American Sign Language American Sign Language (ASL) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of Deaf communities in the United States of America and most of Anglophone Canada. ASL is a complete and organized visual language that is express ...

(ASL) developed in the United States and Canada, but has spread around the world. Local varieties have developed in many countries, but there is little research on which should be considered dialects of ASL (such as Bolivian Sign Language) and which have diverged to the point of being distinct languages (such as Malaysian Sign Language). The following are sign language varieties of ASL in countries other than the US and Canada, languages based on ASL with substratum influence from local sign languages, and

mixed language A mixed language is a language that arises among a bilingual group combining aspects of two or more languages but not clearly deriving primarily from any single language. It differs from a creole or pidgin language in that, whereas creoles/pidgin ...

s in which ASL is a component. Distinction follow political boundaries, which may not correspond to linguistic boundaries.

Bolivian Sign Language

Bolivian Sign Language (Lengua de Señas Bolivianas, LSB) is a dialect of

(ASL) used predominantly by the Deaf in Bolivia.

History

In 1973,

was brought to Bolivia by Eleanor and Lloyd Powlison, missionaries from the United States. An indigenous sign language (or perhaps sign languages) existed before the introduction and adoption of American Sign Language, though it is unknown how widespread or unified it was. The first book of LSB was published in 1992, but more than 90% of the signs were from ASL. Due to research work in the 1990s and 2000s a lot of expressions in LSB were collected by Bolivian Deaf, and education materials for learning LSB or teaching in LSB were published. The dependence on words used in ASL was reduced, but the usage of ASL words still is over 70%. Today LSB is used by more deaf Bolivians than the reported 400 in 1988 in the Ethnologue report, due to the introduction of bilingual education (LSB as primary language and Spanish as secondary language) originally in Riberalta and its adoption to other schools in Bolivia with the support of the Education Ministry of Bolivia and the growing social exchange of the Deaf. In 1988, there were a total of 9 deaf institutions in the country and 46,800 deaf Bolivians. In 2002 there were approximately 25 deaf schools.

Burundian Sign Language

Burundian Sign Language (LSB) is the national sign language of Burundi's Deaf community. It dates from Foster's introduction of ASL into Burundi, but has diverged since. Mouthing and initialization are mostly based on French. ASL signers from the USA are reported to have a hard time understanding videos in LSB, and LSB signers have a hard time understanding ASL videos, and Burundian Deaf consider their language to be distinct from ASL and from neighboring sign languages, such as

Ugandan }), is a landlocked country in East Africa. The country is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The souther ...

and Rwandan Sign.

Costa Rican Sign Language

Costa Rican Sign Language, also known New Costa Rican Sign Language or Modern Costa Rican Sign Language, is the national sign language of Costa Rica's

Deaf community Deafness has varying definitions in cultural and medical contexts. In medical contexts, the meaning of deafness is hearing loss that precludes a person from understanding spoken language, an audiological condition. In this context it is written ...

. It is used primarily by people born after 1960, and is about 60% cognate with

(Woodward 1991, 1992). It is unrelated to two known village sign languages of Costa Rica,

Bribri Sign Language Bribri Sign Language is a village sign language of an indigenous Bribri The Bribri are an Indigenous people in eastern Costa Rica and northern Panama. Today, most Bribri people speak the Bribri language or Spanish. There are varying estima ...

and

Brunca Sign Language Brunca Sign Language is a village sign language A village sign language, or village sign, also known as a shared sign language, is a local indigenous sign language used by both deaf and hearing in an area with a high incidence of congenital deafn ...

Dominican Sign Language

Dominican Sign Language is a local variant of American Sign Language used in the Dominican Republic. Many deaf Dominicans use home sign, and are not fluent in Dominican Sign Language.

