Paschasius Radbertus (785–865) was a
Carolingian
The Carolingian dynasty (; known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family named after Charlemagne, grandson of mayor Charles Martel and a descendant of the Arnulfing and Pippin ...
theologian and the abbot of
Corbie
Corbie (; nl, Korbei) is a commune of the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography
The small town is situated up river from Amiens, in the département of Somme and is the main town of the canton of Corbie. It lies ...
, a monastery in
Picardy
Picardy (; Picard and french: Picardie, , ) is a historical territory and a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region of Hauts-de-France. It is located in the northern part of France.
Hi ...
founded in 657 or 660 by the queen regent
Bathilde Bathilde is a Germanic given name, with variants as Bathilda, Balthild, Bathildis' or Böðvildr. It may refer to:
Persons
*Böðvildr, Germanic legendary character
*Balthild of Chelles (626–680), Merovingian queen
*Bathilde d'Orléans (1750– ...
with a founding community of monks from
Luxeuil Abbey
Luxeuil Abbey (), the ''Abbaye Saint-Pierre et Saint-Paul'', was one of the oldest and best-known monasteries in Burgundy, located in what is now the département of Haute-Saône in Franche-Comté, France.
History Columbanus
It was founded circa 5 ...
. His most well-known and influential work is an exposition on the nature of the
Eucharist
The Eucharist (; from Greek , , ), also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper, is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches, and as an ordinance in others. According to the New Testament, the rite was instit ...
written around 831, entitled ''De Corpore et Sanguine Domini''.
He was canonized in 1073 by
Pope Gregory VII
Pope Gregory VII ( la, Gregorius VII; 1015 – 25 May 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana ( it, Ildebrando di Soana), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085. He is venerated as a saint ...
. His
feast day
The calendar of saints is the traditional Christian method of organizing a liturgical year by associating each day with one or more saints and referring to the day as the feast day or feast of said saint. The word "feast" in this context d ...
is April 26.
His works are edited in ''
Patrologia Latina
The ''Patrologia Latina'' (Latin for ''The Latin Patrology'') is an enormous collection of the writings of the Church Fathers and other ecclesiastical writers published by Jacques-Paul Migne between 1841 and 1855, with indices published between ...
'' vol. 120 (1852) and his important tract on the Eucharist, ''De Corpore et Sanguine Domini'', in a 1969 edition by B. Paulus, published by Brepols (Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis 16).
Life
Paschasius was an orphan left on the steps of the convent of
Notre-Dame de Soissons
Notre-Dame de Soissons was a nunnery dedicated to the Virgin Mary (Our Lady) in Soissons. It was founded during the Merovingian era, between 658 and 666, but the community was dissolved and the building partially demolished during the French Revolu ...
. He was raised by the nuns there, and became very fond of the abbess, Theodrara. Theodrara was sister of
Adalard of Corbie
Adalard of Corbie ( la, Adalhardus Corbeiensis; c. 751, Huise – 2 January 827) was son of Bernard the son of Charles Martel and half-brother of Pepin; Charlemagne was his cousin. He ia recognised as a saint within the Catholic Church.
Biogra ...
and
Wala of Corbie
Wala (c. 755 – 31 August 836) was a son of Bernard, son of Charles Martel, and one of the principal advisers of his cousin Charlemagne, of Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious, and of Louis's son Lothair I. He succeeded his brother Adalard as abbo ...
, two monks whom he admired greatly. At a fairly young age, Paschasius left the convent to serve as a monk under Abbot Adalard, at
Corbie
Corbie (; nl, Korbei) is a commune of the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography
The small town is situated up river from Amiens, in the département of Somme and is the main town of the canton of Corbie. It lies ...
. There he also met Wala, Adalard's brother and successor.
Through the abbotship of both Adalard and Wala, Paschasius focused on the monastic life, spending his time studying and teaching. In 822 he accompanied abbot Adalard into Saxony for the purpose of founding the monastery of
New Corvey in Westphalia. When Adalard died in 826, Paschasius helped ensure Wala would become Abbot in his place. After Wala's death in 836 Heddo became abbot.
