The Pietà (; meaning "
pity", "compassion") is a subject in
Christian art
Christian art is sacred art which uses subjects, themes, and imagery from Christianity. Most Christian groups use or have used art to some extent, including early Christian art and architecture and Christian media.
Images of Jesus and narrati ...
depicting the
Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of
Jesus
Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label= Hebrew/ Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and religiou ...
after his
body was removed from the cross. It is most often found in
sculpture
Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable ...
. The Pietà is a specific form of the
Lamentation of Christ
The Lamentation of Christ is a very common subject in Christian art from the High Middle Ages to the Baroque. After Jesus was crucified, his body was removed from the cross and his friends mourned over his body. This event has been depicted by m ...
in which Jesus is mourned by the Virgin Mary alone.
Context and development
Pietà is one of the three common artistic representations of a sorrowful Virgin Mary, the other two being
Mater Dolorosa
Our Lady of Sorrows ( la, Beata Maria Virgo Perdolens), Our Lady of Dolours, the Sorrowful Mother or Mother of Sorrows ( la, Mater Dolorosa, link=no), and Our Lady of Piety, Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows or Our Lady of the Seven Dolours are names ...
(Mother of Sorrows) and
Stabat Mater (the mother was standing). The other two representations are most commonly found in paintings, rather than sculpture, although combined forms exist.
The Pietà developed in Germany (where it is called the "Vesperbild") about 1300, reached Italy about 1400, and was especially popular in Central European
Andachtsbilder
''Andachtsbilder'' (singular ''Andachtsbild'', German for devotional image) is a German term often used in English in art history for Christian devotional images designed as aids for prayer or contemplation. The images "generally show holy fi ...
. Many German and Polish 15th-century examples in wood greatly emphasise Christ's wounds. The
Deposition of Christ and the Lamentation or Pietà form the 13th of the
Stations of the Cross, as well as one of the
Seven Sorrows of the Virgin.
Although the Pietà most often shows the Virgin Mary holding Jesus, there are other compositions, including those where
God the Father participates in holding Jesus (see gallery below). In Spain the Virgin often holds up one or both hands, sometimes with Christ's body slumped to the floor.
Michelangelo
A
famous example by
Michelangelo was carved from a block of marble and is located in
St. Peter's Basilica in the
Vatican City. The body of Christ is different from most earlier Pietà statues, which were usually smaller and in wood. The Virgin is also unusually youthful, and in repose, rather than the older, sorrowing Mary of most Pietàs. She is shown as youthful for two reasons; God is the source of all beauty and she is one of the closest to God, also the exterior is thought as the revelation of the interior (the virgin is morally beautiful). Michelangelo's Pieta sculpture is also unique in the fact that it is the only one of his works that he ever signed. Upon hearing that visitors thought it had been sculpted by
Cristoforo Solari, a competitor. His signature is carved as ''MICHAELA
ELUS BONAROTUS FLORENTIN
SFACIEBA
' "Michelangelo Buonarroti the Florentine did it".
In a lesser known Michelangelo Pietà, ''
The Deposition'' (c. 1547–1555), it is not the Virgin Mary who is holding Jesus' body, but rather
Nicodemus
Nicodemus (; grc-gre, Νικόδημος, Nikódēmos) was a Pharisee and a member of the Sanhedrin mentioned in three places in the Gospel of John:
* He first visits Jesus one night to discuss Jesus' teachings ().
* The second time Nicodemu ...
(or possibly
Joseph of Arimathea
Joseph of Arimathea was, according to all four canonical gospels, the man who assumed responsibility for the burial of Jesus after his crucifixion. The historical location of Arimathea is uncertain, although it has been identified with several ...
),
Mary Magdalene, and the Virgin Mary. There is some indication that the man in the hood is based on a self-portrait of the artist. The sculpture is housed in the
Museo dell'Opera del Duomo in
Florence
Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany Regions of Italy, region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilan ...
and is also known as the ''Florentine Pietà''.
A generation later, the Spanish painter
Luis de Morales painted a number of highly emotional Pietàs,
with examples in the
Louvre and
Museo del Prado.
Gallery
Statues, statuettes and paintings
File:Lamentation icon Nerezi MK.jpg, ''Pietà'' in frescoes found in the Church of St. Panteleimon, Gorno Nerezi, 1164
File:Meister der Pietà von Avignon 004.jpg, The '' Avignon Pietà'', Enguerrand Charonton, 15th century
File:Köln st severin pieta.jpg, 15th-century German wood ''Pietà'' from Cologne
Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 millio ...
File:Jean Malouel - Large Round Pietà - WGA13901.jpg, Pieta Tondo by Jean Malouel, between 1400 and 1410 ( Louvre)
File:Jean malouel (attr.), grande pietà rotonda, 1400 ca. 03.JPG, Jean Malouel, Pieta Tondo, detail
File:Museo diocesano di klagenfurt, pietà, 1420 circa, da st. michael am zollfeld.JPG, Austrian ''Pietà'', c. 1420
File:Van-der-Weyden-Pieta.jpg, Rogier van der Weyden
Rogier van der Weyden () or Roger de la Pasture (1399 or 140018 June 1464) was an early Netherlandish painter whose surviving works consist mainly of religious triptychs, altarpieces, and commissioned single and diptych portraits. He was highly ...
