Radomsk (Hasidic dynasty)

Radomsk ( he, רדומסק) is a Hasidic dynasty named after the town of Radomsko in Łódź province, south-central Poland. The dynasty was founded in 1843 by Rabbi Shlomo Hakohen Rabinowicz (the ''Tiferes Shlomo''), one of the great Hasidic masters of 19th-century Poland. His son, grandson and great-grandson led the dynasty in turn, attracting thousands of followers. On the eve of World War II, Radomsk was the third largest Hasidic dynasty in Poland, after Ger and Alexander.

The town of Radomsko was destroyed and most of its Jews deported and killed during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. The fourth Radomsker Rebbe, Rabbi Shlomo Chanoch Hakohen Rabinowicz, was murdered by the Nazis in the Warsaw Ghetto in 1942, bringing the father-to-son dynasty to an end. In 1965, Radomsker Hasidim who had survived the Holocaust and were living in Israel asked Rabbi Menachem Shlomo Bornsztain, the fifth Sochatchover Rebbe and a descendant of the first Radomsker Rebbe, to become their Rebbe as well, and he agreed. Bornsztain's son, Rabbi Avrohom Nosson Bornsztain, is the current Rav of the Radomsker shul in Bnei Brak.

History

Leadership

The founder of the dynasty was Rabbi Shlomo Hakohen Rabinowicz (the ''Tiferes Shlomo'') (1801–1866), who had begun serving as Rav of Radomsko (Radomsk) in 1834. Under his leadership, the Jewish community of Radomsk grew both in prestige and population. When Grand Rabbi Moshe Biderman of Lelov moved to the Land of Israel and instructed his Hasidim to follow Rabinowicz, the latter's influence as a Rebbe grew significantly and Radomsk became a major Hasidic center. The masses revered their Rebbe for his lofty prayers, beautiful singing voice, and benevolence towards their needs, while the more scholarly Hasidim admired his profound discourses in Halakha and Kabbalah. Rabinowicz's discourses on the Chumash and Jewish holidays were published posthumously in Warsaw in 1867–1869 as the two-volume ''Tiferes Shlomo''. This work, considered a textbook of Hasidic thought, met with widespread acclaim and has been continuously reprinted.Finkel, ''Kabbalah'', p. 349.

Upon the Rebbe's death in 1866, his youngest son, Avraham Yissachar Dov Hakohen Rabinowicz (1843–1892), succeeded him. Rabbi Avraham Yissachar Dov was also a great Torah scholar and was musically gifted. After he became Rebbe, he attracted many Hasidim from Poland and Galicia. He suffered from diabetes and died in Radomsk a year shy of his fiftieth birthday. His Torah teachings were compiled under the title ''Chesed L'Avraham'', published in Piotrkow in 1893.

He was succeeded as Rebbe by his second son, Rabbi Yechezkel Hakohen Rabinowicz (1864–1910), who had initially served as Rav of Novipola. The third Radomsker Rebbe was known for his dedication to Torah study, his extreme modesty, and powerful sermons. He suffered from diabetes like his father and also died before the age of 50. An estimated 25,000 people attended his funeral from all over Poland and Galicia. His Torah teachings were compiled under the title ''Kenesses Yechezkel'', published in 1913.

His eldest son, Rabbi Shlomo Chanoch Hakohen Rabinowicz (1882–1942), succeeded him. The fourth Radomsker Rebbe was a dynamic and charismatic leader. Thousands of Hasidim attended his court on Shabbat and Jewish holidays. The Rebbe was also quite wealthy. He owned a glass factory and homes in Berlin, Warsaw, and Sosnowiec; he re-established his court in the latter city after World War I. He also amassed a huge personal collection of old manuscripts and prints that was said to be the second-largest private library in Poland after that of the Gerrer Rebbe.

Keser Torah yeshiva network

The fourth Radomsker Rebbe innovated a new trend in Hasidic education in Poland. Until World War I, Hasidic youth traditionally studied Torah and learned the customs and lore of their dynasties in ''shtiebelach'' (small houses of prayer and study) across Poland. As the war uprooted hundreds of thousands of Jews and decimated established communities, the ''shtiebelach'' lost their central place in Hasidic life. In 1926, the Rebbe announced his plan to create a network of yeshivas called Keser Torah (Crown of Torah). By 1930, nine yeshivas were functioning in major Polish cities, together with a "Kibbutz Govoha" (high-level study group) for advanced students and ''avreichim'' (married students) in Sosnowiec. The Rebbe appointed his new son-in-law, Rabbi Dovid Moshe Hakohen Rabinowicz (1906–1942), to serve as rosh yeshiva for the entire network. By 1939, there were 36 Keser Torah yeshivas enrolling over 4,000 students in Poland and Galicia. The Rebbe paid for the entire operation, including staff salaries, food, and student lodging, out of his own pocket.

World War II

On the eve of World War II, Radomsk was the third largest Hasidic dynasty in Poland, after Ger and Alexander. In Kraków, there were more Radomsker ''shtiebelach'' than Gerrer ''shtiebelach''.

Following the German invasion of Poland, the Keser Torah yeshivas disbanded and the Rebbe escaped to the town of Alexander, but from there was most likely sent by the Nazis into the Warsaw Ghetto. His son-in-law, Rabbi Dovid Moshe Rabinowicz, was also incarcerated in the Warsaw Ghetto, where he continued to deliver ''shiurim'' to Keser Torah students. The Rebbe and all the members of his family, including his only daughter, son-in-law, and their infant son, were shot to death during the ''Aktion'' of 1 August 1942. They were buried in a mass grave in Warsaw's main cemetery. With the Rebbe's death, the father-to-son lineage of Radomsker rebbes came to an end. (The Rebbe's brother, Rabbi Elimelech Aryeh Hakohen Rabinowicz, died in Mauthausen.)