Ratramnus
Ratramnus (died ) a Frankish monk of the monastery of Corbie, near Amiens in northern France, was a Carolingian theologian known best for his writings on the Eucharist and predestination. His Eucharistic treatise, ''De corpore et sanguine Domini'' ...
, who may have held the position of teaching master, held opposing views to Paschasius on a number of ecclesiastical issues. Ratramnus wrote a refutation of Paschasius' treatise on the Eucharist, ''De Corpore et Sanguine Domini'', using the same title.
In 843 Paschasius succeeded Abbot Isaac, however he resigned his title ten years later to return to his studies. He left Corbie for the nearby monastery of
Saint-Riquier
Saint-Riquier () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography
The commune is situated northeast of Abbeville, on the D925 and D32 crossroads.
Abbey
Saint-Riquier (originally ''Centula'' or ''Centulum' ...
, where he lived in voluntary exile for some years. Why he resigned is unknown, however it is likely that his actions were motivated by factional disputes within his monastic community; misunderstandings between himself and the younger monks were likely factors in his decision.
He returned to Corbie late in life, and resided in his old monastery until his death in 865.
Paschasius' body was first buried at the Church of St. John in Corbie. After numerous reported miracles, the Pope ordered his remains to be removed, and interred in the Church of St. Peter, Corbie.
[Catholic Encyclopedia]
Writings
''De Corpore et Sanguine Domini''
The most well-known and influential work of Paschasius, ''De Corpore et Sanguine Domini'' (written between 831 and 833), is an exposition on the nature of the
Eucharist
The Eucharist (; from Greek , , ), also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper, is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches, and as an ordinance in others. According to the New Testament, the rite was instit ...
. It was originally written as an instructional manual for the monks under his care at Corbie, and is the first lengthy treatise on the sacrament of the Eucharist in the Western world. In it, Paschasius agrees with
Ambrose
Ambrose of Milan ( la, Aurelius Ambrosius; ), venerated as Saint Ambrose, ; lmo, Sant Ambroeus . was a theologian and statesman who served as Bishop of Milan from 374 to 397. He expressed himself prominently as a public figure, fiercely promo ...
in affirming that the Eucharist contains the true, historical body of Jesus Christ. According to Paschasius, God is truth itself, and therefore, his words and actions must be true. Christ's proclamation at the
Last Supper
Image:The Last Supper - Leonardo Da Vinci - High Resolution 32x16.jpg, 400px, alt=''The Last Supper'' by Leonardo da Vinci - Clickable Image, Depictions of the Last Supper in Christian art have been undertaken by artistic masters for centuries, ...
that the bread and wine were his body and blood must be taken literally, since God is truth. He thus believes that the
transubstantiation
Transubstantiation (Latin: ''transubstantiatio''; Greek: μετουσίωσις ''metousiosis'') is, according to the teaching of the Catholic Church, "the change of the whole substance of bread into the substance of the Body of Christ and of th ...
of the bread and wine offered in the Eucharist really occurs. Only if the Eucharist is the actual body and blood of Christ can a Christian know it is salvific.
Paschasius believed that the presence of the historical blood and body of Christ allows the partaker a real union with Jesus in a direct, personal, and physical union by joining a person's flesh with Christ's and Christ's flesh with his. To Paschasius, the Eucharist's transformation into the flesh and blood of Christ is possible
because of the principle that God is truth; God is able to manipulate nature, as he created it. The book was given to
Charles the Bald
Charles the Bald (french: Charles le Chauve; 13 June 823 – 6 October 877), also known as Charles II, was a 9th-century king of West Francia (843–877), king of Italy (875–877) and emperor of the Carolingian Empire (875–877). After a ser ...
, the Frankish king, as a present in 844, with the inclusion of a special introduction. The view Paschasius expressed in this work was met with some hostility;
Ratramnus
Ratramnus (died ) a Frankish monk of the monastery of Corbie, near Amiens in northern France, was a Carolingian theologian known best for his writings on the Eucharist and predestination. His Eucharistic treatise, ''De corpore et sanguine Domini'' ...
wrote a rebuttal by the same name, by order of
Charles the Bald
Charles the Bald (french: Charles le Chauve; 13 June 823 – 6 October 877), also known as Charles II, was a 9th-century king of West Francia (843–877), king of Italy (875–877) and emperor of the Carolingian Empire (875–877). After a ser ...
