''Radix'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of air-breathing

freshwater snail Freshwater snails are gastropod mollusks which live in fresh water. There are many different families. They are found throughout the world in various habitats, ranging from ephemeral pools to the largest lakes, and from small seeps and springs ...

s, aquatic

pulmonate Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includ ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Lymnaeidae Lymnaeidae, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila. Lymnaeidae is the only family within the superfamily ...

, the pond snails.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2013). ''Radix'' Montfort, 1810. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=248262 on 2013-06-06 The genus ''Radix'' has a

Palaearctic The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Sibe ...

distribution.

Phylogeny

Correa et al. (2010) confirmed that the placement of these species within the genus ''Radix'' reflected their phylogenetic relationship. A

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to d ...

showing phylogenic relations of species in the genus ''Radix'': The

haploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectively ...

number of chromosomes of all species in the genus ''Radix'' is 17 (n=17).

Species

The taxonomic status of certain species in the genus ''Radix'' has been disputed. Remigio (2002) reported sequence divergence within the 16S mitochondrial gene of ''

Radix peregra ''Peregriana peregra'' is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails. Distribution and habitat This small pond snail is found in Europe, Newfoundland and northern Asia. ...

'' and ''

Radix ovata ''Radix balthica'', common name the wandering snail, is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails.Neubauer, Thomas A.; Rosenberg, G.; Gofas, S. (2014). Radix ...

''. Furthermore, the shell morphology and alloenzyme data indicated that ''Radix peregra'' and ''Radix ovata'' are distinct. In contrast, Bargues et al. (2001) considered, on the basis of ITS-2 sequence analysis, that ''R. peregra'', ''R. ovata'', and ''R. balthica'' are in fact

conspecific Biological specificity is the tendency of a characteristic such as a behavior or a biochemical variation to occur in a particular species. Biochemist Linus Pauling stated that "Biological specificity is the set of characteristics of living organ ...

. * † ''Radix (Lytostoma) grammica'' (Brusina, 1872) * '' Radix acuminata'' (Lamarck, 1822) * † '' Radix alta'' Macaleț, 2000 * † '' Radix alutae'' (Jekelius, 1932) * † '' Radix amaradica'' Macaleț, 2000 * ''

Radix ampla ''Ampullaceana ampla'' is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Ampullaceana ampla (W. Hartmann, 1821). Accessed throu ...

'' (Hartmann, 1821) * '' Radix andersoniana'' (Nevill, 1881) * ''

Radix auricularia ''Radix auricularia'', the big-ear radix, is a species of medium-sized freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae.Neubauer, Thomas A.; Rosenberg, G.; Gofas, S. (2014). Radix auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758) ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) -

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

** ''Radix auricularia japonica'' Jay, 1857 - at Japanese Wikipedia * '' Radix bactriana'' (Annandale & Prashad, 1919) * † '' Radix balatonica'' (Fuchs, 1870) * ''

Radix balthica ''Radix balthica'', common name the wandering snail, is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails.Neubauer, Thomas A.; Rosenberg, G.; Gofas, S. (2014). Radix ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * † ''

Radix berbestiensis In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique numerical digit, digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (b ...

'' Macaleț, 2000 * † ''

Radix bogdanensis In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is t ...

'' Macaleț, 2000 * ''

Radix brevicauda In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is t ...

'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1872) * † '' Radix calavardensis'' (Bukowski, 1896) * † ''

Radix croatica In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique numerical digit, digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (b ...

'' (Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1890) * † '' Radix cucuronensis'' (Fontannes, 1878) * † '' Radix dilatata'' (Noulet, 1854) * † '' Radix dilleri'' (Neumayr, 1883) * † '' Radix enzenbachensis'' Neubauer & Harzhauser in Harzhauser et al., 2014 * † ''

Radix extensa In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique numerical digit, digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (b ...

