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The regions of Italy ( it, regioni d'Italia) are the first-level
administrative division Administrative division, administrative unit,Article 3(1). country subdivision, administrative region, subnational entity, constituent state, as well as many similar terms, are generic names for geographical areas into which a particular, ind ...
s of the
Italian Republic Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
, constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are twenty regions, five of which have higher autonomy than the rest. Under the
Italian Constitution The Constitution of the Italian Republic ( it, Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana) was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 December 1947, with 453 votes in favour and 62 against. The text, which has since been amended sixteen times, ...
, each region is an autonomous entity with defined powers. With the exception of the
Aosta Valley , Valdostan or Valdotainian it, Valdostano (man) it, Valdostana (woman)french: Valdôtain (man)french: Valdôtaine (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = Official languages , population_blank1 = Italian French ...
(since 1945) and
Friuli-Venezia Giulia (man), it, Friulana (woman), it, Giuliano (man), it, Giuliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_t ...
(since 2018), each region is divided into a number of provinces (''
province A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''Roman province, provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire ...
'').


History

During the
Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy ( it, Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Kingdom of Sardinia, Sardinia was proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed King of Italy, until 1946, when civil discontent led to ...
, regions were mere statistical districts of the central state. Under the Republic, they were granted a measure of political autonomy by the 1948
Italian Constitution The Constitution of the Italian Republic ( it, Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana) was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 December 1947, with 453 votes in favour and 62 against. The text, which has since been amended sixteen times, ...
. The original draft list comprised the
Salento Salento ( Salentino: ''Salentu'', Salentino Griko: ''Σαλέντο'') is a cultural, historical and geographic region at the southern end of the administrative region of Apulia in Southern Italy. It is a sub-peninsula of the Italian Peninsula ...
region (which was eventually included in
Apulia it, Pugliese , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , demographic ...
); ''Friuli'' and ''Venezia Giulia'' were separate regions, and
Basilicata it, Lucano (man) it, Lucana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = ...
was named ''Lucania''.
Abruzzo Abruzzo (, , ; nap, label=Neapolitan language, Abruzzese Neapolitan, Abbrùzze , ''Abbrìzze'' or ''Abbrèzze'' ; nap, label=Sabino dialect, Aquilano, Abbrùzzu; #History, historically Abruzzi) is a Regions of Italy, region of Southern Italy wi ...
and
Molise Molise (, , ; nap, label=Neapolitan language, Neapolitan, Mulise) is a Regions of Italy, region of Southern Italy. Until 1963, it formed part of the region of Abruzzi e Molise, alongside the region of Abruzzo. The split, which did not become effe ...
were identified as separate regions in the first draft, but were later merged into ''Abruzzi e Molise'' in the final constitution of 1948, before being separated in 1963. Implementation of
regional autonomy Regional autonomy is decentralization of governance to outlying regions. Recent examples of disputes over autonomy include: * The Basque region of Spain * The Catalan region of Spain * The Sicilia region of Italy * The disputes over autonomy of pr ...
was postponed until the first Regional elections of 1970. The ruling
Christian Democracy Christian democracy (sometimes named Centrist democracy) is a political ideology that emerged in 19th-century Europe under the influence of Catholic social teaching and neo-Calvinism. It was conceived as a combination of modern democratic ...
party did not want the opposition
Italian Communist Party The Italian Communist Party ( it, Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI) was a communist political party in Italy. The PCI was founded as ''Communist Party of Italy'' on 21 January 1921 in Livorno by seceding from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI). ...
to gain power in the regions where it was historically rooted (the ''red belt'' of
Emilia-Romagna egl, Emigliàn (man) egl, Emiglièna (woman) rgn, Rumagnòl (man) rgn, Rumagnòla (woman) it, Emiliano (man) it, Emiliana (woman) or it, Romagnolo (man) it, Romagnola (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title ...
,
Tuscany Tuscany ( ; it, Toscana ) is a Regions of Italy, region in central Italy with an area of about and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence (''Firenze''). Tuscany is known for its landscapes, history, art ...
,
Umbria it, Umbro (man) it, Umbra (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , ...
and the
Marche Marche ( , ) is one of the twenty regions of Italy. In English, the region is sometimes referred to as The Marches ( ). The region is located in the central area of the country, bordered by Emilia-Romagna and the republic of San Marino to the ...
s). Regions acquired a significant level of autonomy following a constitutional reform in 2001 (brought about by a centre-left government and confirmed by popular referendum), which granted them residual policy competence. A further
federalist The term ''federalist'' describes several political beliefs around the world. It may also refer to the concept of parties, whose members or supporters called themselves ''Federalists''. History Europe federation In Europe, proponents of de ...
reform was proposed by the regionalist party
Lega Nord Lega Nord (; acronym: LN), whose complete name is (), is a right-wing, federalist, populist and conservative political party in Italy. In the run-up of the 2018 general election, the party was rebranded as (), without changing its official n ...
and in 2005, the centre-right government led by
Silvio Berlusconi Silvio Berlusconi ( ; ; born 29 September 1936) is an Italian media tycoon and politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments from 1994 to 1995, 2001 to 2006 and 2008 to 2011. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies ...
proposed a new reform that would have greatly increased the power of regions. The proposals, which had been particularly associated with
Lega Nord Lega Nord (; acronym: LN), whose complete name is (), is a right-wing, federalist, populist and conservative political party in Italy. In the run-up of the 2018 general election, the party was rebranded as (), without changing its official n ...
, and seen by some as leading the way to a federal state, were rejected in the
2006 Italian constitutional referendum A constitutional referendum was held in Italy on 25 and 26 June 2006. The reforms were proposed and initially approved during Berlusconi II and III cabinet between October 2004 and November 2005. If ultimately approved by referendum, in continu ...
by 61.7% to 38.3%. The results varied considerably among the regions, ranging from 55.3% in favour in
Veneto Veneto (, ; vec, Vèneto ) or Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy. Its population is about five million, ranking fourth in Italy. The region's capital is Venice while the biggest city is Verona. Veneto was part of the Roman Empire unt ...
to 82% against in
Calabria , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , demographics1_title2 ...
.


