Reynaldo Dos Santos
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Reynaldo dos Santos (3 December 1880 – 6 May 1970) was a Portuguese
physician A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through th ...
, writer, and
art historian Art history is the study of aesthetic objects and visual expression in historical and stylistic context. Traditionally, the discipline of art history emphasized painting, drawing, sculpture, architecture, ceramics and decorative arts; yet today ...
. As a physician, he was a pioneer in the fields of
vascular surgery Vascular surgery is a surgical subspecialty in which diseases of the vascular system, or arteries, veins and lymphatic circulation, are managed by medical therapy, minimally-invasive catheter procedures and surgical reconstruction. The specialty ...
and
urology Urology (from Greek οὖρον ''ouron'' "urine" and '' -logia'' "study of"), also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the urinary-tract system and the reproductive org ...
; as an art historian, he published numerous works on 15th-century Portuguese art, including on the
Manueline style The Manueline ( pt, estilo manuelino, ), occasionally known as Portuguese late Gothic, is the sumptuous, composite Portuguese architectural style originating in the 16th century, during the Portuguese Renaissance and Age of Discoveries. Manuel ...
and on the paintings of
Nuno Gonçalves Nuno Gonçalves (c. 1425 – c. 1491, ''fl.'' 1450–71) was a Portuguese artist whose work initiated the Portuguese Renaissance in painting. He was court painter for Afonso V of Portugal from 1450 to 1471, and in 1471 he was appointed the offici ...
.


Biography

Reynaldo dos Santos was born in 1880 to Clemente José dos Santos (himself a physician) and Maria Amélia Pinheiro Santos, in the family home in Rua das Varinas,
Vila Franca de Xira Vila Franca de Xira () is a city and municipality in the Lisbon District in Portugal. The population in 2021 was 137,659, in an area of 318.19 km2. Situated on both banks of the Tagus River, 32 km north-east of the Portuguese capital L ...
, a town in the outskirts of
Lisbon Lisbon (; pt, Lisboa ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 544,851 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2. Grande Lisboa, Lisbon's urban area extends beyond the city's administr ...
. He concluded his
primary Primary or primaries may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Music Groups and labels * Primary (band), from Australia * Primary (musician), hip hop musician and record producer from South Korea * Primary Music, Israeli record label Works * ...
and
secondary Secondary may refer to: Science and nature * Secondary emission, of particles ** Secondary electrons, electrons generated as ionization products * The secondary winding, or the electrical or electronic circuit connected to the secondary winding i ...
studies in this town, before enrolling at the Medico-Surgical School in
Lisbon Lisbon (; pt, Lisboa ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 544,851 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2. Grande Lisboa, Lisbon's urban area extends beyond the city's administr ...
, from which he graduated in 1903. Between 1902 and 1905, he was abroad in
Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
and the main surgical centres of the
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
, in
Boston Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
,
Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name ...
,
Rochester Rochester may refer to: Places Australia * Rochester, Victoria Canada * Rochester, Alberta United Kingdom *Rochester, Kent ** City of Rochester-upon-Medway (1982–1998), district council area ** History of Rochester, Kent ** HM Prison ...
,
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,
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, and
New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States New York may also refer to: Film and television * '' ...
. He earned his
doctorate A doctorate (from Latin ''docere'', "to teach"), doctor's degree (from Latin ''doctor'', "teacher"), or doctoral degree is an academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism ''l ...
in Medicine in 1906, with his thesis titled "''Aspectos Cirúrgicos das Pancreatites Crónicas''" ("Surgical Aspects of Chronic Pancreatitis"), after which he started teaching. He married Susana Cid on 18 August of that year. From 1910 to 1916, he taught Clinical Surgery, Surgical Propedeutics, and Operatory Medicine. In 1910, he oversaw a free course of Urology in Desterro Hospital, where he presented ''urorhythmography'', using a device of his own making to "graphically register the value and rhythm of renal excretion as well as the function of the ureters". During the
First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, he was sent by the Portuguese Government to aid the Allied army, becoming a member of the Inter-Allied Surgical Conference and acting as a surgeon in the British hospitals in the north of France and, later, as a surgical consultant for the
Portuguese Expeditionary Corps The Portuguese Expeditionary Corps (CEP, Portuguese: ''Corpo Expedicionário Português'') was the main military force from Portugal that fought in the Western Front, during World War I. Portuguese neutrality ended in 1916 after the Portuguese ...
. Once back in Portugal, he was suspended from his teaching position after expressing his profound disagreement with the way medical teaching and hospital care was organised. He created a research and teaching centre in Arroios Hospital, and became this hospital's Head of General Surgery in 1925. For more than two decades, and building up on the work of
António Egas Moniz António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (29 November 1874 – 13 December 1955), known as Egas Moniz (), was a Portuguese neurologist and the developer of cerebral angiography. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern psychosurgery, ...
(who first developed the technique for
cerebral angiography Cerebral angiography is a form of angiography which provides images of blood vessels in and around the brain, thereby allowing detection of abnormalities such as arteriovenous malformations and aneurysms. It was pioneered in 1927 by the Portugues ...
in 1927), he developed several studies on angiography of abdominal organs: he performed the first aortography in Lisbon in 1929. In 1930, he became a full professor of
Urology Urology (from Greek οὖρον ''ouron'' "urine" and '' -logia'' "study of"), also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the urinary-tract system and the reproductive org ...
and, in 1941, of Surgical Pathology and Therapeutics; the following year, he became Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of the
University of Lisbon The University of Lisbon (ULisboa; pt, Universidade de Lisboa, ) is a public research university in Lisbon, and the largest university in Portugal. It was founded in 2013, from the merger of two previous public universities located in Lisbon, th ...
. He was also a full professor of Surgical Clinic from 1948 to 1950, the year he retired from teaching. He was elected President of the Lisbon Society of Medical Sciences from 1930 to 1932. Reynaldo dos Santos was the President of the
Lisbon Academy of Sciences The Lisbon Academy of Sciences ( pt, Academia das Ciências de Lisboa) is Portugal's national academy dedicated to the advancement of sciences and learning, with the goal of promoting academic progress and prosperity in Portugal. It is one of Po ...
from 1961 to 1963.