, Museo del Prado, Madrid
Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the Largest cities of the Europ ...
, with Saint John and a donor, c. 1440-1450
File:Kraków Pietà of Tubądzin.jpg, Kraków
Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...
, c. 1450
File:German or Netherlandish 15th Century, Pietà, c. 1450-1500, NGA 3155.jpg, German or Netherlandish 15th Century, ''Pietà'', c. 1450–1500, National Gallery of Art
File:Pietro Perugino cat19.jpg, Pietro Perugino, Uffizi
The Uffizi Gallery (; it, Galleria degli Uffizi, italic=no, ) is a prominent art museum located adjacent to the Piazza della Signoria in the Historic Centre of Florence in the region of Tuscany, Italy. One of the most important Italian museums ...
, 1490
File:Vesperbild Schwaben um 1500.jpg, Swabian painted wood ''Pietà'' of c. 1500
File:Accademia - Pietà Martinengo by Giovanni Bellini Cat.883.jpg, Giovanni Bellini, c. 1505
File:DiefflerPietàL1010653 (2).JPG, Dieffler Pietà, Wooden sculpture, presumably 15th or 18th century, former chapel of St Wendelin in Diefflen
Diefflen (pronounced: Dieflen, in the local, Moselle-Franconian dialect Dejfeln) is a district of Dillingen/Saar in the district of Saarlouis (Saarland) and has about 4700 inhabitants. It is located on the lower Prims, a tributary of the Saar. ...
, Saarland Museum, Old Collection
File:Deposition of Christ C2RMF.jpg, '' Deposition of Christ'', Bronzino, 1540–1545, Musée de Besançon
File:El Greco Pietà.jpg, El Greco, '' Pietà'', 1571–1576, Philadelphia Museum of Art
File:Annibale Carracci 1560-1609 Pieta.jpg, ''Pietà'', c. 1600, Annibale Carracci, National Museum of Capodimonte
Museo di Capodimonte is an art museum located in the Palace of Capodimonte, a grand Bourbon palazzo in Naples, Italy. The museum is the prime repository of Neapolitan painting and decorative art, with several important works from other Italia ...
File:Gregorio Fernandez-Piedad.jpg, '' Pietà'' by Gregorio Fernández
Gregorio Fernández (April 1576 – 22 January 1636) was a Spanish Baroque sculptor. He belongs to the Castilian school of sculpture, following the style of other great artists like Alonso Berruguete, Juan de Juni, Pompeyo Leoni, and Juan de Ar ...
, 1616–1619, National Sculpture Museum
The "National Museum of Sculpture" is a museum in Valladolid, Spain, belonging to the Spanish Ministry of Culture. The museum has an extensive sculptural collection ranging from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. The collections come mostly fr ...
,
File:Andechs Kloster interior 027.JPG, 18th-century Bavarian example with Rococo
Rococo (, also ), less commonly Roccoco or Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and theatrical style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpted moulding, ...
setting
File:A Pietà by Michelangelo, in the Galleria dell'Accademia.jpg, The Palestrina Pietà originally attributed to Michelangelo but probably by another sculptor
File:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Pieta (1876).jpg, ''Pieta'', 1876, William-Adolphe Bouguereau
William-Adolphe Bouguereau (; 30 November 1825 – 19 August 1905) was a French academic painter. In his realistic genre paintings, he used mythological themes, making modern interpretations of classical subjects, with an emphasis on the female ...
File:Pieta, St. Gereon Basilica.jpg, A Pietà in marble by Anton Josef Reiss, 1897
File:(Albi) Collégiale Saint-Salvi - Pietà dite Mater Dolorosa - Chapelle de la déploration du Christ PalissyIM81001576.jpg, Vierge de Pitié, Déploration at Collégiale Saint-Salvi d'Albi, Albi, around 1900
File:Pieta. Bogdan Cierpisz.jpg, Bogdan Cierpisz, Pieta, c. 1980
File:Port Kollam Church's renowned pieta.jpg, Every year on Good Friday, Port Kollam Church's renowned Pieta is on exhibit.
File:Liberty - panoramio (1) (cropped).jpg, West Bank Wall graffiti art: An interpretation of Pietà showing Handala and Liberty
See also
*
''Pietà'' (Michelangelo)
*
Replicas of Michelangelo's ''Pietà''
References
Further reading
*
External links
Data collection of the image type Pietà in sculpture3D model of a detail of Mary from a cast made by the Metropolitan Museum of Art for the Vatican Museums, via photogrammetric surveyPoem by Moez Surani proposing nine new sculptural Pietas
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pieta
Christian terminology
Italian words and phrases