'' (Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1890) * '' Radix gebleri'' (Middendorff, 1851) * '' Radix gedrosiana'' (Annandale & Prashad, 1919) * '' Radix hordeum'' (Mousson, 1874) * '' Radix hubrechti'' Qian, Yang & He, 2012 * † '' Radix impressa'' (Sinzov, 1875) * ''

Radix iranica In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is t ...

'' (Annandale & Prashad, 1919) * † '' Radix jaksici'' (Brusina, 1902) * '' Radix jordii'' Altaba, 2007 * '' Radix kamtschatica'' (Middendorff, 1851) * † '' Radix kobelti'' (Brusina, 1884) * † ''

Radix korlevici In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is t ...

'' (Brusina, 1884) * † '' Radix kurelaci'' (Brusina, 1902) * ''

Radix labiata ''Peregriana peregra'' is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails. Distribution and habitat This small pond snail is found in Europe, Newfoundland and northern Asia. ...

'' (Rossmässler, 1835) * † '' Radix laevigata'' (Eichwald, 1853) * ''

Radix lagotis ''Ampullaceana lagotis'' is a species of freshwater gastropods belonging to the family Lymnaeidae Lymnaeidae, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastro ...

'' (Schrank, 1803) * † '' Radix lazarevici'' (Brusina, 1902) * '' Radix lilli'' Glöer & Beckmann, 2007Glöer P. & Beckmann K.-H. (2007). "''Radix lilli'' n. sp. und drei neue ''Bithynia''-Arten von den Balearen (Gastropoda: Bithyniidae, Lymnaeidae). pp. 163-170. In: Beckmann K.-H.: ''Die Land- und Süßwassermollusken der Balearischen Inseln''. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 255 pp., . * '' Radix linae'' Altaba, 2007 * ''

Radix luteola ''Radix luteola'' is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Lymnaeidae. Placement of this species within the genus ''Radix'' was confirmed by Correa et al. (2010).Correa C. A., Escobar J. S., Durand P., ...

'' (Lamarck, 1822) * † '' Radix lytostomopsis'' (Brusina, 1902) * † '' Radix macaleti'' Neubauer, Harzhauser, Kroh, Georgopoulou & Mandic, 2014 * † '' Radix marinescui'' Macaleț, 2000 * † '' Radix minutissima'' (Greppin, 1855) * '' Radix namucuoensis'' Qian, Yang & He, 2012 * ''

Radix natalensis ''Radix natalensis'' is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Lymnaeidae. This species occurs widely in Africa. It is a major intermediate host for ''Fasciola gigantica'' in Africa. Placement of this specie ...

'' (Krauss, 1848) * † '' Radix navarroi'' (Royo Gómez, 1922) * † '' Radix novorossica'' (Sinzov, 1877) * † ''

Radix obtusissima In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique numerical digit, digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (b ...

'' (Deshayes, 1838) * ''

'' (Draparnaud, 1805) = ''

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * † ''

Radix papaianopoli In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique numerical digit, digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (b ...

'' Macaleț, 2000 * † '' Radix paucispira'' (Fuchs, 1870) * ''

'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) = ''

'' (Rossmässler, 1835) * † '' Radix pergamenica'' (Oppenheim, 1919) * '' Radix persica'' (Issel, 1865) * † '' Radix phrygoovata'' (Oppenheim, 1919) * '' Radix pinteri'' Schütt, 1974 * † ''

Radix plicata In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique numerical digit, digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (b ...

'' (Sacco, 1884) * † '' Radix podarensis'' Macaleț, 2000 * † ''

Radix pseudoovata In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is t ...

'' (d'Orbigny, 1852) * '' Radix relicta'' Polinski, 1929 * † '' Radix rippensis'' (Almera & Bofill y Poch, 1895) * ''

Radix rubiginosa ''Radix rubiginosa'' is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails. This species is sometimes treated as a subspecies of ''Radix auricularia''. Distribution This spe ...

'' (Michelin, 1831) * † '' Radix simplex'' (Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1899) * † '' Radix socialis'' (von Zieten, 1832) * † '' Radix subauricularia'' (d'Orbigny, 1852) * † '' Radix subinflata'' (d'Orbigny, 1852) * † ''

Radix sublimosa In a positional numeral system, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal/denary system (the most common system in use today) the radix (base number) is t ...

