The Radiocentro CMQ Building complex is a former radio and television production facility and office building at the intersection of Calle L and
La Rampa
La Rampa (also known as Calle 23) is a main street in the Vedado district of Havana, Cuba. La Rampa runs from Calle L to the Malecón. Built in 1930, the end was the location of the Battery of Santa Clara that protected the city from attack.
A ...
in
El Vedado
Vedado ( es, El Vedado, ) is a central business district and urban neighborhood in the city of Havana, Cuba. Bordered on the east by Calzada de Infanta and Central Havana, and on the west by the Alemendares River and Miramar / Playa distric ...
,
Cuba
Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...
. It was modeled after
Raymond Hood
Raymond Mathewson Hood (March 29, 1881 – August 14, 1934) was an American architect who worked in the Neo-Gothic and Art Deco styles. He is best known for his designs of the Tribune Tower, American Radiator Building, and Rockefeller Center. Thr ...
's 1933
Rockefeller Center
Rockefeller Center is a large complex consisting of 19 commerce, commercial buildings covering between 48th Street (Manhattan), 48th Street and 51st Street (Manhattan), 51st Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The 14 original Art Deco ...
in
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
.
With 1,650 seats, the theater first opened on December 23, 1947, under the name Teatro Warner Radiocentro, it was owned by brothers Goar and Abel Mestre. Today the building serves as the headquarters of the
Cuban Institute of Radio and Television
The Cuban Institute of Radio and Television ( es, Instituto Cubano de Radio y Televisión; ICRT) is the government agency responsible for the control of radio and television broadcasters in Cuba.
History
Cuba was one of the first countries in ...
(ICRT).
Construction
![Radiocentro CMQ Building Caracteristicas](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Radiocentro_CMQ_Building_Caracteristicas._Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg)
For the construction of this building, the Havana building authorities granted a permit in 1947 amending the ordinances that were then in effect in
El Vedado
Vedado ( es, El Vedado, ) is a central business district and urban neighborhood in the city of Havana, Cuba. Bordered on the east by Calzada de Infanta and Central Havana, and on the west by the Alemendares River and Miramar / Playa distric ...
prohibiting the construction of buildings of more than three storeys. This statute was modified six years later to expand the construction of up to four floors because many planners and owners claimed the need to authorize them to build taller buildings in the area.
The building was set back from the property line five meters, adding four meters for an arcade which allowed a distance from the road while adjusting to the strong slope of
23rd Street, in this way the arcade became a wide gallery and at the same time sub-divided the basement level.
This gallery became the covered hall of the cinema located in the upper corner with Calle L. The building had an expressionist curved cover of a large scale relating to the important intersection. This same scale was adopted in the restaurant that was located on the opposite corner on M. Street. The wide gallery gives access to the lobby of the office building. The third building is set up by a prismatic piece on M Street, also set back to emphasize the two corners.
Program
![Edificio Radiocentro CMQ](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Edificio_Radiocentro_CMQ._Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg)
The cinema with a capacity for 1,700 spectators was originally a
Cinerama
Cinerama is a widescreen process that originally projected images simultaneously from three synchronized 35mm projectors onto a huge, deeply curved screen, subtending 146° of arc. The trademarked process was marketed by the Cinerama corporati ...
which used three projectors and a twenty-five-foot radius screen. It had a small stage in which short-term shows could be offered, in order to entertain the audience in the middle of the films.
The radio station
CMQ occupied part of the offices of the ten-story building, which was attached to the block of rental offices. In this area, a part of the land had also been reserved for future television installations, which had not yet been built. In one of its studios, Studio Number 2 was the venue not only of radio program transmissions but also that studio was the location of all or most of the RCA Victor recordings in Cuba from 1948 to 1959. The label at the
CMQ complex was
Discuba Discuba is a Cuban record label founded in 1959 by RCA Victor. It released music by several internationally successful artists such as Beny Moré, Orquesta Aragón and La Lupe. Following the end of the Cuban Revolution and the nationalization of the ...
, a Cuban record label founded in 1959 by
RCA Victor
RCA Records is an American record label currently owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America. It is one of Sony Music's four flagship labels, alongside RCA's former long-time rival Columbia Records; also Aris ...
