr. 3: 31 (1906).

Taxonomy

Research on the

chloroplast A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it in ...

DNA sequence data (trnL-F) has shown that ''Rhaphidophora'' and ''Epipremnum'' are

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

, forming three informal groups with other genera of the paraphyletic tribe ''Monstereae''. This may result in taxonomic changes in this genus. The genera ''Rhaphidophora'', ''Epipremnum'', and ''Monstera'' are poorly differentiated. One cultivar, ''Rhaphidophora excelsa'' `Exotica' has been recognized.Aroid cultivar registry

Species

# ''

Rhaphidophora acuminata ''Rhaphidophora'' is a genus in the family Araceae, occurring from tropical Africa eastwards through Malesia and Australasia to the Western Pacific. The genus consists of approximately 100 species. Description This is a genus of evergreen, robu ...

'' Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 265 (1915). # ''

Rhaphidophora africana ''Rhaphidophora'' is a genus in the family Araceae, occurring from tropical Africa eastwards through Malesia and Australasia to the Western Pacific. The genus consists of approximately 100 species. Description This is a genus of evergreen, robu ...

'' N.E.Br., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1897: 286 (1897). # ''

Rhaphidophora angustata ''Rhaphidophora'' is a genus in the family Araceae, occurring from tropical Africa eastwards through Malesia and Australasia to the Western Pacific. The genus consists of approximately 100 species. Description This is a genus of evergreen, robu ...

'' Schott, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 128 (1863). # '' Rhaphidophora araea'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 52: 116 (2000). # '' Rhaphidophora australasica'' F.M.Bailey, Queensland Agric. J. 1: 453 (1897). # ''

Rhaphidophora balgooyi ''Rhaphidophora'' is a genus in the family Araceae, occurring from tropical Africa eastwards through Malesia and Australasia to the Western Pacific. The genus consists of approximately 100 species. Description This is a genus of evergreen, rob ...

'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 52: 118 (2000). # '' Rhaphidophora banosensis'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 52: 222 (2000 publ. 2001). # '' Rhaphidophora beccarii'' (Engl.) Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 181 (1881). # '' Rhaphidophora bogneri'' P.C.Boyce & Haigh # '' Rhaphidophora bonii'' Engl. & K.Krause in H.G.A.Engler, Pflanzenr., IV, 23B: 34 (1908). # '' Rhaphidophora brevispathacea'' Engl. & K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: 79 (1916). # ''

Rhaphidophora calophylla ''Rhaphidophora'' is a genus in the family Araceae, occurring from tropical Africa eastwards through Malesia and Australasia to the Western Pacific. The genus consists of approximately 100 species. Description This is a genus of evergreen, rob ...

'' Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid.: 380 (1860). # ''

'' Schott # '' Rhaphidophora chevalieri'' Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 9: 136 (1941). # '' Rhaphidophora conica'' Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 181 (1881). # '' Rhaphidophora conocephala'' Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 1: 384 (1920). # '' Rhaphidophora corneri'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51: 205 (1999). # '' Rhaphidophora crassicaulis'' Engl. & K.Krause in H.G.A.Engler, Pflanzenr., IV, 23B: 52 (1908). # '' Rhaphidophora crassifolia'' Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 543 (1893). # ''

Rhaphidophora cravenschoddeana ''Rhaphidophora'' is a genus in the family Araceae, occurring from tropical Africa eastwards through Malesia and Australasia to the Western Pacific. The genus consists of approximately 100 species. Description This is a genus of evergreen, robu ...

'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 53: 96 (2001). # '' Rhaphidophora cretosa'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 52: 228 (2000). # '' Rhaphidophora cryptantha'' P.C.Boyce & C.M.Allen, Gard. Bull. Singapore 53: 99 (2001). # '' Rhaphidophora cylindrosperma'' Engl. & K.Krause in H.G.A.Engler, Pflanzenr., IV, 23B: 28 (1908). # '' Rhaphidophora dahlii'' Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 8 (1898). # ''

