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Paul Marlor Sweezy (April 10, 1910 – February 27, 2004) was a
Marxist economist Marxian economics, or the Marxian school of economics, is a heterodox school of political economic thought. Its foundations can be traced back to Karl Marx's critique of political economy. However, unlike critics of political economy, Marxian ...
, political activist, publisher, and founding
editor Editing is the process of selecting and preparing written, photographic, visual, audible, or cinematic material used by a person or an entity to convey a message or information. The editing process can involve correction, condensation, org ...
of the long-running magazine ''
Monthly Review The ''Monthly Review'', established in 1949, is an independent socialist magazine published monthly in New York City. The publication is the longest continuously published socialist magazine in the United States. History Establishment Following ...
''. He is best remembered for his contributions to economic theory as one of the leading Marxian economists of the second half of the 20th century.


Biography


Early years and education

Paul Sweezy was born on April 10, 1910 in
New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the Un ...
, the youngest of three sons of Everett B. Sweezy, a vice-president of First National Bank of New York.John Bellamy Foster
"Memorial Service for Paul Marlor Sweezy (1910–2004),"
''Monthly Review.''
His mother, Caroline Wilson Sweezy, was a graduate of
Goucher College Goucher College ( ') is a private liberal arts college in Towson, Maryland. It was chartered in 1885 by a conference in Baltimore led by namesake John F. Goucher and local leaders of the Methodist Episcopal Church.https://archive.org/details/h ...
in
Baltimore Baltimore ( , locally: or ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland, fourth most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic, and the 30th most populous city in the United States with a population of 585,708 in 2020. Baltimore was ...
. Sweezy attended
Phillips Exeter Academy (not for oneself) la, Finis Origine Pendet (The End Depends Upon the Beginning) gr, Χάριτι Θεοῦ (By the Grace of God) , location = 20 Main Street , city = Exeter, New Hampshire , zipcode ...
and went on to
Harvard Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher l ...
and was editor of ''
The Harvard Crimson ''The Harvard Crimson'' is the student newspaper of Harvard University and was founded in 1873. Run entirely by Harvard College undergraduates, it served for many years as the only daily newspaper in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Beginning in the f ...
'', graduating ''
magna cum laude Latin honors are a system of Latin phrases used in some colleges and universities to indicate the level of distinction with which an academic degree has been earned. The system is primarily used in the United States. It is also used in some Sou ...
'' in 1932. Having completed his undergraduate coursework, his interests shifted from journalism to economics. Sweezy spent the 1931–32 academic year taking courses at the London School of Economics, traveling to
Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...
to study on breaks. It was at this time that Sweezy was first exposed to Marxian economic ideas. He made the acquaintance of
Harold Laski Harold Joseph Laski (30 June 1893 – 24 March 1950) was an English political theorist and economist. He was active in politics and served as the chairman of the British Labour Party from 1945 to 1946 and was a professor at the London School of ...
,
Joan Robinson Joan Violet Robinson (''née'' Maurice; 31 October 1903 – 5 August 1983) was a British economist well known for her wide-ranging contributions to economic theory. She was a central figure in what became known as post-Keynesian economics. B ...
and other young left-wing British thinkers of the day. Upon his return to the United States, Sweezy again enrolled at Harvard, from which he received his
PhD degree A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: or ') is the most common degree at the highest academic level awarded following a course of study. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Because it is ...
in 1937. During his studies, Sweezy had become the "''ersatz'' son" ("ersatz" meaning "replacement" in German) of the renowned, Austrian-born economist
Joseph Schumpeter Joseph Alois Schumpeter (; February 8, 1883 – January 8, 1950) was an Austrian-born political economist. He served briefly as Finance Minister of German-Austria in 1919. In 1932, he emigrated to the United States to become a professor at Ha ...
, although on an intellectual level, their views were diametrically opposed. Later, as colleagues, their debates on the "Laws of Capitalism" were of legendary status for a generation of Harvard economists.John Bellamy Foster
"On The Laws Of Capitalism,"
''Monthly Review.''
While at Harvard, Sweezy founded the
academic journal An academic journal or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation, scrutiny, and ...
''
The Review of Economic Studies ''The Review of Economic Studies'' (also known as ''REStud'') is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering economics. It was established in 1933 by a group of economists based in Britain and the United States. The original editorial tea ...
'' and published essays on
imperfect competition In economics, imperfect competition refers to a situation where the characteristics of an economic market do not fulfil all the necessary conditions of a perfectly competitive market. Imperfect competition will cause market inefficiency when it happ ...
, the role of expectations in the determination of supply and demand, and the problem of
economic stagnation Economic stagnation is a prolonged period of slow economic growth (traditionally measured in terms of the GDP growth), usually accompanied by high unemployment. Under some definitions, "slow" means significantly slower than potential growth as e ...
.