. It released music by several internationally successful artists such as
Celia Cruz
Úrsula Hilaria Celia de la Caridad Cruz Alfonso (21 October 1925 – 16 July 2003), known as Celia Cruz, was a naturalized Cuban-American singer and one of the most popular Latin artists of the 20th century. Cruz rose to fame in Cuba during t ...
,
Beny Moré Beny or Bény may refer to:
Given name
* Beny Alagem (born 1953), Israeli-American businessman
* Beny Parnes (born 1959), Brazilian economist
* Beny Primm (1928–2015), American physician and HIV/AIDS researcher
* Beny Steinmetz (born 1956), Is ...
,
Orquesta Aragón
Orquesta Aragón is a Cuban musical band formed on 30 September 1939, by Orestes Aragón Cantero in Cienfuegos, Cuba. The band originally had the name ''Ritmica 39'', then ''Ritmica Aragón'' before settling on its final form. Though they did not ...
and
La Lupe
Lupe Victoria Yolí Raymond (23 December 1936 – 29 February 1992), better known as La Lupe, was a Cuban singer of boleros, guarachas and Latin soul, known for her energetic, sometimes controversial performances. Following the release of her ...
.
The ground floor, which was common for the entire complex, had different types of commercial establishments: several exhibition halls, a bank, a restaurant, and a cafeteria. The pedestrian circulation was designed in such a way so that it made it necessary to pass in front of these premises.
CMQ Radio
La Tremenda Corte aired uninterrupted from 1942 to 1961 (first RHC Cadena Azul and later at QMC), and its sole writer was Vispo. Despite such strenuous work for his imagination, Vispo always managed to pull through during this period. Over 360 shows are estimated to have been recorded, many of which are still heard on radio, but a few such episodes have never left Cuba and little is therefore known about them. Of all these missing radio shows were recorded at station CMQ in Havana, between 1947 and 1961, no one knows how many still survive, and they are considered rare and invaluable for fans and collectors of the series. In the peak of their success, the performances of the cast were taken to countries such as Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Panama and the Dominican Republic, where they were acclaimed.
Architecture
![How Cinerama is projected](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/How_Cinerama_is_projected.gif)
The Radiocentro CMQ Building of 1947, built on 23rd Street between Calles L and M in
El Vedado
Vedado ( es, El Vedado, ) is a central business district and urban neighborhood in the city of Havana, Cuba. Bordered on the east by Calzada de Infanta and Central Havana, and on the west by the Alemendares River and Miramar / Playa distric ...
, was the first
mixed use
Mixed-use is a kind of urban development, urban design, urban planning and/or a zoning type that blends multiple uses, such as residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or entertainment, into one space, where those functions are to some ...
building in
Cuba
Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...
. The architectural program of the building included businesses, offices, radio, and television studios, as well as the
Cinerama
Cinerama is a widescreen process that originally projected images simultaneously from three synchronized 35mm projectors onto a huge, deeply curved screen, subtending 146° of arc. The trademarked process was marketed by the Cinerama corporati ...
Warner cinema. This project joined the expertise of the structural engineers, the U.S. firm
Purdy and Henderson, Engineers
Purdy and Henderson was a New York City-based engineering firm founded by Corydon Tyler Purdy and Lightner Henderson. They were active in the United States and Cuba between 1890 and 1944.
Purdy and Henderson was founded in Chicago, and transferr ...
, and the architects
Martín Domínguez Esteban
Martín Domínguez Esteban (San Sebastián, December 26, 1897 – New York, September 13, 1970) was a Spanish architect.
Biography
Son of Concepción Esteban Guerendián and Martín Domínguez Barros. At seven years Martín Domínguez exhibited ...
br>
and Miguel Gastón and Emilio del Junco, all members of the ATEC (Cuban section of the
Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne, CIAM).
The building had a great impact since it was published in the magazine ''L'Architecture d'aujourd'hui''.
The building is a series of independent boxes, it was designed by the Basque architect
Martín Domínguez Esteban
Martín Domínguez Esteban (San Sebastián, December 26, 1897 – New York, September 13, 1970) was a Spanish architect.
