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Languages Of The Republic Of The Congo
The official language of the Republic of Congo is French. Other languages are mainly Bantu languages, and the two national languages in the country are Kituba and Lingala, followed by Kongo languages, Téké languages, and more than forty other languages, including languages spoken by Pygmies, which are not Bantu languages. A 2006 study found that French was spoken by 30% of the Congolese population. According to a study by Omar Massoumou, 88% of those in Brazzaville aged over 15 can write simple phrases in French. According to Laval University, because of civil wars that rocked the country, French became a "haven language" for various armed factions. For example, speakers who are incompetent in Kituba and Kikongo (especially those in the north), and Lingala (especially those in the south) prefer to speak French for security reasons. For fear of revealing their ethnicity, the Congolese go to French, which helps preserve their anonymity. (See also: African French) Kituba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Language
French ( or ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the Latin spoken in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French ( Francien) largely supplanted. French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to France's past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents, most of which are members of the ''Organisation internationale de la Francophonie'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pygmy Languages
The Congo Pygmies (African Pygmies) are those "forest people" who have, or recently had, a hunter-gatherer economy and a simple, non-hierarchical societal structure based on bands, are of short stature,Generally speaking; those who are not particularly short, such as the Babongo and Bedzan, are sometimes distinguished as "pygmoid". have a deep cultural and religious affinity with the Congo forestApart from those who live in the savannah or mixed terrain, such as the Bofi and Bedzan. and live in a generally subservient relationship with agricultural "patrons", with which they trade forest products such as meat and honey for agricultural and iron products. Though lumped together as "Pygmies" by outsiders, including their patrons, these peoples are not related to each other either ethnically or linguistically. Different Pygmy peoples may have distinct genetic mechanisms for their short stature, demonstrating diverse origins. Original Pygmy language(s) An original Pygmy language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Éditions Des Archives Contemporaines
Éditions des archives contemporaines are a major French academic publishing house founded in 1972, existing in its current form since 2001. It incorporates ''Éditions scientifiques GB (Gordon & Breach)'', a French scientific publishing imprint. It is notable for its frequent collaboration with Agence universitaire de la Francophonie in publishing the results of French academic research. Éditions des archives contemporaines has published a number of monographs of research produced by the ''Centre d'études de recherches comparées sur la création'' at the École normale supérieure de Lyon The École normale supérieure de Lyon (also known as ENS de Lyon, ENSL or Normale Sup' Lyon) is a French grande école located in the city of Lyon. It is one of the four prestigious écoles normales supérieures in France. The school is .... References Publishing companies of France {{Publish-company-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pool Department
Pool ( kg, Mpumbu, Nsundi, Mbula Ntangu) is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the southeastern part of the country. It borders the departments of Bouenza, Lékoumou, and Plateaux. Internationally, it borders the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It also surrounds the commune district of the national capital, Brazzaville. The regional capital is Kinkala. Principal towns include Boko, Kindamba and Mindouli. In the early 2000s, the Pool region was the home of a low-level insurgency led by Pasteur Ntumi. The inhabitants of this department are the Kongo, the Téké and the Native population (Pygmies). The region is named after the Pool Malebo (formerly Stanley Pool), a particularly wide stretch of the Congo River here. Administrative divisions Pool Department is divided into thirteen districts: # Kinkala District # Boko District Boko is a district in the Pool Department of south-eastern Republic of the Congo The Republic of the Congo (french: Rà ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cuvette-Ouest
Cuvette-Ouest (or Western Cuvette) is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the western part of the country. Cuvette-Ouest is the least populated department in the country. It borders the departments of Cuvette and Sangha, and Gabon. The capital is Ewo. Principal cities and towns include Kelle. Cuvette-Ouest has been the site of several outbreaks of the Ebola virus. Administrative divisions Cuvette-Ouest Department is divided into one commune and six districts: Districts # Ewo District # Kelle District # Mbomo District # Okoyo District # Etoumbi District # Mbama District Mbama is a district in the Cuvette-Ouest Department Cuvette-Ouest (or Western Cuvette) is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the western part of the country. Cuvette-Ouest is the least populated department in the country. It borders ... Communes # Ewo CommuneThe urban community of Ewo gained the status of commune on March 16, 2017: http://www.sgg.cg/imageProvider.asp?private_re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plateaux Department (Congo)
Plateaux Department may refer to: *Plateaux Department (Gabon) *Plateaux Department (Republic of the Congo) See also *Plateau Department Plateau is one of the twelve departments of Benin. The department of Plateau was created in 1999 with an area of when it was split off from Ouémé Department. Plateau is subdivided into five communes, each centred at one of the principal towns ... * Plateau (other) * {{Geodis Department name disambiguation pages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Denis Sassou-Nguesso