'' (Roxb.) Schott, Bonplandia (Hannover) 5: 45 (1857). # '' Rhaphidophora discolor'' Engl. & K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: 80 (1916). # '' Rhaphidophora dulongensis'' H.Li, Acta Bot. Yunnan., Suppl. 5: 7 (1992). # '' Rhaphidophora elliptica'' Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44: 186 (1905). # '' Rhaphidophora elliptifolia'' Merr., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc., Spec. No.: 88 (1921). # '' Rhaphidophora elmeri'' Engl. & K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44(101): 11 (1910). # '' Rhaphidophora falcata'' Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44: 198 (1905). # '' Rhaphidophora floresensis'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 52: 126 (2000). # '' Rhaphidophora foraminifera'' (Engl.) Engl., Pflanzenr., IV, 23B: 45 (1908). # '' Rhaphidophora formosana'' Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 10 (1898). # '' Rhaphidophora fortis'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 53: 104 (2001). # '' Rhaphidophora geniculata'' Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 7 (1898). # '' Rhaphidophora glauca'' (Wall.) Schott, Bonplandia (Hannover) 5: 45 (1857). # '' Rhaphidophora gorokensis'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 53: 111 (2001). # '' Rhaphidophora guamensis'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 53: 112 (2001). # ''

Rhaphidophora hayi ''Rhaphidophora hayi'' is a plant of the family Araceae The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes pa ...

'' P.C.Boyce & Bogner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 52: 91 (2000). # '' Rhaphidophora honkongensis'' Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid.: 378 (1860). # '' Rhaphidophora hookeri'' Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid.: 381 (1860). # '' Rhaphidophora intonsa'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 53: 119 (2001). # '' Rhaphidophora intrusa'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 53: 120 (2001). # '' Rhaphidophora jubata'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 53: 124 (2001). # '' Rhaphidophora kokodensis'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 53: 127 (2001). # '' Rhaphidophora koordersii'' Engl. # '' Rhaphidophora korthalsii'' Schott, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 129 (1863). # ''

Rhaphidophora lacduongensis ''Rhaphidophora'' is a genus in the family Araceae, occurring from tropical Africa eastwards through Malesia and Australasia to the Western Pacific. The genus consists of approximately 100 species. Description This is a genus of evergreen, rob ...

'' V.D.Nguyen & B.H.Quang (2015) # '' Rhaphidophora laichauensis'' Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 9: 137 (1941). # '' Rhaphidophora lancifolia'' Schott # '' Rhaphidophora latevaginata'' M.Hotta, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 22: 4 (1966). # '' Rhaphidophora liukiuensis'' Hatus. # '' Rhaphidophora lobbii'' Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid.: 379 (1860). # '' Rhaphidophora luchunensis'' H.Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 15(2): 103 (1977). # ''

Rhaphidophora maingayi ''Rhaphidophora'' is a genus in the family Araceae, occurring from tropical Africa eastwards through Malesia and Australasia to the Western Pacific. The genus consists of approximately 100 species. Description This is a genus of evergreen, rob ...

'' Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 543 (1893). # '' Rhaphidophora megaphylla'' H.Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 15(2): 102 (1977). # '' Rhaphidophora megasperma'' Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 8 (1898). # ''

Rhaphidophora megastigma ''Rhaphidophora'' is a genus in the family Araceae, occurring from tropical Africa eastwards through Malesia and Australasia to the Western Pacific. The genus consists of approximately 100 species. Description This is a genus of evergreen, rob ...

'' Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 180 (1881). # '' Rhaphidophora microspadix'' K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49: 92 (1912). # '' Rhaphidophora mima'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 53: 138 (2001). # ''

Rhaphidophora minor ''Rhaphidophora'' is a genus in the family Araceae, occurring from tropical Africa eastwards through Malesia and Australasia to the Western Pacific. The genus consists of approximately 100 species. Description This is a genus of evergreen, rob ...

'' Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 544 (1893). # '' Rhaphidophora moluccensis'' Engl. & K.Krause in H.G.A.Engler, Pflanzenr., IV, 23B: 36 (1908). # '' Rhaphidophora montana'' (Blume) Schott, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 128 (1863). # '' Rhaphidophora monticola'' K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44(101): 12 (1910). # ''

Rhaphidophora neglecta ''Rhaphidophora'' is a genus in the family Araceae, occurring from tropical Africa eastwards through Malesia and Australasia to the Western Pacific. The genus consists of approximately 100 species. Description This is a genus of evergreen, robu ...

'' A.Hay & P.C.Boyce, Aroideana 42(2,3): 9 (2019). # '' Rhaphidophora neoguineensis'' Engl. in K.M.Schumann & U.M.Hollrung, Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land: 19 (1889). # ''

Rhaphidophora nicolsonii ''Rhaphidophora'' is a genus in the family Araceae, occurring from tropical Africa eastwards through Malesia and Australasia to the Western Pacific. The genus consists of approximately 100 species. Description This is a genus of evergreen, rob ...