Political control

Number of regions governed by each coalition since 1995: ImageSize = width:775 height:230 PlotArea = width:725 height:180 left:30 bottom:20 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:0 till:20 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:4 start:0 Colors = id:red value:rgb(0.94,0.24,0.24) id:blue value:rgb(0.04,0.42,0.88) id:grey value:rgb(0.75,0.75,0.75) id:black value:rgb(0.40,0.40,0.40) PlotData= bar:1995 color: red from:start till:11 text:11 bar:1995 color: blue from:11 till:20 text:9 bar:1996 color: red from:start till:11 text:11 bar:1996 color: blue from:11 till:20 text:9 bar:1997 color: red from:start till:11 text:11 bar:1997 color: blue from:11 till:20 text:9 bar:1998 color: red from:start till:12 text:12 bar:1998 color: blue from:12 till:20 text:8 bar:1999 color: red from:start till:15 text:15 bar:1999 color: blue from:15 till:20 text:5 bar:2000 color: red from:start till:11 text:11 bar:2000 color: blue from:11 till:20 text:9 bar:2001 color: red from:start till:10 text:10 bar:2001 color: blue from:10 till:20 text:10 bar:2002 color: red from:start till:9 text:9 bar:2002 color: blue from:9 till:20 text:11 bar:2003 color: red from:start till:10 text:10 bar:2003 color: blue from:10 till:20 text:10 bar:2004 color: red from:start till:10 text:10 bar:2004 color: blue from:10 till:20 text:10 bar:2005 color: red from:start till:16 text:16 bar:2005 color: blue from:16 till:20 text:4 bar:2006 color: red from:start till:15 text:15 bar:2006 color: grey from:15 till:16 text:1 bar:2006 color: blue from:16 till:20 text:4 bar:2007 color: red from:start till:15 text:15 bar:2007 color: grey from:15 till:16 text:1 bar:2007 color: blue from:16 till:20 text:4 bar:2008 color: red from:start till:13 text:13 bar:2008 color: blue from:13 till:20 text:7 bar:2009 color: red from:start till:12 text:12 bar:2009 color: blue from:12 till:20 text:8 bar:2010 color: red from:start till:8 text:8 bar:2010 color: blue from:8 till:20 text:12 bar:2011 color: red from:start till:8 text:8 bar:2011 color: blue from:8 till:20 text:12 bar:2012 color: red from:start till:9 text:9 bar:2012 color: blue from:9 till:20 text:11 bar:2013 color: red from:start till:12 text:12 bar:2013 color: blue from:12 till:20 text:8 bar:2014 color: red from:start till:17 text:17 bar:2014 color: blue from:17 till:20 text:3 bar:2015 color: red from:start till:17 text:17 bar:2015 color: blue from:17 till:20 text:3 bar:2016 color: red from:start till:17 text:17 bar:2016 color: blue from:17 till:20 text:3 bar:2017 color: red from:start till:16 text:16 bar:2017 color: blue from:16 till:20 text:4 bar:2018 color: red from:start till:14 text:14 bar:2018 color: blue from:14 till:20 text:6 bar:2019 color: red from:start till:7 text:7 bar:2019 color: grey from:7 till:8 text:1 bar:2019 color: blue from:8 till:20 text:12 bar:2020 color: red from:start till:6 text:6 bar:2020 color: blue from:6 till:20 text:14 bar:2021 color: red from:start till:6 text:6 bar:2021 color: blue from:6 till:20 text:14