Biography
Son of Concepción Esteban Guerendián and Martín Domínguez Barros. At seven years Martín Domínguez exhibited ...
(1897-1970). Esteban had been the architect of the
Hipódromo de la Zarzuela
The Hipódromo de la Zarzuela is a race course on the outskirts of Madrid, Spain. It was designed in the 1930s. The architecture is in a modernist style which has been described as ''racionalismo madrileño''.
Races held at the facility include t ...
, along with Carlos Arniches.
The CMQ Building was loosely modeled after
Raymond Hood
Raymond Mathewson Hood (March 29, 1881 – August 14, 1934) was an American architect who worked in the Neo-Gothic and Art Deco styles. He is best known for his designs of the Tribune Tower, American Radiator Building, and Rockefeller Center. Thr ...
's
Rockefeller Center
Rockefeller Center is a large complex consisting of 19 commerce, commercial buildings covering between 48th Street (Manhattan), 48th Street and 51st Street (Manhattan), 51st Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The 14 original Art Deco ...
br>
The Radiocentro CMQ Building had an impact on many Cuban architects who subscribed to
Modern architecture
Modern architecture, or modernist architecture, was an architectural movement or architectural style based upon new and innovative technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass, steel, and reinforced concrete; the idea that form ...
and buildings that would be built in the following years, such as the Hotel Habana Hilton across
La Rampa
La Rampa (also known as Calle 23) is a main street in the Vedado district of Havana, Cuba. La Rampa runs from Calle L to the Malecón. Built in 1930, the end was the location of the Battery of Santa Clara that protected the city from attack.
A ...
(now known as Hotel Habana Libre) designed by
Welton Becket
Welton David Becket (August 8, 1902 – January 16, 1969) was an American modern architect who designed many buildings in Los Angeles, California.
Biography
Becket was born in Seattle, Washington and graduated from the University of Washingt ...
and associates with the Cuban architectural firm of Arroyo and Menéndez, the1958, the twenty-three story
Edificio Seguro Medico by Antonio Quintana, among others.
Walter Gropius
Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (18 May 1883 – 5 July 1969) was a German-American architect
An architect is a person who plans, designs and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in conne ...
, during a visit he made in 1949 to
Havana
Havana (; Spanish: ''La Habana'' ) is the capital and largest city of Cuba. The heart of the La Habana Province, Havana is the country's main port and commercial center. referred to the Radiocentro CMQ Building to defend the need for architectural teamwork and collaboration among architects: ''It is impossible for the architect to know all of the equipment and installation requirements; therefor, it is necessary for the cooperation of architectural specialists.''
El FOCSA
![Martín Domínguez Esteban FOCSA](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Mart%C3%ADn_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Esteban_FOCSA.jpg)
In 1952 the
CMQ Radio and TV Network planned to provide administrative offices, a radio station and housing for employees.
CMQ selected a 110,000 sq. ft. plot of land costing approximately 700,000 pesos. The company ''Fomento de Hipotecas Aseguradas'' (FHA) financed 80% of the cost of the residences and 60% of the commercial shops. ''El Banco Continental Cubano'' granted a credit of 6 million pesos.
Martín Domínguez Esteban
Martín Domínguez Esteban (San Sebastián, December 26, 1897 – New York, September 13, 1970) was a Spanish architect.
Biography
Son of Concepción Esteban Guerendián and Martín Domínguez Barros. At seven years Martín Domínguez exhibited ...
with Ernesto Gómez-Sampera designed the
FOCSA Building
The FOCSA Building is a residential and commercial block in the Vedado neighborhood of Havana, Cuba. At , it is the tallest building in Cuba. It was named after the contracting company ''Fomento de Obras y Construcciones, Sociedad Anónima'', and ...
, a modernist project aimed to provide housing for its workers and additional radio stations. Work began in February 1954 and finished in June 1956. At the time of construction it was the second-largest residential concrete building in the world, second only to the
Martinelli Building
The Martinelli Building (in Portuguese: ''Edifício Martinelli''), with 28 floors, is the first skyscraper built in Brazil. Located in São Paulo, it is 105 meters tall.
The building was planned in 1922 by the Italian-born entrepreneur, Giusepp ...
in
São Paulo
São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a ...
,
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
. It surpassed the
López Serrano Building
The López Serrano Building was the tallest residential building in Cuba until the construction of the FOCSA Building, FOCSA in 1956. Designed by the architect Ricardo Mira in 1929, who in 1941 who also designed La Moderna Poesia bookstore on Obisp ...
in height which had been Cuba's tallest building.
The FOCSA shares some curious design similarities with the
Edificio del Seguro Médico of 1958 by Antonio Quintana including single loading of apartments, natural ventilation of the apartments and a small rear window under the kitchen cabinets marking vertically the center of the wall.
El Salon de Mayo
In 1943 while France was under German occupation, a group of Paris artists in a café on the Rue Dauphineartists formed what they called an association with the intent to exhibit art as an answer to the Nazi party's description of
Modern art
Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during that era. The term is usually associated with art in which the tradi ...
as
Degenerate art
Degenerate art (german: Entartete Kunst was a term adopted in the 1920s by the Nazi Party in Germany to describe modern art. During the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, German modernist art, including many works of internationally renowned artists, ...
; eventually, they organized the
Salon de Mai
The Salon de Mai (the '' May Salon'') is a group of French artists which formed in a café on the Rue Dauphine in Paris in 1943 during the German occupation of France.Ferrier, Jean-Louis. (Ed.) (1999) ''Art of the 20th Century''. Paris: Chene-Hache ...
. The group presented its first exhibition in May 1945. Under the leadership of Gaston Diehl, the first Salon de Mai exhibition took place in the Galerie Pierre Maurs (3, avenue Matignon) from 29 May to 29 June 1945. More than 20 years later in July 1967, the
Salon de Mayo came to Havana as el
Salón de Mayo
The Salón de Mayo (May Salon) was an art exhibition held in Havana, Cuba, in July 1967. It took its name from the Salon de Mai, an artists collective founded during the Nazi occupation of France. It was organized by Carlos Franqui with the assist ...
. It was the group's first exhibition in America.
The
Salón de Mayo
The Salón de Mayo (May Salon) was an art exhibition held in Havana, Cuba, in July 1967. It took its name from the Salon de Mai, an artists collective founded during the Nazi occupation of France. It was organized by Carlos Franqui with the assist ...
was an art exhibition in Havana that took place in July 1967. It was an artists' collective that took its name from the Parisian Salon de Mai and was organized by Carlos Franqui with the assistance from
Wifredo Lam
Wifredo Óscar de la Concepción Lam y Castilla (; December 8, 1902 – September 11, 1982), better known as Wifredo Lam, was a Cuban artist who sought to portray and revive the enduring Afro-Cuban spirit and culture. Inspired by and in conta ...
,
René Portocarrero
René Portocarrero (born Havana, 24 February 1912; died Havana, 7 April 1985) was a Cuban artist recognised internationally for his achievements.
History
Portocarrero began his artistic education at the San Alejandro academy, but left early and ...
,
Alexander Calder
Alexander Calder (; July 22, 1898 – November 11, 1976) was an American sculptor known both for his innovative mobiles (kinetic sculptures powered by motors or air currents) that embrace chance in their aesthetic, his static "stabiles", and his ...
,
Joan Miró
Joan Miró i Ferrà ( , , ; 20 April 1893 – 25 December 1983) was a Catalan painter, sculptor and ceramicist born in Barcelona. A museum dedicated to his work, the Fundació Joan Miró, was established in his native city of Barcelona i ...
and
Pablo Picasso
Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist and Scenic design, theatre designer who spent most of his adult life in France. One of the most influential artists of the 20th ce ...
. The exhibition presented works by more than one hundred artists and represented rival schools of twentieth-century art as well as early modernists (Picasso, Miro,
Magritte).
Fifteen artists contributed their original works to be reproduced in sidewalk mosaics of integral color granite by the Cuban company Ornacen, with the help of the architects Fernando Salinas and Eduardo Rodríguez acting as technical consultants. The image of the mosaics was obtained with a cement mixture colored with fine gravel of crushed marble and marble powder, then polished. Bronze sheets delimited the embedded mosaics. The mosaics are approximately fourteen to eighteen inches square and 15 different designs are repeated over several blocks. There are 180 mosaics in total.
File:Salón de Mayo, 1967. Rene Portocarrero. Radiocentro CMQ Sidewalk. Havana, Cuba.jpg, Salón de Mayo, 1967. Rene Portocarrero.
File:Salón de Mayo, 1967. Terrazo Insert. Radiocentro CMQ Sidewalk. Havana, Cuba.jpg, Salón de Mayo, 1967.
File:Salón de Mayo, 1967. Amelia Pelaez. Radiocentro CMQ Sidewalk. Havana, Cuba.jpg, Salón de Mayo, 1967. Amelia Peláez
Amelia Peláez del Casal (5 January 1896 – 8 April 1968) was an important Cuban painter of the Avant-garde generation.
Biography
Amelia Peláez was born in 1896 in Yaguajay, in the former Cuban province of Las Villas (now Sancti Spíritus Pro ...
.
File:Salón de Mayo, 1967. Radiocentro CMQ Sidewalk. Havana, Cuba.jpg, Salón de Mayo, 1967. Antonia Eiriz.
File:Salón de Mayo, 1967. Wilfredo Lam. Radiocentro CMQ Sidewalk. Havana, Cuba.jpg, Salón de Mayo, 1967. Wifredo Lam
Wifredo Óscar de la Concepción Lam y Castilla (; December 8, 1902 – September 11, 1982), better known as Wifredo Lam, was a Cuban artist who sought to portray and revive the enduring Afro-Cuban spirit and culture. Inspired by and in conta ...
.
File:Salón de Mayo, 1967. Terrazo Insert II. Radiocentro CMQ Sidewalk. Havana, Cuba.jpg, Salón de Mayo, 1967.
File:Salón de Mayo, 1967. Mariano Rodriguez Terrazo Insert. Radiocentro CMQ Sidewalk. Havana, Cuba.jpg, Salón de Mayo, 1967. Mariano Rodriguez
The sidewalks along Calle L and Calle 23 in front of the Radiocentro CMQ Building (now Yara Cinema) one can still find the works of the artists who contributed designs such as Wifredo Lam, René Portocarrero, Hugo Consuegra, Mariano Rodríguez, Cundo Bermúdez, Cundo Bermúdez, Amelia Peláez, Luis Martínez Pedro, Salvador Corratge, Raúl Martínez, Antonio Vidal, Mariano Rodríguez and Sandu Darié.
Presidential palace attack
![Havana Presidential Palace Attack Echevarias car (1957)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Havana_Presidential_Palace_Attack_Echevarias_car_%281957%29.jpg)
The Radiocentro CMQ Building played a part in the general plan of the
Presidential Palace Attack of 1957 where over fifty people died, as explained by Faure Chaumón Mediavilla, one of the leaders of the attack.
[ The plan had been to attack and kill ]Fulgencio Batista
Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (; ; born Rubén Zaldívar, January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was a Cuban military officer and politician who served as the elected president of Cuba from 1940 to 1944 and as its U.S.-backed military dictator ...
at his office in the Presidential Palace by a commando of about fifty men and simultaneously support this operation with more than one hundred men, some would occupy the radio station Radio Reloj at the CMQ complex to announce the news of Batista's death and to encourage the people of Havana into a general strike and to incite them to join an armed rebellion. José Antonio Echeverría
José Antonio Echeverría (July 16, 1932 in Cárdenas, Cuba, Cárdenas, Matanzas Province, Matanzas – March 13, 1957 in Havana, Cuba) was a Cuban revolutionary and student leader.
The President of the Federation of University Students (' ...
, who was President of the Federation of University Students (Federación Estudiantil Universitaria - FEU), and leader of the assault of CMQ Radio made the speech at the regular time of a music program which most people listened to so that Echeverría's anti-Batista speech would be broadcast to the whole Cuban nation. Echeverría estimated that the rioters could only occupy the radio station for three minutes, therefore he had to prepare a speech which lasted three minutes at most. Echeverría managed to finish his speech at the 181st-second mark. He managed to leave the station unharmed and on the way to the University of Havana, just a few blocks away, his car was intercepted by a patrol car. He was killed during the shootout on the sidewalk of the north side of the university.