Academic career and military service

Sweezy became an instructor at Harvard in 1938. It was there that he helped establish a local branch of the
American Federation of Teachers The American Federation of Teachers (AFT) is the second largest teacher's labor union in America (the largest being the National Education Association). The union was founded in Chicago. John Dewey and Margaret Haley were founders. About 60 pe ...
, the Harvard Teachers' Union. In this interval also Sweezy wrote lectures that later became one of his most important works of economics, '' The Theory of Capitalist Development'' (1942), a book which summarized the
labor theory of value The labor theory of value (LTV) is a theory of value that argues that the economic value of a good or service is determined by the total amount of " socially necessary labor" required to produce it. The LTV is usually associated with Marxian e ...
of Marx and his followers. The book was the first in English to deal with such questions as the
transformation problem In 20th-century discussions of Karl Marx's economics, the transformation problem is the problem of finding a general rule by which to transform the "values" of commodities (based on their socially necessary labour content, according to his labo ...
thoroughly. Sweezy worked for several
New Deal The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939. Major federal programs agencies included the Civilian Cons ...
agencies analyzing the concentration of economic power and the dynamics of monopoly and competition. This research included the influential study for the National Resources Committee, "Interest Groups in the American Economy" which identified the eight most powerful financial-industrial alliances in US business.Michael A. Lebowitz
"Paul M. Sweezy"
''Monthly Review.''
From 1942 to 1945, Sweezy worked for the research and analysis division of the
Office of Strategic Services The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was the intelligence agency of the United States during World War II. The OSS was formed as an agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for all bran ...
. Sweezy was sent to London, where his work for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) required his monitoring British economic policy for the US government. He went on to edit the OSS's monthly publication, European Political Report. Sweezy received the bronze star for his role in the war. He was the recipient of the Social Science Research Council Demobilization Award at war's end. On December 14, 2016, the U.S. Congress "awarded the Congressional Gold Medal collectively to the members of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in recognition of their superior and major contributions during World War II". Sweezy wrote extensively for the liberal press during the post-war period, including such publications as ''
The Nation ''The Nation'' is an American liberal biweekly magazine that covers political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis. It was founded on July 6, 1865, as a successor to William Lloyd Garrison's '' The Liberator'', an abolitionist newspaper th ...
'' and ''
The New Republic ''The New Republic'' is an American magazine of commentary on politics, contemporary culture, and the arts. Founded in 1914 by several leaders of the progressive movement, it attempted to find a balance between "a liberalism centered in hum ...
,'' among others. He also wrote a book, ''Socialism,'' published in 1949, as well as a number of shorter pieces which were collected in book form as ''The Present as History'' in 1953. In 1947 Sweezy quit his teaching position at Harvard, with two years remaining on his contract, to dedicate himself to full-time writing and editing.