, who did not agree with some of the views Paschasius held. Ratramnus believed that the Eucharist was strictly metaphorical; he focused more on the relationship between faith and the newly emerging science. Shortly thereafter, a third monk joined the debate,
Rabanus Maurus
Rabanus Maurus Magnentius ( 780 – 4 February 856), also known as Hrabanus or Rhabanus, was a Frankish Benedictine monk, theologian, poet, encyclopedist and military writer who became archbishop of Mainz in East Francia. He was the author of the ...
, which initiated the Carolingian Eucharist Controversy. Ultimately, however, the king accepted Paschasius' assertion, and the
substantial presence of Christ in the Eucharist became the authoritative belief in the Roman Catholic faith.
''Vitae Adalhardi et Walae''
Written in 826 and 836, respectively, ''Vita Adalhardi'' and ''Vita Walae'' are spiritual biographies of Paschasius' role-models. They are personal tributes, written for the memory of two fathers, and the patterns of life depicted in them are intended to be followed.
''Vita Adalhardi'' is rather brief; it is a fairly conventional representation of a saint's life. However, the style that Paschasius uses is unique for the time in which it was written. Written in mourning for the loss of his friend, Paschasius compares Adalard to the painter
Zeuxis. As described by
Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the estab ...
, artists study models to perfect their art; Zeuxis' challenge was to paint the woman,
Helen of Troy
Helen of Troy, Helen, Helena, (Ancient Greek: Ἑλένη ''Helénē'', ) also known as beautiful Helen, Helen of Argos, or Helen of Sparta, was a figure in Greek mythology said to have been the most beautiful woman in the world. She was believe ...
. Paschasius states that just as Zeuxis studied forms in order to perfect his art, so too does Adalard in trying to reform the image of God in himself. In making this comparison, Paschasius was identified with being a
humanistic
Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential and agency of human beings. It considers human beings the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry.
The meaning of the term "humani ...
writer of the Carolingian period, as he compared classic and ancient literature with contemporary literature. Paschasius depicts Adalard as a mirror image of Christ, emphasizing the elements of infinite love and descent into suffering. He also parallels Adalard's role in the church to that of a mother, which is a concept attributed to
Cistercian
The Cistercians, () officially the Order of Cistercians ( la, (Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint ...
spirituality in the 12th century, three hundred years after Paschasius' death. The grief felt over the death of Adalard is extremely strong in the book – although Paschasius knows that suffering should give way to joy, as depicted by his forefathers, such as
Jerome
Jerome (; la, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was a Christian presbyter, priest, Confessor of the Faith, confessor, th ...
, Paschasius' grief for the loss of his friend surpassed that of his literary models. This style of writing is also not seen elsewhere prior to the 12th century. Paschasius' justification of excess mourning is his most distinctive contribution to the tradition of consolation literature.
''Vita Walae'' is much longer (about twice as long as ''Vita Adalhardi''), and is structured as a dialogue. In total, there are eight characters represented, presumably monks of Corbie. These characters are given pseudonyms, probably nor with the intention of masking identities. It is more likely that these pseudonyms were employed to further support Paschasius' interpretation of Wala, as the names were taken from classical texts. Phrases and passages from a variety of sources are woven into the text (
Acts of St. Sebastien
The Acts of the Apostles ( grc-koi, Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, ''Práxeis Apostólōn''; la, Actūs Apostolōrum) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of The gospel, ...
,
The Book of Job
The Book of Job (; hbo, אִיּוֹב, ʾIyyōḇ), or simply Job, is a book found in the Ketuvim ("Writings") section of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), and is the first of the Poetic Books in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. Scholars are ...
