Red-necked Aracari

The red-necked aracari or red-necked araçari (''Pteroglossus bitorquatus'') is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Bolivia and Brazil.

Taxonomy and systematics

The International Ornithological Committee (IOC), the Clements taxonomy, and the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society (SACC) recognize three subspecies of red-necked aracari:Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022

* ''P. b. sturmii'' - Natterer, 1843
* ''P. b. reichenowi'' - Snethlage, E, 1907
* The nominate ''P. b. bitorquatus'' - Vigors, 1826

BirdLife International's '' Handbook of the Birds of the World'' treats subspecies ''P. b. sturmii'' as a separate species, the "western red-necked araçari", and the other two subspecies as the "eastern red-necked araçari".HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022

This article follows the IOC et al. three-subspecies model.

Description

The red-necked aracari is about long and weighs . The bill of the nominate subspecies has a yellow to greenish white maxilla with black and white along the edge that resembles teeth. The mandible has a white base that angles under the black of the rest of the mandible. Adult males have a blackish crown and dark brown face, chin, and throat. Their eye is surrounded by bare blue to greenish gray skin. Their nape and breast are red; yellow and black bands separate the latter from the throat. The rest of their upperparts are dark green and their underparts are yellow below the breast. Adult females have a browner crown, a lighter face and throat, and a narrower yellow band above the breast than males. Immatures are duller and browner than adults and are orange where adults are red.del Hoyo, J., L.L. Short, G. M. Kirwan, N. Collar, and C. J. Sharpe (2022). Red-necked Aracari (''Pteroglossus bitorquatus''), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (B. K. Keeney, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.renara1.01.1 retrieved December 21, 2022

Subspecies ''P. b. reichenowi'' is similar to the nominate but has no yellow band above the breast and less extensive red on the breast. Its bill has a jagged appearance near the base of the mandible where the black and white meet. ''P. b. sturmii'' is larger than the nominate and has a wider yellow band above the red breast. The "teeth" on the maxilla are less apparent and the mandible is all black except for an orange-yellow band at its base and a pale tip.

Distribution and habitat

The subspecies of red-necked aracari are found thus:

* ''P. b. sturmii'', north-central Brazil south of the Amazon River between the Rio Madeira and Rio Tapajós, south from there to Rondônia state and eastern Bolivia, and east to near the Rio Xingu
* ''P. b. reichenowi'', Brazil south of the Amazon between the Rio Tapajós and Rio Tocantins and south from there to northern Mato Grosso
* ''P. b. bitorquatus'', northeastern Brazil south of the Amazon from the Rio Tocantins east to the Atlantic coast in Maranhão state.

The red-necked aracari inhabits a variety of forest types from the lowlands to hilly terrain, primarily moist tropical '' terra firme'' forest but also gallery forest in ''cerrado'', dense bamboo, and mature secondary forest. In elevation it ranges from sea level to about .

Behavior

Movement

The red-necked aracari is probably sedentary, with limited local movements.

Feeding

The red-necked aracari forages from the forest mid level to the canopy, alone, in pairs, or in a small group. Its diet not well known but is primarily fruit and also probably includes insects, eggs, and small vertebrates.

Breeding

The red-necked aracari's breeding season in much of its range spans from February to August but in some areas is April to September and in Bolivia is from July to December. It is assumed to nest in tree cavities like other toucans. Nothing else is known about its breeding biology.

Vocalization

The red-necked aracari has a wide variety of vocalizations, variously repeated "''tik'' or ''tek'' notes", repeated "''ttak'' or ''tyat''", and "single ''ik'' notes, a ''tweah'', and growl-like, chattery ''dcheeeaah'' calls."

Status

The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so has assessed the "western" and "eastern" red-necked aracaris separately. The "western" ''P. b. sturmii'' was originally rated as Near Threatened but in late 2021 was downrated to being of Least Concern. It has a large range, but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. The "eastern" ''P. b. reichenowi'' + ''P. b. bitorquatus'' is assessed as Endangered. It too has a large range, but its population size also is not known and is believed to be decreasing. Continued deforestation in the Amazon basin is the principal threat to both populations.

Gallery

Pteroglossus bitorquatus Gould 1854.jpg, Illustration of ''P. b. bitorquatus'' by Gould and Richter in 1854
Pteroglossus sturmi Gould & Richter.jpg, Illustration of ''P. b. sturmii'' by the same authors

References

External links

Red-necked Aracari photo gallery
VIREO

{{Taxonbar, from=Q941186

Pteroglossus
Birds of the Amazon Basin
Birds of Brazil
Birds of Bolivia
Birds described in 1826
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot