Purian (also Purían) is a pair of

extinct language An extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, especially if the language has no living descendants. In contrast, a dead language is one that is no longer the native language of any community, even if it is still in use, l ...

s of eastern

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

: * Purí * Coroado Puri (also known as Colorado) Coropó (Koropó), once spoken in

Minas Gerais Minas Gerais () is a state in Southeastern Brazil. It ranks as the second most populous, the third by gross domestic product (GDP), and the fourth largest by area in the country. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte (literall ...

and

Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...

, was added by Campbell (1997), but removed again by Ramirez et al. (2015).Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015)
Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro
''LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas'', 15(2), 223 - 277. Purian is part of the Macro-Jê proposal. However, when Coropó is removed, there are not sufficient lexical connections to maintain this classification.

Attestation

The Purian languages are only attested by a few word lists from the 19th century. The lists are:

Puri Puri () is a coastal city and a municipality in the state of Odisha in eastern India. It is the district headquarters of Puri district and is situated on the Bay of Bengal, south of the state capital of Bhubaneswar. It is also known as '' ...

: * Martius (1863: 194-195), collected in 1818 at São João do Presídio (now Visconde do Rio Branco, Minas Gerais). * Eschwege (2002: 122-127), collected in 1815 near São João do Presídio *Torrezão (1889: 511-513), collected in 1885 at Abre Campo (near Manhuaçu,

)

Coroado The Kaingang (also spelled ''caingangue'' in Portuguese or ''kanhgág'' in the Kaingang language) people are an Indigenous Brazilian ethnic group spread out over the three southern Brazilian states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande d ...

: *Martius (1863: 195-198), collected in 1818 near São João do Presídio *Eschwege (2002: 122-127), collected in 1815 near São João do Presídio *Marlière (Martius, 1889: 198-207), collected between 1817-1819 at missions along the lower Paraíba do Sul River * Saint-Hilaire (2000: 33), collected in 1816 near Valença, Rio de Janeiro Koropó is attested by two word lists: *Eschwege (2002: 122-127), 127 words collected in 1815 * Schott (1822, pp. 48-51), 55 words collected in 1818

Distribution

The Purian languages were spoken in a continuous region stretching from the Preto River to the Paraíba River (from Queluz, São Paulo to Paraibuna,

São Paulo São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for ' Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaW ...

). The Puri occupied the Upper Paraíba do Sul River up to Queluz, São Paulo, and the Coroado from the Pomba River to the Doce River in

Dialects

Mason (1950) lists the following dialects of Coroado and Purí: *

**Maritong **Cobanipake **Tamprun **Sasaricon * Purí **Sabonan **Wambori **Shaynishuna

Other languages

Extinct and unknown languages that may have been Purian languages: *Caracatan - once spoken on the Caratinga River and Manhuaçu River, Minas Gerais. *Bucan - found between Funil and Itacolumi near Mariana, Minas Gerais. *Arasi - in Minas Gerais, Serra Ibitipoca and near Barbacena. *Bacunin - near the city of Valença and on the Preto River. *Airuan - Minas Gerais, between the Piranga River and

Branco River The Branco River ( pt, Rio Branco; Engl: ''White River'') is the principal affluent of the Rio Negro from the north. Basin The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion. It is enriched by many streams from the Tepui highlands ...

. *Bocayú - on the Pomba River. *Aripiado - in the Serra da Araponga, Minas Gerais. *Aredé - between

Itabirito Itabirito is a municipality in the Minas Gerais state of Brazil. Its population is estimated to have 52,446 people in 2020. The city belongs to the mesoregion Metropolitan of Belo Horizonte and to the microregion of Ouro Preto. The municipality co ...

and Espinhaço. *Guaraxué - between

Ouro Preto Ouro Preto (, ''Black Gold''), formerly Vila Rica (, ''Rich Village''), is a city in and former capital of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, a former colonial mining town located in the Serra do Espinhaço mountains and designated a World H ...

Mariana Mariana may refer to: Literature * ''Mariana'' (Dickens novel), a 1940 novel by Monica Dickens * ''Mariana'' (poem), a poem by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson * ''Mariana'' (Vaz novel), a 1997 novel by Katherine Vaz Music *"Mariana", a so ...

and Piranga. *Sacarú - state of Rio de Janeiro on the Paraíba River. *Paraíba - state of Rio de Janeiro on the Paraíba River. *Pitá - state of Rio de Janeiro, on the Bonito River. *Xumeto - in the

Serra da Mantiqueira The Mantiqueira Mountains (Portuguese: ''Serra da Mantiqueira iterally: Mantiqueira Mountains Chain') are a mountain range in Southeastern Brazil, with parts in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. It rises abruptly from the ...

, state of Rio de Janeiro. *Guarú - south of the Pitá tribe, state of Rio de Janeiro. *Lôpo or Rôpo - in the Serra de Abre Campo, state of Minas Gerais. *Abatipó - once spoken on the Matipó River, Minas Gerais. *Caxine - in the state of Minas Gerais between the Preto River and Paraíba River, and near Valença, Rio de Janeiro. *Caramonan - state of Minas Gerais, between the Pomba River and Doce River. *Waitaka or Goytacaz - formerly spoken on the São Mateus River and in the vicinity of

Cabo de São Tomé The Cabo de São Tomé is a peninsula in the state of Rio de Janeiro, on the coast of southeastern Brazil. It is 40 km southeast of the city of Campos dos Goytacazes. Further southeast is Cabo Frio Cabo Frio (, ''Cold Cape'') is a tourist ...

, state of Rio de Janeiro.

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items. :

Proto-language

Silva Neto (2007) reconstructs 47 Proto-Purian forms.Silva Neto, Ambrósio Pereira da Silva. 2007.
Revisão da classificação da família lingüística Puri
'. M.A. dissertation, University of Brasília. Reconstituted forms by Silva Neto (2007) for

, and Koropó synthesized from historical sources are also provided. : However, similarities in Koropó were later found to be loanwords by Ramirez et al. (2015), who classifies Koropó as Maxakalían. Nikulin (2020) also classifies Koropó as Macro-Jê ( Maxakalían branch).Nikulin, Andrey. 2020.
Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo
'. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília.

References

Bibliography

*Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. . *Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.

External links

* PROEL

{{South American languages Language families Extinct languages of South America Indigenous languages of Eastern Brazil