, various comedies of
Terence
Publius Terentius Afer (; – ), better known in English as Terence (), was a Roman African playwright during the Roman Republic. His comedies were performed for the first time around 166–160 BC. Terentius Lucanus, a Roman senator, brought ...
). Although not displaying information about Wala, these additions reflect Paschasius' own beliefs and his skill at writing. While ''Vita Adalhardi'' was written to be in part a funeral eulogy, ''Vita Walae'' was written as a (fairly) accurate depiction of Wala. Paschasius used sources in writing this biography, a handbook written by Wala, and treatises of the time, probably to show his own views through his depiction of Wala.
Other works
Paschasius has an extensive collection of works, including many
exegeses
Exegesis ( ; from the Greek , from , "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text. The term is traditionally applied to the interpretation of Biblical works. In modern usage, exegesis can involve critical interpretations ...
on various books of the
Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts of a ...
. He wrote commentaries on the
Gospel of Matthew
The Gospel of Matthew), or simply Matthew. It is most commonly abbreviated as "Matt." is the first book of the New Testament of the Bible and one of the three synoptic Gospels. It tells how Israel's Messiah, Jesus, comes to his people and for ...
,
Lamentations
The Book of Lamentations ( he, אֵיכָה, , from its incipit meaning "how") is a collection of poetic laments for the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE. In the Hebrew Bible it appears in the Ketuvim ("Writings") as one of the Five Megillot ...
, and an exposition of
Psalm 45
Psalm 45 is the 45th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "My heart is inditing a good matter". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate translations of the ...
, which he dedicated to the nuns at St. Mary at Soissons. ''De Partu Virginis'', written for his friend Emma, Abbess of St. Mary at Soissons and daughter of Theodrara, describes the lifestyle of nuns. He also wrote a treatise, titled ''De Nativitae Sanctae Mariae'', regarding the nature of the
Virgin Mary
Mary; arc, ܡܪܝܡ, translit=Mariam; ar, مريم, translit=Maryam; grc, Μαρία, translit=María; la, Maria; cop, Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ, translit=Maria was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Joseph and the mother o ...
and the birth of
Jesus Christ
Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label=Hebrew/Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious ...
. Paschasius probably wrote much more, but none of it has survived through the centuries. Paschasius wrote a commentary on ''Revelation''.
Theological contributions
Understanding of the human body
In opposition to other
Carolingian
The Carolingian dynasty (; known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family named after Charlemagne, grandson of mayor Charles Martel and a descendant of the Arnulfing and Pippin ...
authors, Paschasius locates the ''
Imago Dei
The image of God (; ) is a concept and theological doctrine in Christianity, as well as in Judaism. This concept is a foundational aspect of Christian and Jewish understandings of human nature. It stems from the primary text in Genesis 1:27, which ...
'' (the "Image of God") in the whole human being – body as well as soul. This view is in alignment with that of the second-century
Church Father
The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, Christian Fathers, or Fathers of the Church were ancient and influential Christian theologians and writers who established the intellectual and doctrinal foundations of Christianity. The historical per ...
Irenaeus
Irenaeus (; grc-gre, Εἰρηναῖος ''Eirēnaios''; c. 130 – c. 202 AD) was a Greek bishop noted for his role in guiding and expanding Christian communities in the southern regions of present-day France and, more widely, for the dev ...
. Irenaeus believed that Jesus was the physical embodiment of God; the son is the image of the father. As such, humans represent the image of God not only in soul, but in flesh as well. This view is in opposition to the more accepted view of
Origen of Alexandria
Origen of Alexandria, ''Ōrigénēs''; Origen's Greek name ''Ōrigénēs'' () probably means "child of Horus" (from , "Horus", and , "born"). ( 185 – 253), also known as Origen Adamantius, was an early Christian scholar, ascetic, and theolog ...
, who believed that the physical body had no part in the image-relationship. Unlike other theologians of the time, Paschasius does not equate the
sanctification
Sanctification (or in its verb form, sanctify) literally means "to set apart for special use or purpose", that is, to make holy or sacred (compare la, sanctus). Therefore, sanctification refers to the state or process of being set apart, i.e. " ...
process with a metaphysical detachment of the body and the soul. Instead, he believes that the
human condition
The human condition is all of the characteristics and key events of human life, including birth, learning, emotion, aspiration, morality, conflict, and death. This is a very broad topic that has been and continues to be pondered and analyzed fr ...