Francophone African Sign Language

Francophone African Sign Language (', or LSAF) is the variety, or varieties, of

(ASL) used in several francophone countries of Africa. Education for the Deaf in these countries is based on ASL and written

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

; there is therefore a French influence on the language of the classroom. With the exception of

Algerian Sign Language Algerian Sign Language (French: ''Langue des signes algérienne (LSA)'', Tamazight: ''Tutlayt Tagugamt n Lezzayer'', Arabic: لغة الإشارة الجزائرية ) is the sign language most commonly used in Algeria. It was officially recogn ...

, the sign languages of francophone Africa are unrelated to French Sign Language, except indirectly through their derivation from ASL. This is because most schools for the deaf in the region were founded by the American missionary Andrew Foster or by his students, starting in 1974.

Chadian Sign Language American Sign Language (ASL) developed in the United States and Canada, but has spread around the world. Local varieties have developed in many countries, but there is little research on which should be considered dialects of ASL (such as Bolivia ...

may be closest to

Nigerian Sign Language American Sign Language (ASL) developed in the United States and Canada, but has spread around the world. Local varieties have developed in many countries, but there is little research on which should be considered dialects of ASL (such as Bolivia ...

. (A few countries have languages unrelated to either:

Madagascar Sign Language Norwegian Sign Language, or NSL ( Norwegian or , ''NTS''), is the principal sign language in Norway. There are many sign language organizations and some television programs broadcast in NSL in Norway. The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation airs ...

derives from Norwegian SL, and

Tunisian Sign Language Tunisian Sign Language is the sign language used by deaf people in Tunisia. It derives from Italian Sign Language Italian Sign Language or LIS (''Lingua dei Segni Italiana'') is the visual language used by deaf people in Italy. Deep analysis o ...

is apparently a language isolate.)

Characteristics

As in other African derivations of ASL, the language has been affected by local gestures and conventions. This is especially true of taboo topics such as sex (Dalle 1996). As an example of the French influence on francophone ASL, the word for 'she' is made by pointing with an L-shaped hand, rather than with a simple index finger, because the name of the letter el is homonymous with ''elle'' ('she') in French. It is not clear to what extent such influence continues outside the classroom.

Location

Francophone African countries which use ASL as the language of Deaf instruction are: *Senegal *Mauritania *Mali *Guinea *Ivory Coast *Burkina Faso *Togo *Benin *Niger *Chad (from Nigeria) *Central African Republic *Gabon *Republic of Congo (Brazzaville; from Nigeria) *Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa; FSL is also used) *Burundi *Morocco

Haitian Sign Language

Haitian Sign Language is the national sign language of deaf people in Haiti.

Ghanaian Sign Language

Ghanaian Sign Language is the national sign language of deaf people in Ghana, descended from

. It was introduced in 1957 by Andrew Foster, a deaf African-American missionary, as there had been no education or organizations for the deaf previously. Foster went on to establish the first school for the deaf in Nigeria a few years later, and

shows influence from GSL. GSL is unrelated to indigenous Ghanaian sign languages such as

Adamorobe Sign Language Adamorobe Sign Language or Adasl is a village sign language used in Adamorobe, an Akan village in eastern Ghana. It is used by about 30 deaf and 1370 hearing people (2003). The Adamorobe community is notable for its unusually high incidence of ...

and

Nanabin Sign Language Nanabin Sign Language is a family sign language of the coastal Fante village of Ekumfi Nanabin in the Central Region of Ghana, ca. 8 km east of Mankessim. It is used by three generations of a single family which is mostly deaf. The secon ...

. There are nine schools for the deaf in Ghana.

Greek Sign Language

Greek SL formed in the 1950s when

and French Sign Language came together, with admixture from indigenous sign.

Indonesian sign languages

Indonesian Sign Language, or Bahasa Isyarat Indonesia (BISINDO), is any of several related deaf sign languages of Indonesia, at least on the island of Java. It is based on American Sign Language (perhaps via Malaysian Sign Language), with local admixture in different cities. Although presented as a coherent language when advocating for recognition by the Indonesian government and use in education, the varieties used in different cities may not be mutually intelligible.