Regions


Macroregions

Macroregions are the first-level NUTS of the
European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been des ...
.( it)


Status

Every region has a statute that serves as a regional constitution, determining the form of government and the fundamental principles of the organization and the functioning of the region, as prescribed by the ''Constitution of Italy'' ( Article 123). Although all the regions except
Tuscany Tuscany ( ; it, Toscana ) is a Regions of Italy, region in central Italy with an area of about and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence (''Firenze''). Tuscany is known for its landscapes, history, art ...
define themselves in various ways as an "autonomous Region" in the first article of their Statutes, fifteen regions have ordinary statutes and five have special statutes, granting them extended autonomy.


Regions with ordinary statute

These regions, whose statutes are approved by their regional councils, were created in 1970, even though the Italian Constitution dates back to 1948. Since the constitutional reform of 2001 they have had residual legislative powers: ''the regions have exclusive legislative power with respect to any matters not expressly reserved to state law'' ( Article 117). Yet their financial autonomy is quite modest: they keep just 20% of all levied taxes, mostly used to finance the region-based healthcare system.Report
RAI RAI – Radiotelevisione italiana (; commercially styled as Rai since 2000; known until 1954 as Radio Audizioni Italiane) is the national public broadcasting company of Italy, owned by the Ministry of Economy and Finance. RAI operates many ter ...
- Le regioni a statuto speciale (Italian), retrieved 21 January 200



/ref>


Autonomous regions with special statute

Wikisource:Constitution of Italy#Article 116, Article 116 of the
Italian Constitution The Constitution of the Italian Republic ( it, Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana) was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 December 1947, with 453 votes in favour and 62 against. The text, which has since been amended sixteen times, ...
grants
home rule Home rule is government of a colony, dependent country, or region by its own citizens. It is thus the power of a part (administrative division) of a state or an external dependent country to exercise such of the state's powers of governance wit ...
to five regions, namely
Aosta Valley , Valdostan or Valdotainian it, Valdostano (man) it, Valdostana (woman)french: Valdôtain (man)french: Valdôtaine (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = Official languages , population_blank1 = Italian French ...
,
Friuli-Venezia Giulia (man), it, Friulana (woman), it, Giuliano (man), it, Giuliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_t ...
,
Sardinia Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...
,
Sicily (man) it, Siciliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Ethnicity , demographics1_footnotes = , demographi ...
, and
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol it, Trentino (man) it, Trentina (woman) or it, Altoatesino (man) it, Altoatesina (woman) or it, Sudtirolesegerman: Südtiroler (man)german: Südtirolerin (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = Official ...
, allowing them some legislative, administrative and financial power to a varying extent, depending on their specific statute. These regions became autonomous in order to take into account cultural differences and protect linguistic minorities. Moreover, the government wanted to prevent them from potentially seceding or being taken away from Italy after the defeat in
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
.Hiroko Kudo, “Autonomy and Managerial Innovation in Italian Regions after Constitutional Reform”, Chuo University, Faculty of Law and Graduate School of Public Policy (2008): p. 1. Retrieved on 6 April 2012 from http://www.med-eu.org/proceedings/MED1/Kudo.pdf .


Institutions

Each region has an elected parliament, called ''Consiglio Regionale'' (regional council), or ''Assemblea Regionale'' (regional assembly) in Sicily, and a government called ''Giunta Regionale'' (regional committee), headed by a governor called ''Presidente della Giunta Regionale'' (president of the regional committee) or ''Presidente della Regione'' (regional president). The latter is directly elected by the citizens of each region, with the exceptions of Aosta Valley and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regions where the president is chosen by the regional council. Under the 1995 electoral law, the winning coalition receives an absolute majority of seats on the council. The president chairs the ''giunta'', and nominates or dismisses its members, called '' assessori''. If the directly elected president resigns, new elections are called immediately. In the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region, the regional council is made up of the joint session of the two provincial councils of Trentino and of South Tyrol. The regional president is one of the two provincial commissioners.