(existing in a physical form) can contribute positively to achieving sanctification. However, he did believe in a form of mitigated dualism, in which the soul plays a larger part in the process than the body. Paschasius believes that life is an opportunity to practice for death; however, the concept that the body is a prison for the soul is practically non-existent in his work, and probably only occurs due to pressure from his peers. Even though he believed that the body has a role in one's sanctification process, he also acknowledged that flesh struggles against God, and thus has the ability to be corrupted.
Understanding of Christ's body
Paschasius believed in a distinction between ''veritas'' (truth) and ''figura'' (form, or appearance). Christ's descent from heaven to earth was a declension from truth to appearance, from the realm of perfection to the realm of imperfection. This would imply that Jesus in flesh is false, and imperfect; however, Paschasius asserted that not every figure is false. Christ is simultaneously both truth and figure because his external, physical self is the figure of the truth, the physical manifestation of the truth that exists in the soul. The person that was Jesus was subject to human needs, just like the rest of humanity. He required to eat, to sleep, and to be in company with others. In addition to this, however, he also performed miracles. These behaviours which Jesus exhibited imply a duality in the concept of "Word made flesh". Miracles, until then only performed by God, the non-physical Truth or Word, were suddenly performed by a physical human being. The relationship between Jesus' humanity and his divinity is rather convoluted; however, it is analogous to the relation of figures (written letters) of words to their spoken counterparts. Therefore, Jesus in physical form is the visual representation, T-R-U-T-H, while his divinity is the spoken sound of those written letters together as a word.
[Appleby, pg. 16-17]
See also
*
Adalard of Corbie
Adalard of Corbie ( la, Adalhardus Corbeiensis; c. 751, Huise – 2 January 827) was son of Bernard the son of Charles Martel and half-brother of Pepin; Charlemagne was his cousin. He ia recognised as a saint within the Catholic Church.
Biogra ...
*
Wala of Corbie
Wala (c. 755 – 31 August 836) was a son of Bernard, son of Charles Martel, and one of the principal advisers of his cousin Charlemagne, of Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious, and of Louis's son Lothair I. He succeeded his brother Adalard as abbo ...
*
Ratramnus of Corbie
Ratramnus (died ) a Frankish monk of the monastery of Corbie, near Amiens in northern France, was a Carolingian theologian known best for his writings on the Eucharist and predestination. His Eucharistic treatise, ''De corpore et sanguine Domini'' ...
*
Charles the Bald
Charles the Bald (french: Charles le Chauve; 13 June 823 – 6 October 877), also known as Charles II, was a 9th-century king of West Francia (843–877), king of Italy (875–877) and emperor of the Carolingian Empire (875–877). After a ser ...
*
Rabanus Maurus
Rabanus Maurus Magnentius ( 780 – 4 February 856), also known as Hrabanus or Rhabanus, was a Frankish Benedictine monk, theologian, poet, encyclopedist and military writer who became archbishop of Mainz in East Francia. He was the author of the ...
Notes
References
*Radbertus, Paschausuis. "The Lord’s Body and Blood." Early Medieval Theology: The Library of Christian Classics.ed. McCracken, George E. (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1957).
*Appleby, David. "Beautiful on the Cross, Beautiful in his Torments: The Place of the Body in the Thought of Paschasius Radbertus," ''Traditio; studies in ancient and medieval history, thought, and religion'' 60 (2005): 1-46.
*Cabaniss, Allen. ''Charlemagne's Cousins: Contemporary Lives of Adalard and Wala.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1967.
*Chazelle, Celia. "Figure, Character, and the Glorified Body in the Carolingian Eucharistic Controversy," ''Traditio; studies in ancient and medieval history, thought, and religion'' 47 (1992): 1-36.
*Ginther, James. ''Westminster Handbook to Medieval Theology'', (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2009), 155–6.