''Monthly Review'' magazine

In 1949, Sweezy and
Leo Huberman Leo Huberman (Newark, New Jersey, October 17, 1903 – November 9, 1968) was an American socialist economist. In 1949 he founded and co-edited ''Monthly Review'' with Paul Sweezy. He was the chair of the Department of Social Science at Ne ...
founded a new magazine called ''
Monthly Review The ''Monthly Review'', established in 1949, is an independent socialist magazine published monthly in New York City. The publication is the longest continuously published socialist magazine in the United States. History Establishment Following ...
,'' using money from
historian A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the stu ...
and
literary critic Literary criticism (or literary studies) is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of literature's goals and methods. Th ...
F. O. Matthiessen Francis Otto Matthiessen (February 19, 1902 – April 1, 1950) was an educator, scholar and literary critic influential in the fields of American literature and American studies. His best known work, ''American Renaissance: Art and Expression in ...
. The first issue appeared in May of that year, and included Albert Einstein's article "
Why Socialism? "Why Socialism?" is an article written by Albert Einstein in May 1949 that appeared in the first issue of the socialist journal ''Monthly Review''. It addresses problems with capitalism, predatory economic competition, and growing wealth inequalit ...
". The magazine, established in the midst of the American
Red Scare A Red Scare is the promotion of a widespread fear of a potential rise of communism, anarchism or other leftist ideologies by a society or state. The term is most often used to refer to two periods in the history of the United States which ar ...
, describes itself as socialist "independent of any political organization". ''Monthly Review'' rapidly expanded into the production of books and
pamphlets A pamphlet is an unbound book (that is, without a hard cover or binding). Pamphlets may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths, called a ''leaflet'' or it may consist of a ...
through its publishing arm,
Monthly Review Press The ''Monthly Review'', established in 1949, is an independent socialist magazine published monthly in New York City. The publication is the longest continuously published socialist magazine in the United States. History Establishment Following ...
. Over the years, ''Monthly Review'' published articles by a diverse array of voices, including material by
Albert Einstein Albert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theory ...
,
W. E. B. Du Bois William Edward Burghardt Du Bois ( ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American-Ghanaian sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up i ...
,
Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology), a French playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and litera ...
,
Che Guevara Ernesto Che Guevara (; 14 June 1928The date of birth recorded on /upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Ernesto_Guevara_Acta_de_Nacimiento.jpg his birth certificatewas 14 June 1928, although one tertiary source, (Julia Constenla, quoted ...
and
Joan Robinson Joan Violet Robinson (''née'' Maurice; 31 October 1903 – 5 August 1983) was a British economist well known for her wide-ranging contributions to economic theory. She was a central figure in what became known as post-Keynesian economics. B ...
.


Activism

In 1954,
New Hampshire New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Gulf of Maine to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. ...
Attorney General Louis C. Wyman subpoenaed Sweezy and made inquiries into the contents of a guest lecture at the University of New Hampshire and his political beliefs and associations, demanding to know the names of his political associates. Sweezy refused to comply, citing his
First Amendment First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...
right of
freedom of expression Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction. The rights, right to freedom of expression has been ...
. He was cited for
contempt of court Contempt of court, often referred to simply as "contempt", is the crime of being disobedient to or disrespectful toward a court of law and its officers in the form of behavior that opposes or defies the authority, justice, and dignity of the cou ...
and briefly imprisoned, but the
US Supreme Court The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that involve a point o ...
overturned the conviction in a landmark case for
academic freedom Academic freedom is a moral and legal concept expressing the conviction that the freedom of inquiry by faculty members is essential to the mission of the academy as well as the principles of academia, and that scholars should have freedom to teach ...
, in '' Sweezy v. New Hampshire'', . Sweezy was active in a wide range of progressive causes, including the
Emergency Civil Liberties Committee The National Emergency Civil Liberties Committee (NECLC), until 1968 known as the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee, was an organization formed in the United States in October 1951 by 150 educators and clergymen to advocate for the civil liberties ...
, the
National Lawyers Guild The National Lawyers Guild (NLG) is a progressive public interest association of lawyers, law students, paralegals, jailhouse lawyers, law collective members, and other activist legal workers, in the United States. The group was founded in 1937 ...
, the
National Council of Arts, Sciences and Professions The National Council of (the) Arts, Sciences and Professions (NCASP or ASP) was a United States-based socialist organization of the 1950s. The ASP sponsored the Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace, held at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel ...
, and the
Fair Play for Cuba Committee The Fair Play for Cuba Committee (FPCC) was an activist group set up in New York City by Robert Taber in April 1960. History The FPCC's purpose was to provide grassroots support for the Cuban Revolution against attacks by the United States govern ...
.Francis X. Gannon, ''Biographical Dictionary of the Left: Volume 2.'' Boston: Western Islands, 1971; pp. 564–566. He was the chairman of the Committee in Defense of
Carl Marzani Carl Aldo Marzani (4 March 1912 – 11 December 1994) was an Italian-born American political activist with a series of careers as a volunteer soldier in the Spanish Civil War, organizer for the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), United States intellig ...
and was particularly active fighting against the prosecution of members of the Communist Party under the
Smith Act The Alien Registration Act, popularly known as the Smith Act, 76th United States Congress, 3d session, ch. 439, , is a United States federal statute that was enacted on June 28, 1940. It set criminal penalties for advocating the overthrow of ...
. An outspoken opponent of the
Vietnam War The Vietnam War (also known by other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and ...
, Sweezy was a prominent supporter of
Bertrand Russell Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, philosopher, logician, and public intellectual. He had a considerable influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, linguistics, ar ...
's International War Crimes Tribunal.


Contributions to economics

Sweezy's work in economics focused on applying Marxist analysis to what he identified as three dominant trends in modern capitalism: monopolization, stagnation, and financialization. Sweezy's first formally published paper on economics was a 1934 article entitled "Professor Pigou's Theory of Unemployment," published in the ''
Journal of Political Economy The ''Journal of Political Economy'' is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press. Established by James Laurence Laughlin in 1892, it covers both theoretical and empirical economics. In the past, the j ...
'' in 1934. Over the rest of the decade Sweezy wrote prolifically on economics-related topics, publishing some 25 articles and reviews. Sweezy did pioneering work in the fields of expectations and
oligopoly An oligopoly (from Greek ὀλίγος, ''oligos'' "few" and πωλεῖν, ''polein'' "to sell") is a market structure in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of large sellers or producers. Oligopolies often result from ...
in these years, introducing for the first time the concept of the kinked demand curve in the determination of oligopoly pricing. Harvard published Sweezy's dissertation, Monopoly and Competition in the English Coal Trade, 1550–1850, in 1938. With the 1942 publication of The Theory of Capitalist Development, Sweezy established himself as the "dean of American Marxists" and laid foundations for later Marxist work on these themes. In addition to presenting the first major discussion of the "transformation problem" in English, the book also emphasized the "qualitative" as well as "quantitative" aspect of Marx's theory of value, distinguishing Marx's approach from those of his predecessors in political economy. In 1966, Sweezy published ''Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order'' with
Paul Baran Paul Baran (born Pesach Baran ; April 29, 1926 – March 26, 2011) was a Polish-American engineer who was a pioneer in the development of computer networks. He was one of the two independent inventors of packet switching, which is today the dom ...
. The book elaborated evidence for and implications of Sweezy's stagnation theory, also called
secular stagnation In economics, secular stagnation is a condition when there is negligible or no economic growth in a market-based economy. In this context, the term ''secular'' means long-term (from Latin "saeculum"—century or lifetime), and is used in contrast ...
. The main dilemma modern
capitalism Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, price system, private pr ...
would face, they argued, would be how to find profitable investment outlets for the
economic surplus In mainstream economics, economic surplus, also known as total welfare or total social welfare or Marshallian surplus (after Alfred Marshall), is either of two related quantities: * Consumer surplus, or consumers' surplus, is the monetary gain ...
es created by
capital accumulation Capital accumulation is the dynamic that motivates the pursuit of profit, involving the investment of money or any financial asset with the goal of increasing the initial monetary value of said asset as a financial return whether in the form o ...
. Because of the increase in oligopoly this took the form of stagnation as monopolistic firms reduced output rather than prices in response to overcapacity. Oligopoly meant there was a tendency for the rate of surplus to rise, but this surplus did not necessarily register in statistical records as profits. It also takes the form of waste and excess production capacity. Increases in
marketing Marketing is the process of exploring, creating, and delivering value to meet the needs of a target market in terms of goods and services; potentially including selection of a target audience; selection of certain attributes or themes to empha ...
, defense spending and various forms of
debt Debt is an obligation that requires one party, the debtor, to pay money or other agreed-upon value to another party, the creditor. Debt is a deferred payment, or series of payments, which differentiates it from an immediate purchase. The d ...
could alleviate the problem of
overaccumulation Overaccumulation is one of the potential causes of the crisis of capital accumulation. In crisis theory, a crisis of capital occurs due to what Karl Marx refers to as the internal contradictions inherent in the capitalist system which result in t ...
. However, they believed that these remedies to capital's difficulties were inherently limited and tend to decrease in effectiveness over time so that
monopoly capital ''Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order'' is a 1966 book by the Marxian economists Paul Sweezy and Paul A. Baran. It was published by Monthly Review Press. It made a major contribution to Marxian theory by shifti ...
would tend toward economic stagnation. This book is regarded as the cornerstone of Sweezy's contribution to
Marxian economics Marxian economics, or the Marxian school of economics, is a heterodox school of political economic thought. Its foundations can be traced back to Karl Marx's critique of political economy. However, unlike critics of political economy, Marxian ...
. Sweezy had dealt with the rise and fall of finance capital in the early 21st century identifying monopoly as the more essential trend. This formed the context in which he would analyze the resurgence of finance capital in the post-war era. Because Sweezy's approach combined and integrated the micro effects of monopoly with the macro level insights of Keynesian theory it proved superior for understanding the stagflation of the 1970s. Sweezy's later work with
Harry Magdoff Harry Samuel Magdoff (August 21, 1913 – January 1, 2006) was a prominent American socialist commentator. He held several administrative positions in government during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt and later became co-editor of the M ...
examined the importance of "financial explosion" as a response to stagnation.


Death and legacy

Paul Sweezy died on February 27, 2004, at the age of 93. Sweezy was lauded by economist and
public intellectual An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the reality of society, and who proposes solutions for the normative problems of society. Coming from the world of culture, either as a creator or ...
John Kenneth Galbraith John Kenneth Galbraith (October 15, 1908 – April 29, 2006), also known as Ken Galbraith, was a Canadian-American economist, diplomat, public official, and intellectual. His books on economic topics were bestsellers from the 1950s through t ...
as "the most noted American Marxist scholar" of the late 20th Century. He was also called "the best that Exeter and Harvard can produce" and regarded as "among the most promising economists of his generation" by
Nobel Prize The Nobel Prizes ( ; sv, Nobelpriset ; no, Nobelprisen ) are five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's will of 1895, are awarded to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind." Alfr ...
-winning economist
Paul Samuelson Paul Anthony Samuelson (May 15, 1915 – December 13, 2009) was an American economist who was the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. When awarding the prize in 1970, the Swedish Royal Academies stated that he "h ...
.Paul Samuelson, "Memories," ''Newsweek,'' June 2, 1969.


Works

* ''Monopoly and Competition in the English Coal Trade, 1550–1850.''
938 Year 938 ( CMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Summer – The Hungarian army invades Northern Italy with the permission of King H ...
Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1972. * ''The Theory of Capitalist Development.'' London: D. Dobson, 1946. * ''Socialism.'' New York: McGraw-Hill Company, 1949. * ''The Present as History: Reviews on Capitalism and Socialism.'' (1953, 1962). * ''Modern Capitalism and Other Essays.'' New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972. * ''The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism.'' London: New Left Books, 1976. * ''Post-Revolutionary Society: Essays.'' New York: Monthly Review Press, 1980. * ''Four lectures on Marxism.'' (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1981). * "The Limits of Imperialism." In Chilcote, Ronald H. (ed.) ''Imperialism: Theoretical Directions.'' New York: Humanity Books, 2000.


With Leo Huberman

* ''F.O. Matthiessen, 1902–1950.'' New York: S.N., 1950. * ''Cuba: Anatomy of a Revolution.'' New York: Monthly Review Press, 1960. * ''Regis Debray and Latin American Revolution.'' New York: Monthly Review Press, 1968. * ''Socialism in Cuba.'' New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969. * ''The Communist Manifesto after 100 Years: New translation by Paul M. Sweezy of Karl Marx's "The Communist Manifesto" and Friedrich Engels' "Principles of Communism."'' New York: Modern Reader, 1964. * ''Vietnam: The Endless War: From Monthly Review, 1954–1970.'' New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970.