Representation in the Senate

Article 57 of the
Constitution of Italy The Constitution of the Italian Republic ( it, Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana) was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 December 1947, with 453 votes in favour and 62 against. The text, which has since been amended sixteen times, ...
originally established that the Senate of the Republic was to be elected on a regional basis by Italian citizens aged 25 or older (unlike the Chamber of the Deputies, which was elected on a national basis and by all Italian citizens aged 18 or older). No region could have less than 7 senators, except for the two smallest regions:
Aosta Valley , Valdostan or Valdotainian it, Valdostano (man) it, Valdostana (woman)french: Valdôtain (man)french: Valdôtaine (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = Official languages , population_blank1 = Italian French ...
(1 senator) and
Molise Molise (, , ; nap, label=Neapolitan language, Neapolitan, Mulise) is a Regions of Italy, region of Southern Italy. Until 1963, it formed part of the region of Abruzzi e Molise, alongside the region of Abruzzo. The split, which did not become effe ...
(2 senators). From 2006 to 2020, 6 out of 315 senators (and 12 out of 630 deputies) were elected by Italians residing abroad. After two constitutional amendments were passed respectively in 2020 (by
constitutional referendum A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. This may result in the adoption of a ...
) and 2021, however, there have been changes. The Senate is still elected on a regional basis, but the number of senators was reduced from 315 to 200, who are now elected by all citizens aged 18 or older, just like deputies (themselves being reduced from 630 to 400). Italians residing abroad now elect 4 senators (and 8 deputies). The remaining 196 senators are assigned to each region proportionally according to their population. The amended Article 57 of the Constitution provides that no region can have fewer than 3 senators representing it, barring Aosta Valley and Molise, which retained 1 and 2 senators respectively.


Economy of regions and macroregions


See also

*
Italian NUTS level 1 regions The Classification of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS, for the French ) is a geocode standard for referencing the administrative divisions of countries for statistical purposes. The standard was developed by the European Union. There ...
*
Regional Council (Italy) A regional council (''Consiglio regionale'') in Italy is the elected legislative assembly of a region of Italy. In Emilia-Romagna and Sicily, the legislative bodies are called the Legislative Assembly of Emilia-Romagna and the Sicilian Regional As ...
* Presidents of Regions of Italy *
List of Italian regions by GDP This article lists Italian regions and autonomous provinces (NUTS 2) by gross domestic product (GDP). Gross domestic product by region This table reports the nominal GDP of the twenty regions of Italys from 2000 to 2019, expressed in billions of ...
*
List of Italian regions by GRP per capita This article is about the gross regional product (GRP) per capita of Italian regions in nominal values. Values are shown in EUR€. For easy comparison, all the GRP figures are converted into US$ according to annual average exchange rates.Euro fi ...
*
List of Italian regions by Human Development Index This is a list of 19 Regions of Italy and the 2 autonomous provinces of Trentino and South Tyrol by Human Development Index as of 2019. See also *List of countries by Human Development Index References {{reflist Economy of Italy by region Hu ...
*
Flags of regions of Italy This list of flags of regions of Italy shows the flags of the 20 Italian regions (including five autonomous regions). These regions have their own arms, as well as their own gonfalone; more recently they have taken into use ''normal'' flags a ...
* ISO 3166-2:IT


Other administrative divisions

*
Provinces of Italy The provinces of Italy ( it, province d'Italia) are the second-level administrative divisions of the Italy, Italian Republic, on an intermediate level between a municipality () and a regions of Italy, region (). Since 2015, provinces have been ...
*
Metropolitan cities of Italy The metropolitan cities of Italy (Italian: ''città metropolitane d'Italia'') are administrative divisions of Italy, operative since 2015, which are a special type of sub-provinces (''province''). The metropolitan city, as defined by law, include ...
*
Municipalities of Italy The (; plural: ) is a local administrative division of Italy, roughly equivalent to a township or municipality. It is the third-level administrative division of Italy, after regions ('' regioni'') and provinces (''province''). The can also ...


References


External links


CityMayors article

Regional Governments of Italy on Italia.gov.it


{{DEFAULTSORT:Regions Of Italy Subdivisions of Italy Ranked lists of country subdivisions Lists of subdivisions of Italy Italy 1 Regions, Italy