Rebirth in Israel

After World War II, Radomsker Hasidim and Keser Torah yeshiva students who had survived the Holocaust established Kollel Keser Torah in Bnei Brak, Israel. In 1965 they approached Rabbi Menachem Shlomo Bornsztain, son of the Sochatchover Rebbe and a nephew of Rabbi David Moshe Rabinowicz, to lead the kollel (Bornsztain was also a direct descendant of the first Radomsker Rebbe, as his grandfather, the second Sochatchover Rebbe, married the daughter of the first Radomsker Rebbe.) Bornsztain accepted the offer and commuted from his home in Tel Aviv to Bnei Brak.Growise, Yisroel Alter. ''"The Sochatchover Rebbe, Harav Menachem Shlomo Bornstein, zt"l, 40 Years Since His Tragic Passing"''. ''Hamodia'' Features section, 27 August 2009, pp. C4-5. When Bornsztain acceded to the leadership of the Sochatchov dynasty in 1965, the Radomsker Hasidim asked him to become their Rebbe as well, and he officially became known as the Sochatchover-Radomsker Rebbe. Following Bornsztain's untimely death in 1969, his eldest son, Rabbi Shmuel Bornsztain, became the Sochatchover Rebbe and another son, Avrohom Nosson Bornsztain, was appointed as the rav of the Radomsker shul in Bnei Brak.

Today Radomsker communities exist in Jerusalem and Bnei Brak, Israel; Brooklyn, New York; Lakewood, New Jersey; and Montreal, Canada. The Radomsker Rav of Boro Park, Rabbi Leibish Frand, heads a Radomsker ''beis medrash'' in Brooklyn.

Music of Radomsk

The first Radomsker Rebbe, Rabbi Shlomo Hakohen Rabinowicz, had a beautiful singing voice and was renowned as a hazzan and composer of Hasidic music. He composed and sang new ''nigunim'' (melodies) each year for the High Holy days and Jewish holidays. He also sent money to one of his Hasidim in Safed, Israel so the latter would organize a Radomsker Shalosh Seudos meal every Shabbat at which his ''niggunim'' would be sung. The second Radomsker Rebbe was also musically gifted, and the ''niggunim'' of the first two Radomsker Rebbes were sung in all Radomsker courts. Rabbi Chaskel Besser, a prominent Radomsker Hasid in New York after World War II, produced an album titled ''Niggunei Radomsk'' (Melodies of Radomsk) to preserve the music of the dynasty.

Lineage of Radomsk dynastic leadership

*First Radomsker Rebbe: Shlomo Hakohen Rabinowicz (1801–1866), author of ''Tiferes Shlomo''. Rebbe from 1843 to 1866.
**Second Radomsker Rebbe: Avraham Yissachar Dov Hakohen Rabinowicz (1843–1892), son of Shlomo Hakohen Rabinowicz, author of ''Chesed L'Avraham''. Rebbe from 1866 to 1892.
***Third Radomsker Rebbe: Yechezkel Hakohen Rabinowicz (1864–1910), son of Avraham Yissachar Dov Hakohen Rabinowicz, author of ''Kenesses Yechezkel''. Rebbe from 1892 to 1910.
****Fourth Radomsker Rebbe: Shlomo Chanoch Hakohen Rabinowicz (d. 1942), son of Yechezkel Hakohen Rabinowicz. Rebbe from 1910 to 1942.
***Krimilover Rebbe: Nosson Nachum Rabinowicz, a son of Avraham Yissachar Dov Rabinowicz
**** Radomsker Rosh Yeshiva : David Moshe Rabinowicz, son of Nosson Nachum Rabinowicz and a son-in-law of Shlomo Chanoch Rabinowicz.
*****Sochatchover-Radomsker Rebbe: Menachem Shlomo Bornsztain (1934–1969), grandson of Nosson Nachum Rabinowicz. Rebbe from 1965 to 1969.
******Radomsker Rav - Bnei Brak: Nosson Bornsztain, a son of Menachem Shlomo Bornsztain, is currently the Rav of the Radomsker Kehila in Bnei Brak, Israel.
*****Radomsker Mashpiah and Radziner Rebbe: Avrohom Yissochor Englard, grandson of Nosson Nachum Rabinowicz, was instrumental in founding the Radomsker Kehilla in Boro Park and would conduct a tish there on many occasions.
****** Radomsker Rav - Boro Park: Yeshayahu Englard, son of Avrohom Yissochor, was one of the Rabbonim of the Radomsker kehilla in Brooklyn, he died during the COVID-19 pandemic.
******Radomsker Rav -Boro Park: Leibish Frand, a son-in-law of a descendant of Shlomo Rabinowicz acts as Present Rav in Radomsker Kehila in Brooklyn NY.

References

External links

radomsk.org
* ttp://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/oswiecim1/osw189.html Description of Radomsker synagogue and Keser Torah yeshiva in Oswiecim, Poland
{{Hasidic dynasties

Radomsk (Hasidic dynasty)
Orthodox Judaism in Poland
Hasidic Judaism in Israel
Hasidic Judaism in the United States