'' (Sinzov, 1875) * † '' Radix subovata'' (von Zieten, 1832) * † '' Radix zelli'' (Hörnes, 1856) Or instead perhaps: * ''R. peregra'' = ''R. ovata'' = ''R. balthica'' ;Taxa inquirenda: * ''Radix middendorffi'' (W. Dybowski, 1903) ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Radix (Radix) dupuyana'' (Noulet, 1854): synonym of † ''

Galba dupuyiana Galba (; born Servius Sulpicius Galba; 24 December 3 BC – 15 January AD 69) was the sixth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 68 to 69. After his adoption by his stepmother, and before becoming emperor, he was known as Livius Ocella Sulpicius Ga ...

'' (Noulet, 1854) * † ''Radix (Radix) hyaloleuca'' (Brusina, 1902): synonym of † ''

'' (Brusina, 1884) * † ''Radix (Radix) limosa'' (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of ''

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * † ''Radix (Radix) peregra'' (Müller, 1774): synonym of ''

'' (Rossmässler, 1835) * ''Radix auriculatus'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Radix altus'' Macaleț, 2000: synonym of † '' Radix alta'' Macaleț, 2000 * † ''Radix amaradicus'' Macaleț, 2000: synonym of † '' Radix amaradica'' Macaleț, 2000 * ''Radix deydieri'' (Fontannes, 1878): synonym of † '' Radix cucuronensis'' (Fontannes, 1878) * † ''Radix hyaloleuca'' (Brusina, 1902): synonym of † ''

'' (Brusina, 1884) * † ''Radix kuzmici'' (Brusina, 1897): synonym of † '' Boskovicia kuzmici'' Brusina, 1897 * ''Radix ovata'' ''(Draparnaud, 1805)'': synonym of ''

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * † ''Radix peregra'' (O. F. Müller, 1774): synonym of ''

'' (Rossmässler, 1835) * † ''Radix socialis'' Macaleț, 2000: synonym of † '' Radix macaleti'' Neubauer, Harzhauser, Kroh, Georgopoulou & Mandic, 2014

Parasites

Species within the genus ''Radix'' are utilized as intermediate hosts by several different

trematode Trematoda is a class of flatworms known as flukes. They are obligate internal parasites with a complex life cycle requiring at least two hosts. The intermediate host, in which asexual reproduction occurs, is usually a snail. The definitive host ...

species: *''

Trichobilharzia ''Trichobilharzia'' is a genus of trematodes in the family Schistosomatidae. They are worldwide distributed parasites of anatid birds and causative agents of human cercarial dermatitis. Species *'' Trichobilharzia ocellata'' (La Valette, 1855)La ...

'' spp. *''

Fasciola hepatica ''Fasciola hepatica'', also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic trematode (fluke or flatworm, a type of helminth) of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects the livers of various mammals, inc ...

'' *''

Fasciola gigantica ''Fasciola gigantica'' is a parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda, which causes tropical fascioliasis. It is regarded as one of the most important single platyhelminth infections of ruminants in Asia and Africa. Estimates of infection rates ...

'' *''

Fascioloides magna ''Fascioloides magna'', also known as giant liver fluke, large American liver fluke or deer fluke, is trematode parasite that occurs in wild and domestic ruminants in North America and Europe. Adult flukes occur in the liver of the definitive hos ...

'' *'' Plagiorchis neomidis'' *'' Haplometra cylindracea'' *''

Echinostoma ''Echinostoma'' is a genus of trematodes (flukes), which can infect both humans and other animals. These intestinal flukes have a three-host life cycle with snails or other aquatic organisms as intermediate hosts, and a variety of animals, inc ...

'' spp.

References

* Vinarski V.M. (2013) ''One, two, or several? How many lymnaeid genera are there?'' Ruthenica 23(1): 41-58. {{taxonbar, from=Q287565 Lymnaeidae Palearctic molluscs Gastropod genera