With Harry Magdoff

* ''The Dynamics of US Capitalism: Corporate Structure, Inflation, Credit, Gold, and the Dollar.'' New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972. * ''Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Chile.'' New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974. * ''The End of Prosperity.'' New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977. * ''The Deepening Crisis of US Capitalism.'' New York: Monthly Review Press, 1981. * ''Stagnation and the Financial Explosion.'' New York: Monthly Review Press, 1987. * ''The Irreversible Crisis: Five Essays.'' New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.


With others

* ''An Economic Program for American Democracy''. With Richard V. Gilbert, George H. Hildebrand, Arthur W. Stuart, Maxine Yaple Sweezy,
Lorie Tarshis Lorie Tarshis (22 March 1911 – 4 October 1993) was a Canadian economist who taught mostly at Stanford University. He is credited with writing the first introductory textbook that brought Keynesian thinking into American university classrooms, t ...
, and John D. Wilson. New York: The Vanguard Press, 1938. * ''
Monopoly Capital ''Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order'' is a 1966 book by the Marxian economists Paul Sweezy and Paul A. Baran. It was published by Monthly Review Press. It made a major contribution to Marxian theory by shifti ...
: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order.'' With Paul A. Baran. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1966. * ''On the Transition to Socialism.'' With Charles Bettelheim. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971.


Notes


Further reading

* Bellod Redondo, J. F.
Monopolio e Irracionalidad: Microfundamentos de la Teoría Baran - Sweezy
in ''Principios - Estudios de Economía Política'', pp 65 – 84, nº 10, Fundación Sistema, Madrid. (2008) * Riccardo Bellofiore,
Between Schumpeter and Keynes: The Heterodoxy of Paul Marlor Sweezy and the Orthodoxy of Paul Mattick
, Continental Thought and Theory, vol. 1 (4), October 2017, pp. 72–111 * Peter Clecak, ''Radical Paradoxes: Dilemmas of the American Left, 1945-1970'' (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), pp. 128–174 * Foster, John Bellamy
''Paul Sweezy & Monopoly Capital''
(Pluto Press, Sterling, 2002). *Nicholas Baran and John Bellamy Foster, eds., ''The Age of Monopoly Capital, The Selected Correspondence of Paul A. Baran and Paul M. Sweezy, 1949-1964'' (Monthly Review Press, New York, 2017).


External links


Interview of Paul M. Sweezy by Christopher Phelps and Andor Skotnes


(''Monthly Review'')

(''The New York Times'')
Obituary
(''The Guardian'')

(Communist Party of India arxist-Lennist
Paul Sweezy, 93; Marxist, economist, Harvard teacher
(''The Boston Globe'')
Marxist Thinker, Former Prof. Dies
(''The Harvard Crimson'', 2004)

(
Ernest Mandel Ernest Ezra Mandel (; also known by various pseudonyms such as Ernest Germain, Pierre Gousset, Henri Vallin, Walter (5 April 1923 – 20 July 1995), was a Belgian Marxian economist, Trotskyist activist and theorist, and Holocaust survivor. He f ...
comments on Sweezy's view of the USSR 1979)
The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism
(Maurice Dobb and Paul Sweezy debate, 1950)
Correspondence of Paul A. Baran and Paul M. Sweezy at the Stanford University Archive, Paul A. Baran's papers


See also

*
Richard D. Wolff Richard David Wolff (born April 1, 1942) is an American Marxian economist known for his work on economic methodology and class analysis. He is professor emeritus of economics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and a visiting professo ...
*
Slavoj Zizek Slavoj may refer to: *Karel Slavoj Amerling (1807–1884), Czech teacher, writer, and philosopher *Slavoj Černý (born 1937), Czech former cyclist * Slavoj Žižek (born 1949), Slovenian philosopher See also *Záboj and Slavoj, outdoor sculpture ...
*
Michael Parenti Michael John Parenti (born September 30, 1933) is an American political scientist, academic historian and cultural critic who writes on scholarly and popular subjects. He has taught at universities as well as run for political office. Parenti i ...
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sweezy, Paul 1910 births 2004 deaths Alumni of the London School of Economics Economists from New York (state) American Marxists American communists American socialists American political writers American male non-fiction writers The Harvard Crimson people Marxian economists Marxist theorists Writers from New York City People of the Office of Strategic Services Phillips Exeter Academy alumni Social Science Research Council 20th-century American economists Imperialism studies