Jamaican Sign Language

Jamaican Sign Language (JSL) is a local variant of

used in Jamaica. It is supplanting the indigenous

Jamaican Country Sign Language Jamaican Country Sign Language, also Country Sign, or Konchri Sain (KS) in Jamaican Patois, is an indigenous village sign language of Jamaica. It is used by a small number of Deaf and hearing Jamaicans, spread over several communities in the rura ...

Malaysian Sign Language

Malaysian Sign Language ( ms, Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia, or BIM) is the principal language of the deaf community of Malaysia. BIM has many dialects, differing from state to state. Malaysian Sign Language was born when the

Malaysian Federation of the Deaf Malaysian may refer to: * Something from or related to Malaysia, a country in Southeast Asia * Malaysian Malay, a dialect of Malay language spoken mainly in Malaysia * Malaysian people, people who are identified with the country of Malaysia regard ...

was established in 1998 and use has expanded among deaf leaders and participants. It is based on

(ASL), but the two are considered different languages. BIM in turn has been the basis for

Indonesian Sign Language Indonesian Sign Language, or Bahasa Isyarat Indonesia (BISINDO), is any of several related deaf sign languages of Indonesia, at least on the island of Java. It is based on American Sign Language, with local admixture in different cities. Althoug ...

Moroccan Sign Language

Moroccan Sign Language (MSL) is the language of the deaf community of Tetouan and some other cities of Morocco. American Peace Corps volunteers created Moroccan Sign Language in 1987 in Tetouan from American Sign Language (ASL) and the existing signs; there is less than a 50% lexical similarity with ASL. It is not clear if the 'existing signs' were

home sign Home sign (or kitchen sign) is a gestural communication system, often invented spontaneously by a deaf child who lacks accessible linguistic input. Home sign systems often arise in families where a deaf child is raised by hearing parents and is is ...

or an established

village sign language A village sign language, or village sign, also known as a shared sign language, is a local indigenous sign language used by both deaf and hearing in an area with a high incidence of congenital deafness. Meir ''et al.'' define a village sign languag ...

. The language is used in three programs for the deaf, but not throughout the country: It is not used in the large cities of Rabat, Tangier, or Casablanca, for example. In Oujda, near the Algerian border,

is used, or at least the local sign language has been strongly influenced by it.

Nigerian Sign Language

Nigerian Sign Language, NSL is the national sign language of deaf people in Nigeria, however, Nigeria does not have a national sign language yet. ASL (with a possible mix of Signed English) was introduced in 1960, a few years after

Ghanaian Sign Language American Sign Language (ASL) developed in the United States and Canada, but has spread around the world. Local varieties have developed in many countries, but there is little research on which should be considered dialects of ASL (such as Bolivia ...

, by Andrew Foster, a deaf African-American missionary, thereby raising a signing system some scholars have referred to as a dialect of ASL. Deaf education in Nigeria was based on oral method and existing indigenous sign languages were generally regarded as gestural communication prior to Andrew Foster's arrival. The conventional "Nigerian Sign Language" today has been described as the "School Sign Language" and is coded as nsi on the repository of languages of the world by SIL International. There is a Ghanaian influence in NSL; both are based on

. The School Sign Language has little relationship with the various Indigenous Nigerian sign languages such as

Hausa Sign Language Hausa Sign Language (HSL) or ''Maganar Hannu'' is the indigenous sign language of the Deaf community Deafness has varying definitions in cultural and medical contexts. In medical contexts, the meaning of deafness is hearing loss that preclude ...

, Yoruba Sign Language, and

Bura Sign Language Bura Sign Language is a village sign language used by the Bura people around the village of Kukurpu, 40 km (25 miles) south-east of Biu, Nigeria, an area with a high degree of congenital deafness. What little is known about it is due to a brie ...