Art history

Reynaldo dos Santos was equally as accomplished and recognised for his avocation in the Fine Arts; the interest in the history of art was born while he was still a student holidaying in
Figueira da Foz Figueira da Foz (), also known as Figueira for short, is a city and a municipality in the Coimbra District, in Portugal. Practically at the midpoint of the Iberian Peninsula's Atlantic coast, it is located at the mouth of the Mondego River, west ...
: he became interested in the archeological campaigns promoted by António Santos Rocha, and Rocha recommended he read the works of
Hippolyte Taine Hippolyte Adolphe Taine (, 21 April 1828 – 5 March 1893) was a French historian, critic and philosopher. He was the chief theoretical influence on French naturalism, a major proponent of sociological positivism and one of the first practition ...
. In 1915, Reynaldo dos Santos, along with José de Figueiredo, discovered a set of tapestries depicting the Portuguese conquest of the Moroccan cities of Asilah and Tangiers in 1471 in the small town of Pastrana, in
Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...
. This important found was the subject of a monograph, published 1925. In 1922, he studied the work of
Álvaro Pires de Évora Álvaro Pires de Évora, or Alvaro di Piero (before 1411 – after 1434), was a Portuguese painter. Biography He is assumed to have been born in Évora, Portugal and is known for religious works made between 1411 - 1450.
, a medieval Portuguese artist active in
Tuscany Tuscany ( ; it, Toscana ) is a Regions of Italy, region in central Italy with an area of about and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence (''Firenze''). Tuscany is known for its landscapes, history, art ...
,
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
. He also wrote at length on the work of 15th-century Portuguese court painter
Nuno Gonçalves Nuno Gonçalves (c. 1425 – c. 1491, ''fl.'' 1450–71) was a Portuguese artist whose work initiated the Portuguese Renaissance in painting. He was court painter for Afonso V of Portugal from 1450 to 1471, and in 1471 he was appointed the offici ...
, specifically his
Saint Vincent Panels The ''Saint Vincent Panels'', or the ''Adoration of Saint Vincent'' panels, are a polyptych consisting of six panels that were perhaps painted in the 1450s. They are attributed to the Portuguese painter Nuno Gonçalves, who was active from 1450 to ...
. In the field of architecture, he authored several works about the country's cathedrals, churches, and hermitages. His main interests include the
Manueline style The Manueline ( pt, estilo manuelino, ), occasionally known as Portuguese late Gothic, is the sumptuous, composite Portuguese architectural style originating in the 16th century, during the Portuguese Renaissance and Age of Discoveries. Manuel ...
— in 1922, he identified
Francisco de Arruda Francisco is the Spanish and Portuguese form of the masculine given name ''Franciscus''. Nicknames In Spanish, people with the name Francisco are sometimes nicknamed "Paco". San Francisco de Asís was known as ''Pater Comunitatis'' (father of ...
as the architect of the iconic
Belém Tower Belém Tower ( pt, Torre de Belém, links=no, ), officially the Tower of Vincent of Saragossa, Saint Vincent ( pt, Torre de São Vicente, links=no) is a 16th-century fortification located in Lisbon that served as a point of embarkation and dis ...
. He was well-respected in his historic research, and was a member of several national and international academies; notably, he was one of the founders of the Portuguese Academy of History in the 1930s, and President of the National Academy of Fine Arts from 1964 to 1967.