'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51: 236 (1999). # ''

'' P.C.Boyce # '' Rhaphidophora okapensis'' P.C.Boyce & Bogner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 52: 94 (2000). # '' Rhaphidophora oligosperma'' Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 4: 340 (1922). # '' Rhaphidophora ovoidea'' A.Chev., J. Bot. (Morot) 22: 135 (1909). # '' Rhaphidophora pachyphylla'' K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49: 92 (1912). # '' Rhaphidophora parvifolia'' Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 4: 338 (1922). # '' Rhaphidophora peepla'' (Roxb.) Schott, Bonplandia (Hannover) 5: 45 (1857). # '' Rhaphidophora peeploides'' Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 7 (1898). # '' Rhaphidophora perkinsiae'' Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 115 (1905). # '' Rhaphidophora pertusa'' (Roxb.) Schott, Bonplandia (Hannover) 5: 45 (1857). # ''

Rhaphidophora petrieana ''Rhaphidophora petrieana'' is a plant in the arum family Araceae that is only found in the Wet Tropics bioregion of northeastern Queensland, Australia. Description ''Rhaphidophora petrieana'' is a semi-epiphytic, robust, herbaceous, root cl ...

'' A.Hay, Telopea 5: 295 (1993). # '' Rhaphidophora philippinensis'' Engl. & K.Krause in H.G.A.Engler, Pflanzenr., IV, 23B: 137 (1908). # '' Rhaphidophora pilosa'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 53: 151 (2001). # '' Rhaphidophora puberula'' Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 180 (1881). # '' Rhaphidophora pusilla'' N.E.Br. # '' Rhaphidophora sabit'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 52: 161 (2000). # '' Rhaphidophora sarasinorum'' Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 114 (1905). # '' Rhaphidophora schlechteri'' K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49: 94 (1912). # '' Rhaphidophora schottii'' Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 544 (1893). # '' Rhaphidophora sonlaensis'' V.D.Nguyen & P.C.Boyce. # '' Rhaphidophora spathacea'' Schott, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 129 (1863). # '' Rhaphidophora spuria'' (Schott) Nicolson, Allertonia 1: 348 (1978). # '' Rhaphidophora stenophylla'' K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49: 94 (1912). # '' Rhaphidophora stolleana'' Engl. & K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: 79 (1916). # '' Rhaphidophora sulcata'' Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 9: 137 (1941). # '' Rhaphidophora sylvestris'' (Blume) Engl. in A.L.P.de Candolle & A.C.P.de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 2: 239 (1879). # '' Rhaphidophora talamauana'' Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 1: 384 (1920). # '' Rhaphidophora tenuis'' Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 181 (1881). # '' Rhaphidophora ternatensis'' Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 4: 194 (1922). # ''

Rhaphidophora tetrasperma ''Rhaphidophora tetrasperma'', the mini monstera, is a species of flowering plant in the family Araceae, genus '' Rhaphidophora''. It is native to Southern Thailand and to Malaysia.Rhaphidophora teysmanniana'' Engl. & K.Krause in H.G.A.Engler, Pflanzenr., IV, 23B: 35 (1908). # '' Rhaphidophora todayensis'' K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 658 (1911). # '' Rhaphidophora tonkinensis'' Engl. & K.Krause in H.G.A.Engler, Pflanzenr., IV, 23B: 34 (1908). # '' Rhaphidophora typha'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 57: 211 (2005). # '' Rhaphidophora ustulata'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 52: 176 (2000). # '' Rhaphidophora versteegii'' Engl. & K.Krause, Nova Guinea 8: 248 (1910). # '' Rhaphidophora waria'' P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 53: 174 (2001). '' Epipremnum aureum'' was once categorized in this genus. # '' Rhaphidophora meranginensis'' trio, merangin. jambi : (2022). # '' Rhaphidophora lobbiisilver'' trio, merangin. jambi : (2022).

Footnotes

References

* * * * * *

External links

*http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do was used for this information *more information can be found on: https://web.archive.org/web/20080425004749/http://scratchpad.cate-araceae.org/ and http://www.cate-araceae.org/ * Check the Complet
Rhaphidophora Tetrasperma Care Guide
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2666273 Araceae genera Taxonomy articles created by Polbot