. The Save the Deaf and Endangered Languages Initiative and Nigerian National Association of the Deaf have been working to document indigenous and national varieties of NSL both for research and reference for the Nigerian deaf population. Chadian and Congolese teachers for the deaf are trained in Nigeria. There are deaf schools in Chad in N’Djamena, Sarh, and Moundou.

Panamanian Sign Language

Panamanian Sign Language ''(Lengua de señas panameñas,'' LSP) is one of two

deaf sign language Sign languages (also known as signed languages) are languages that use the visual-manual modality to convey meaning, instead of spoken words. Sign languages are expressed through manual articulation in combination with non-manual markers. Sign l ...

s of Panama. It derived from

and influenced by

Salvadoran Sign Language Salvadoran Sign language is a language used by the deaf community in El Salvador. Its main purpose is to communicate. There are three distinct forms of sign language. American Sign Language was brought over to El Salvador from the United States ...

. See also Chiriqui Sign Language.

Philippine Sign Language

Philippine Sign Language ( fil, Wikang pasenyas ng mga Pilipino), is a sign language originating in the Philippines. It has been strongly influenced by

since the establishment in 1907 of the School for the Deaf and Blind (SDB) (now the Philippine School for the Deaf) by Delia Delight Rice (1883-1964), an

American American(s) may refer to: * American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America" ** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America ** American ancestry, pe ...

Thomasite The Thomasites were a group of 600 American teachers who traveled from the United States to the newly occupied territory of the Philippines on the U.S. Army Transport ''Thomas''. The group included 346 men and 180 women, hailing from 43 differe ...

teacher born to deaf parents. The school was run and managed by American principals until the 1940s. In the 1960s, contact with American Sign Language continued through the launching of the Deaf Evangelistic Alliance Foundation and the Laguna Christian College for the Deaf. Another source of ASL influence was the assignment of volunteers from the United States Peace Corps, who were stationed at various places in the Philippines from 1974 through 1989, as well as religious organizations that promoted ASL and Manually Coded English.Abat, Rafaelito M., and Liza B. Martinez. The History of Sign Language in the Philippines: Piecing Together the Puzzle, Philippine Federation of the Deaf / Philippine Deaf Resource Center, Philippine Linguistics Congress, Department of Linguistics, University of the Philippines, January 25-27, 2006, 8 pages
(PDF), retrieved on: March 25, 2008 (archived fro
the original
on 2011-07-28) Starting in 1982, the International Deaf Education Association (IDEA), led by former Peace Corps volunteer G. Dennis Drake, established a series of residential elementary programs in

Bohol Bohol (), officially the Province of Bohol ( ceb, Lalawigan sa Bohol; tl, Lalawigan ng Bohol), is an island province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, consisting of the island itself and 75 minor surrounding islands. It ...

using Philippine Sign Language as the primary language of instruction. The Bohol Deaf Academy also primarily emphasizes Philippine Sign Language. Usage of Filipino Sign Language was reported in 2009 as being used by 54% of sign-language users in the Philippines.

Puerto Rican Sign Language

Puerto Rican Sign Language (PRSL) is a variety or descendant of

, which was introduced to Puerto Rico in 1907. It is not clear how far PRSL may have diverged from ASL, but ''Ethnologue'' speaks of bilingualism in ASL as well as speakers who know only PRSL.

Sierra Leonean Sign Language

Sierra Leonean Sign Language is a variety or descendant of

(ASL) used in

schools for the deaf The first school for the deaf was established in France during the 18th century, in 1771 by Charles-Michel de l'Épée. L'Épée was the leader in establishing sign language for the deaf and is notable as the "father" of deaf education. He founded ...

in Sierra Leone, or at least in the capital Freetown. As in much of West Africa, the first schools for the deaf were founded by the American missionary Andrew Foster or his students.