*Matter, Anne E. "The Lamentations Commentaries of Hrabanus Maurus and Paschasius Radbertus," ''Traditio; studies in ancient and medieval history, thought, and religion'' 38 (1982): 137–163.
*Migne (ed.), ''Sancti Paschasii Radberti Abbatis Corbeiensis Opera Omnia''
PL vol. 120(1852).
*Phelan, Owen M. "Horizontal and Vertical Theologies: "Sacraments" in the Works of Paschasius Radbertus and Ratramnus of Corbie" ''Harvard Theological Review'' 103:3 (2010) 271–289.
*Pohle, Joseph
''
The Catholic Encyclopedia
The ''Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church'' (also referred to as the ''Old Catholic Encyclopedia'' and the ''Original Catholic Encyclopedia'') i ...
'' Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911.
*Zirkel, Patricia McCormick. "The Ninth Century Eucharistic Controversy: a Context for the Beginnings of the Eucharistic Doctrine in the West," ''Worship'' 68 (January 1994): 2-23.
Further reading
*Frank, Karl Suso. "Arsenios der Grosse : vom Apophthegma zum hagiographischen Text," ''Mémorial Dom Jean Gribomont (1920-1986)''. 271–287. Rome: Institutum Patristicum "Augustinianum", 1988.
*Gnaninathan, P. ''The doctrine of the real presence in the "De corpore et Sanguine Domini" of St Paschasius Radbert, 786-860.'' Kumbakonam: St Joseph's Press, 1942.
*Härdelin, Alf. "An epithalamium for nuns : imagery and spirituality in Paschasius Radbertus' "Exposition of Psalm 44(45)"," ''In Quest of the Kingdom''. 79-107. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell Int, 1991.
*Härdelin, Alf. "Renässans för karolingertiden," ''Kyrkohistorisk arsskrift''. 22-39 (1987).
*Maus, Cyrin. ''A phenomenology of Revelation : Paschasius Radbert's way of interpreting Scripture.'' Dayton, Ohio: St. Leonard College, 1970.
*Navarro Girón, María Angeles. Madrid: Univ Pontificia, 1989 .
*Paschasius Radbertus, Saint. ''De corpore et sanguine Domini ; cum appendice Epistola ad Fredugardum,'' Ed. B. Paulus, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis 16, Turnhout: Brepols, 1969.
*Paschasius Radbertus, Saint. ''Expositio in Lamentationes Hieremiae libri quinque.'' Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1988.
*Pitchers, Alrah L M. "The Eucharist: concepts in the Western church from the ninth century to the twelfth century and their present relevance," ''Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae'' 30 (January 2004): 140–150.
*Reinhold, H A. "St Radbert and St Bernard," ''Orate Fratres'' 23 (April 17, 1949): 260–265.
*Stoltz, Travis D. "Paschasius Radbertus and the sacrifice of the Mass: a medieval antecedent to Augustana XXIV," ''Logia'' 10 (2001): 9–12.
*Tavard, George H. "The Church as Eucharistic communion in medieval theology," ''Continuity and Discontinuity in Church History.'' 92–103. Leiden: Brill, 1979.
*Vuolo, Antonio. "Memoria epigrafica e memoria agiografica : la "Uita sancti Paschasii confessoris" (secc XI-XII)," ''Florentissima proles ecclesiae.'' 553-583. Trento: Civis, 1996.
*Ward, Elizabeth. "Agobard of Lyons and Paschasius Radbertus as critics of the Empress Judith," ''Women in the Church.'' 15–25. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990.
*Yarnold, Edward. "De Benedictionibus Patriarcharum Jacob et Moysi; Instrumenta Lexicologica," ''Journal of Theological Studies''. 45 (April 1994): 368–369.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Paschasius, Radbertus
785 births
865 deaths
People from Soissons
Frankish Benedictines
Abbots of Corbie
9th-century Christian theologians
9th-century Latin writers
9th-century philosophers
9th-century French philosophers
Medieval French theologians
Writers from the Carolingian Empire
Saints from the Carolingian Empire
Canonizations by Pope Gregory VII