Denis Sassou Nguesso (born 23 November 1943) is a Congolese politician and former military officer. He became president of the Republic of the Congo in 1997. He served a previous term as president from 1979 to 1992. During his first period as president, he headed the Congolese Party of Labour (PCT) for 12 years. He introduced multiparty politics in 1990, but was stripped of executive powers by the 1991 National Conference, remaining in office as a ceremonial head of state. He stood as a candidate in the 1992 presidential election but placed third. Sassou Nguesso was an opposition leader for five years before returning to power during the Second Republic of the Congo Civil War, in which his rebel forces ousted President Pascal Lissouba. Following a transitional period, he won the 2002 presidential election, which involved low opposition participation. He was re-elected in the 2009 presidential election. The introduction of a new constitution, passed by referendum in 2015 amid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pointe-Noire
Pointe-Noire (; kg, Njinji, french: Ndjindji with the letter d following French spelling standards) is the second largest city in the Republic of the Congo, following the capital of Brazzaville, and an autonomous department since 2004. Before this date it was the capital of the Kouilou region (now a separate department). It is situated on a headland between Pointe-Noire Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Pointe-Noire is the main commercial centre of the country and has a population of 715,334 (2007), expanding to well over 1 million when the entire metropolitan area is taken into account. Climate Pointe-Noire has a tropical savanna climate under the Köppen climate classification. The city has a wet season that spans from October through April, while the remaining 5 months form the dry season. Pointe-Noire receives roughly of precipitation annually. Temperatures are somewhat cooler during the dry season with average temperatures roughly at 24 degrees Celsius. During the wet season, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazzaville
Brazzaville (, kg, Kintamo, Nkuna, Kintambo, Ntamo, Mavula, Tandala, Mfwa, Mfua; Teke: ''M'fa'', ''Mfaa'', ''Mfa'', ''Mfoa''Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 60) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo (Congo Republic). Constituting the financial and administrative centre of the country, it is located on the north side of the Congo River, opposite Kinshasa, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo). The population of the capital is estimated to exceed 1.8 million residents, comprising more than a third of the national populace. Some 40% are employed in non-agricultural professions. During World War II, Brazzaville was also the capital of Free France between 1940 and 1942. In 2013, Brazzaville was designated a City of Music by UNESCO; since then it has also been a member of the Creative Cities Network. Geography Brazzaville ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Congo–Ocean Railway
The Congo–Ocean Railway (COR; french: Chemin de fer Congo-Océan, ) links the Atlantic port of Pointe-Noire (now in the Republic of Congo) with Brazzaville, a distance of . It bypasses the rapids on the lower Congo River; from Brazzaville, river boats are able to ascend the Congo River and its major tributaries, including the Oubangui River to Bangui. the railroad was regularly operating freight and passenger services along the length of the line despite the poor state of the track. A luxury passenger train, ''La Gazelle'', using Korean-manufactured passenger cars, was introduced in 2012; as of 2014 it operated between Pointe-Noire and Brazzaville every other day, and was scheduled to take 14–16 hours to complete the journey. History Under French colonial administration, in 1921 they contracted Société de Construction des Batignolles to construct the railway using forced labour, recruited from what is now southern Chad and the Central African Republic. Like Spa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kikongo
Kongo or Kikongo is one of the Bantu languages spoken by the Kongo people living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, Gabon and Angola. It is a tonal language. It was spoken by many of those who were taken from the region and sold as slaves in the Americas. For this reason, while Kongo still is spoken in the above-mentioned countries, creolized forms of the language are found in ritual speech of Afro-American religions, especially in Brazil, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Haiti. It is also one of the sources of the Gullah language and the Palenquero creole in Colombia. The vast majority of present-day speakers live in Africa. There are roughly seven million native speakers of Kongo, with perhaps two million more who use it as a second language. Geographic distribution Kongo was the language of the Kingdom of Kongo prior to the creation of Angola by the Portuguese Crown in 1575 and the Berlin Conference (1884-1885) that balkanized the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Munukutuba
Kituba ( mkw, Kituba, ktu, Kikongo ya leta) is a widely used lingua franca in Central Africa. It is a creole language based on Kikongo, a Bantu language. It is a national language in Republic of the Congo and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Names Kituba is known by many names among its speakers. In academic circles the language is called ''Kituba'' or ''Kikongo-Kituba''. In the Republic of the Congo it is called ''Munukutuba'' or ''Kituba''. The former (also spelled ''Monokutuba'') is a phrase which means literally "I say", and is used in the Republic's 1992 constitution. The latter means "way of speaking" and is used in the 2015 constitution. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo it is called ''Kikongo ya leta'' ("the state's Kikongo" or "Government Kikongo"), or Kikongo de L'état, shortened to ''Kileta''. Confusingly, it is also called ''Kikongo'', especially in areas that lack Kongo (Kikongo) speakers. The constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo lists "Ki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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