Selangor Sign Language

Selangor Sign Language (SSL), also known as Kuala Lumpur Sign Language (KLSL), is a sign language used in Malaysia. It was originally based on

(ASL) but has diverged significantly enough to now be considered a language in its own right. Kuala Lumpur was formerly located in the state of Selangor before it became a federal territory in 1974. Like

Penang Sign Language Penang Sign Language was developed in Malaysia by deaf children, outside the classroom, when oralism was predominant. It is now mainly used by older people, although many younger people can understand it. History Penang Sign Language began when ...

(PSL), it now mainly used by older people, although many younger people can understand it.

Singapore Sign Language

Singapore Sign Language, or SgSL, is the native sign language used by the deaf and hard of hearing in Singapore, developed over six decades since the setting up of the first school for the Deaf in 1954. Since Singapore's independence in 1965, the deaf community has had to adapt to many linguistic changes. Today, the local deaf community recognises Singapore Sign Language (SgSL) as a reflection of Singapore's diverse linguistic culture. SgSL is influenced by Shanghainese Sign Language (SSL), American Sign Language (ASL), Signing Exact English (SEE-II) and locally developed signs.

Thai Sign Language

Thai Sign Language (TSL) or Modern Standard Thai Sign Language (MSTSL), is the national sign language of Thailand's

and is used in most parts of the country by the 20% of the estimated 56,000 pre-linguistically deaf people who go to school. Thai Sign Language was acknowledged as "the national language of deaf people in Thailand" in August 1999, in a resolution signed by the Minister of Education on behalf of the Royal Thai Government. As with many sign languages, the means of transmission to children occurs within families with signing deaf parents and in schools for the deaf. A robust process of language teaching and enculturation among deaf children has been documented and photographed in the Thai residential schools for the deaf. Thai Sign Language is related to

, and belongs to the same

language family A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ''ancestral language'' or ''parental language'', called the proto-language of that family. The term "family" reflects the tree model of language origination in hi ...

as ASL. This relatedness is due to

language contact Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact and influence each other. The study of language contact is called contact linguistics. When speakers of different languages interact closely, it is typical for th ...

and

creolisation Creolization is the process through which creole languages and cultures emerge. Creolization was first used by linguists to explain how contact languages become creole languages, but now scholars in other social sciences use the term to describe ne ...

that has occurred between ASL, which was introduced into deaf schools in Thailand in the 1950s by American-trained Thai educators and at least two indigenous sign languages that were in use at the time:

Old Bangkok Sign Language Bangkok Sign Language (also known as Old or Original Bangkok Sign Language) is a deaf-community sign language of Thailand that arose among deaf people who migrated to Bangkok for work or family. The language is moribund, with all speakers born ...

and Old Chiangmai Sign Language.Woodward (1996), Ibid.

External links

*Sophie Dalle, 1996–1997
''Rapport de Stage: La language de signes au Congo''
(in French)

Bibliography

*Kamei, Nobutaka ed. 2008. ''Langue des Signes d'Afrique Francophone (LSAF)'' (DVD). Fuchu: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. *Tamomo, Serge. 1994. ''Le language des signes du sourd Africain Francophone.'' Cotonou, Bénin: PEFISS. *Garay, S. (2004). ''Understanding the Panama Deaf Community & Sign Language: Lengua de Señas Panameñas.'' (Instructional CD) Asociación Nacional de Sordos de Panamá. *—— (1990). ''Panama's sign language dictionary: Lengua de señas panameñas.'' Asociación Nacional de Sordos de Panamá.

References

{{French Sign Language languages French Sign Language family American Sign Language family Languages of Bolivia Languages of Ghana Languages of Nigeria Languages of Chad Languages of the Republic of the Congo Languages of Ivory Coast Languages of Benin Languages of Cameroon Languages of Guinea Languages of Togo Languages of Gabon Languages of Senegal Languages of Mali Languages of Burkina Faso Languages of Niger Languages of the Central African Republic Languages of Mauritania Languages of Costa Rica