Works

*''
Álvaro Pires de Évora Álvaro Pires de Évora, or Alvaro di Piero (before 1411 – after 1434), was a Portuguese painter. Biography He is assumed to have been born in Évora, Portugal and is known for religious works made between 1411 - 1450.
, Pintor Quatrocentista em Itália'' (Lisboa, 1922) *'' A Torre de Belém, 1514–1520'' (Coimbra, 1922) *''As Tapeçarias de Arzila e Tânger'' (Lisboa, 1925) *''
Sequeira Sequeira is a Portugal, Portuguese ''freguesia'' ("civil parish"), located in the municipality of Braga. The population in 2011 was 1,811, in an area of 4.35 km². References

Freguesias of Braga {{braga-geo-stub ...
e
Goya Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; ; 30 March 174616 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker. He is considered the most important Spanish artist of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. His paintings, drawings, and ...
'' (Madrid, 1929) *''A Arquitectura em Portugal'' (Lisboa, 1929) *'' O Mosteiro de Belém (Jerónimos)'' (Porto, 1930) *''Les Manuscripts enluminés en Portugal'' (Paris, 1932) *''O Políptico da Madre de Deus de Quintino de Metsys'' (Lisboa, 1938) *''L'Art Portugais: architecture, sculpture, peinture'' (Paris, 1938; Lisboa/Porto, 1949) *''Os Primitivos Portugueses'' (1940; 3.ª ed. corrigida e aumentada 1958) *''O Espírito e a Essência da Arte em Portugal / A Pintura Portuguesa no Século XVII / Sequeira e Goya'' (Lisboa, 1943) *''A Evolução e o Sentido Cultural da Arte Portuguesa'' (Lisboa, 1946) *''A Escultura em Portugal'' (1948–1950) *''O Estilo Manuelino'' (Lisboa, 1952) *''História de Arte em Portugal, vol. III — O Barroco (Séculos XVII e XVIII)'' (Porto, 1953) *''O Romântico em Portugal'' (Lisboa, 1955) *''
Nuno Gonçalves Nuno Gonçalves (c. 1425 – c. 1491, ''fl.'' 1450–71) was a Portuguese artist whose work initiated the Portuguese Renaissance in painting. He was court painter for Afonso V of Portugal from 1450 to 1471, and in 1471 he was appointed the offici ...
, pintor português do século quinze e o seu retábulo para o mosteiro de S. Vicente-de-Fora'' (Londres, 1955) *''O Azulejo em Portugal'' (Lisboa, 1957) *''Ourivesaria Portuguesa nas Colecções Particulares'', with Irene Quilhó dos Santos (Lisboa, 1959–1960) *''História del arte portugués'' (Barcelona, 1960) *'' Faiança Portuguesa, Séc. XVI e XVII'' (1960) *''Lo románico en Portugal'' (Madrid, 1961) *''As Artes Plásticas no Brasil: Antecedentes Portugueses e Exóticos'' (Rio de Janeiro, 1968) *''Oito Séculos de Arte Portuguesa: História e Espírito'', com Irene Quilhó dos Santos (Lisboa, 196?–1970)


Distinctions


National orders

* Grand Cross of the
Order of Saint James of the Sword The Military Order of Saint James of the Sword ( pt, Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada) is a Portuguese order of chivalry. Its full name is the Ancient, Most Noble and Enlightened Military Order of Saint James of the Sword, of the Scientifi ...
(7 March 1940) ** Commander of the
Order of Saint James of the Sword The Military Order of Saint James of the Sword ( pt, Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada) is a Portuguese order of chivalry. Its full name is the Ancient, Most Noble and Enlightened Military Order of Saint James of the Sword, of the Scientifi ...
(28 June 1919) * Distinguished Service Medal, Gold (1919)


Foreign orders

*
Distinguished Service Order The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) is a military decoration of the United Kingdom, as well as formerly of other parts of the Commonwealth, awarded for meritorious or distinguished service by officers of the armed forces during wartime, typ ...
(United Kingdom, 1919) * Commander of the
Legion of Honour The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon, ...
(France, 1955) ** Officer of the
Legion of Honour The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon, ...
(France, 1946) ** Knight of the
Legion of Honour The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon, ...
(France, 1922) * Commander of the
Civil Order of Alfonso XII The Civil Order of Alfonso XII ( es, Orden Civil de Alfonso XII, links=no) is a Spanish honorific decoration named for King Alfonso XII (1857–1885). It was established by Royal Decree on 23 May 1902 to reward achievements in education, science, ...
(Spain, 1931) * Grand Officer of the
Order of the Southern Cross Emperor Pedro I of Brazil founded the National Order of the Southern Cross ( pt, Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul) as a Brazilian order of chivalry on 1 December 1822. The order aimed to commemorate the independence of Brazil (7 September 1822) ...
(Brazil, 1941) * Knight Commander of the
Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations, and public service outside the civil service. It was established ...
(United Kingdom, 1956) * Grand Cross of the
Order of Civil Merit The Order of Civil Merit ( es, Orden del Mérito Civil) was established by King Alfonso XIII of Spain in 1926. The order recognizes "the civic virtue of officers in the service of the Nation, as well as extraordinary service by Spanish and fore ...
(Spain, 1969)


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santos, Reynaldo dos 1880 births 1970 deaths 20th-century Portuguese people 19th-century Portuguese physicians 20th-century Portuguese physicians Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword People from Vila Franca de Xira Portuguese art historians