resolution (meter)

Resolution is the metrical phenomenon in poetry of replacing a normally long syllable in the meter with two short syllables. It is often found in iambic and trochaic meters, and also in anapestic, dochmiac and sometimes in cretic, bacchiac, and ionic meters. In iambic and trochaic meters, either the first or the second half of the metrical foot can be resolved, or sometimes both.

The long syllables of dactylic meter are not usually resolved, and resolution is also not found in the last element of a line.

Resolution, when a normally long syllable is replaced by two shorts, is to be distinguished from a biceps element, which is a place in a meter (such as in a dactylic hexameter) where two normally short syllables may be replaced by a single long one.

In Ancient Greek

Resolution is generally found in Greek lyric poetry and in Greek and Roman drama, most frequently in comedy.

It should not be confused with a biceps, which is a point in a meter which can equally be two shorts or a long, as is found in the dactylic hexameter. The biceps is freely able to be two shorts or a long, while resolution, particularly in tragedy, can only occur within very restricted situations. Two resolved longa in the same line in Greek is unusual, for instance, while a biceps that is two shorts can freely be followed by another biceps that is two shorts. Also, when two shorts are substituted for a long, they are almost always within the same word-unit.

One example from iambic trimeter:

:
:
:, u – u – , u uu u – , – – u – ,
:"Whose sacred name would I pray to when I hear it?"
: (Sophocles, ''Oedipus at Colonus'' 41)

Here the resolved pair is the word ὄνομ', so the resolution stays within the same word-unit.

In Latin

Resolution is quite frequent in the iambic and trochaic metres commonly used in Roman comedy and can be found both in strong (long) elements and in weak (anceps) elements. In comedy there is no restriction on the number of resolutions that can occur in a line; there can even be two in the same foot, e.g. or and so on. However, in iambic trimeters of the classical period resolution is much rarer. In golden age writers, such as Horace, it is usually found only in the long elements of the line, but in silver age writers, such as Seneca, it can be found in the anceps elements also, especially in the fifth foot.

An example of a trochaic septenarius from comedy with several resolutions is the following:

:
: , – uu – uu , – – uu – , , – – – uu , – u – ,
:"What am I to do? Where can I now so suddenly find money for this man, wretched that I am?"

Certain restrictions apply, however. One restriction, known as Ritschl's law, is that the two resolved syllables should belong to the same word, unless the first word is a monosyllable. Thus or or are all acceptable, but would be unusual. (But is acceptable in dactylic verse, e.g. Ovid ''Met.'' 6.465.)

Another restriction of iambo-trochaic verse, called the Hermann-Lachman law, is that the two short syllables of a resolution should not be the last two syllables of a word; thus phrases like or are almost never found found in iambic-trochaic metres (although is acceptable in dactylic or anapaestic verse). This rule does not apply so strictly in Greek, where a tribrach-shaped word like can sometimes occur with the second and third syllable in a single element.

A possible reason for these restrictions is that in Plautus and Terence's verse iambic and trochaic poetry there is a strong tendency for the word accent to coincide with the beginning of a long elements in the verse, especially in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th feet of an iambic senarius. A word with three short syllables like is always placed so that the first syllable coincides with a long element. A dactylic word like does sometimes occur, but only in the first foot of a line, where metrical licence is sometimes allowed.

Wherever there is resolution in Roman comedy (but not in later Latin), it is often possible also to find a phenomenon called "iambic shortening" or '' brevis brevians'', whereby the second syllable of a resolved pair counts as short even though it is theoretically long, e.g. (with short ''-cēns'') or (with shortened ''-lo'').

In dactylic verse, such as the dactylic hexameter, resolution is not usually allowed, although in two or three places Ennius resolves the first element of a line. In anapaestic verse either the first or the second half of the foot may be resolved, so that an anapaestic foot can be u u –, – –, – u u, or (in comedy but not usually in more serious poetry) u u u u.

Another meter in which resolution is very common is the galliambic, used in Catullus poem 63 (see Galliambic verse).

Germanic alliterative verse

In the alliterative verse tradition of the ancient and medieval Germanic languages, resolution was also an important feature.

In this tradition, if a stressed syllable comprises a short root vowel followed by only one consonant followed by an unstressed vowel (i.e. '(-)CVCV(-)) these two syllables were in most circumstances counted as only one syllable.

For example, in lines 224b-28 of the Old English poem '' Beowulf'', the following emboldened syllables resolve, counting as only one metrical syllable each:

Iambic pentameter

Resolution in the iambic pentameter is rare, but it does sometimes occur. When resolution occurs in a weak position in the line, there are two light unstressed syllables between the stressed ones, often within a polysyllabic word, as in the following examples from Shakespeare:

:''This fórtificátion, géntlemen, sháll we sée it?'' (''Othello'' 3.2.5)

:''And áre upón the Méditerránean flóat'' (''Tempest'' 1.2.234)

:''The múltitúdinous séas incárnadíne'' (''Macbeth'' 2.2.59)

A resolved weak position can also be a pair of light unstressed non-lexical words:

*''I' the name of fame and honour, which dies i' the search'' (''Cymbeline'' 3.3.51)

Occasionally, however, a strong position can be resolved into a strong and weak syllable, provided that the strong syllable is a light one, as in the word ''many'' below:

:''Cóme to one márk, as mánv ways méet in one tówn'' (''Henry V'' 1.2.208)

Modern English verse

Resolution is also found in modern English verse, for example in the nursery rhyme:
:''Húmpty , Dúmpty , sát on a , wáll''

Here the rhythm consists of four trochaic feet, the last one catalectic (i.e. missing the final syllable). In the third foot, the two short syllables "sat on" correspond to a single long syllable in the other feet. In the music which accompanies the poem, ''Humpty'' is a crotchet (half note) and quaver (eighth note), while ''sat on'' is a pair of quavers (eighth notes), taking up the same time as the syllable ''Hump''.

In these lines of John Masefield there are again four main stresses. The first two feet each contain two resolutions:

:''Dírty British , cóaster with a , sált-caked , smóke-stack'']
:''Bútting through the , Chánnel in the , mád March , dáys''

In the lines from T. S. Eliot below, there are likewise four main stresses, but with a more complex pattern of resolutions, reflecting the rhythms of ordinary speech:

:''Whén the train , stárts and the , pássengers are , séttled''
: ''to , frúit, peri-, ódicals and , búsiness , létters''T. S. Eliot, Four Quartets: The Dry Salvages (1941).

References

{{Reflist

Poetic rhythm