Otto Hernández Fernández the last survivor of the Radio Reloj, CMQ attack remembers March 13, 1957:
Gallery
File:La-tremenda-corte-programa-radio. Radiocentro CMQ. Havana, Cuba.jpg, Live radio transmission of La Tremenda Corte
La Tremenda Corte was a radio comedy show produced from the Radiocentro CMQ Building in Havana, Cuba. The scripts were written by Cástor Vispo, a Spaniard who became a Cuban citizen. The show was aired nonstop from 1942 to 1961. Later, the forma ...
in one of Radio CMQ Studios
File:Presidential Palace Attack Havana, Cuba. 1957.jpg, Presidential Palace Attack, Havana, Cuba. 1957
File:Antonio ECHEVARIA's girl friend days after the shooting.jpg, Antonio Echevarria's girlfriend days after the attack. Havana, 1957.
File:Antonio ECHEVARIA's mother. Havana, 1957.jpg, Antonio Echevarria's mother. Havana, 1957.
File:Antonio ECHEVARIA funeral. Havana, 1957.jpg, Antonio Echevarria funeral. Havana, 1957.
File:Cine Yara.jpg, Radiocentro CMQ Building in 2004
See also
* FOCSA Building
The FOCSA Building is a residential and commercial block in the Vedado neighborhood of Havana, Cuba. At , it is the tallest building in Cuba. It was named after the contracting company ''Fomento de Obras y Construcciones, Sociedad Anónima'', and ...
* Edificio del Seguro Médico, Havana
The Edificio del Seguro Médico is a commercial building in El Vedado, HavanaBuilt between 1955 and 1958, it was designed as a mixed use building for apartments and offices for the headquarters of the National Medical Insurance Company by Antonio ...
* López Serrano Building
The López Serrano Building was the tallest residential building in Cuba until the construction of the FOCSA Building, FOCSA in 1956. Designed by the architect Ricardo Mira in 1929, who in 1941 who also designed La Moderna Poesia bookstore on Obisp ...
* Havana Presidential Palace attack (1957)
The 1957 Havana Presidential Palace attack was a failed armed attack and assassination attempt on the life of President Fulgencio Batista at the Presidential Palace in Havana, Cuba. The attack began at around 3:30 PM on March 13, 1957, carrie ...
* Humboldt 7 massacre
The Humboldt 7 massacre was the extrajudicial killing of four unarmed Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil (DRE) members by the Havana police on 20 April 1957. The police, led by Lt. Colonel Esteban Ventura Novo, entered apartment 201 of Hu ...
* Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil
Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil ( abbreviation: DRE; English: Student Revolutionary Directorate) was a Cuban student activist group which in opposition to Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista from 1954 to 1957 played a role in the Cuban Revolu ...
References
Bibliography
* DÍEZ-PASTOR IRIBAS, C. (2003): Carlos Arniches y Martín Domínguez, arquitectos de la generación del 25, Librería MAIREA, Madrid.
* GÓMEZ DÍAZ, F. (2008): "Martín Domínguez Esteban. La labor de un arquitecto español exiliado en Cuba", RA Revista de Arquitectura, Universidad de Navarra, Navarra, Vol. 10: 59–68.
* MUÑOZ HERNÁNDEZ, R. (2011): "Edificios altos del Movimiento Moderno". Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Vol. XXXII, No. 1/2011.
External links
Martín Domínguez Esteban
La toma de Radio Reloj
Category talk:20th century in Cuba
Category talk:20th century in Havana
Category talk:1947 in Cuba
Category talk:1950s in Cuba
Category talk:Arts festivals in Cuba
Category talk:Arts in Cuba
{{DEFAULTSORT:Radiocentro CMQ Building
Architecture in Havana
Buildings and structures in Havana
1949 architecture
Buildings and structures completed in 1949
Commercial buildings completed in 1949
Office buildings completed in 1949
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